L’objectif de ce travail a été de cerner les différents acteurs et mécanismes qui pourraient avoir la capacité de fixer la rémunération des dirigeants ainsi que la logique avec laquelle les décisions sont prises. Pour répondre à cette problématique, nous avons retenu une démarche en trois articles dans lesquels nous définissons une question de recherche pour chacun. Tout d’abord, nous nous intéressons au lien entre rémunération et performance dans le contexte français. Ensuite, nous mettons l’accent sur le rôle des mécanismes de gouvernance dans la détermination de la rémunération des dirigeants français. Enfin nous étudions les différents acteurs et mécanismes qui interviennent dans la fixation de la politique de rémunération des dirigeants. Pour chaque article, nous développons un cadre conceptuel sur la base de deux perspectives théoriques complémentaires. Les deux premiers articles se positionnent dans la perspective disciplinaire actionnariale, alors que le troisième article se place dans une perspective élargie de la gouvernance. Les cadres théoriques présentés ont été confrontés à l’épreuve de la réalité. Cette mise à l’épreuve a été réalisée par l’intermédiaire de méthodes quantitatives pour les articles 1 et 2 (méthodes statistiques de régression linéaire), et qualitatives pour l’article 3 (étude du cas Vinci). Nos résultats montrent tout d’abord, que la rémunération des dirigeants des sociétés cotées françaises est positivement liée à la richesse des actionnaires. En outre, et contrairement à l’hypothèse politique de Roe (2001), la rémunération globale des dirigeants français a un effet incitatif plus important que dans les entreprises américaines. Ensuite, aucun des mécanismes étudiés (conseil d’administration, comité des rémunérations et structure de propriété) n’a un impact significatif sur la sensibilité de la rémunération à la performance. Enfin, le processus décisionnel concernant la rémunération du dirigeant peut être fortement influencée par le dirigeant lui-même (en raison des réseaux relationnels ou bien des biais comportementaux) ainsi que d’autres mécanismes de gouvernance partenariale (médias et recours judiciaire). / The objective of this research was to identify the different processes and key actors involved in defining executive's income but also the logic with which decisions are made. To address this issue, a three-step approach was used in which a research question was raised in each one. First of all, the link between performance and income in the French context will be assessed. Then, the role of governance mechanisms on executives ‘salary will be established. Finally, the different actors and mechanisms in determining salary’s policy will be analyzed. For each article, a conceptual framework was developed based on two complementary theoretical perspectives. The first two items are positioned in the disciplinary perspective shareholder, while the third item is placed in wider governance. Theoretical frameworks presented were faced with the test of reality. This Analysis was conducted through quantitative method for items 1 and 2 (linear regression) and qualitative method in the third article (Vinci case study). The first results show that CEO’s incomes from listed French companies are positively related to shareholder wealth. In addition, and contrary to Roe’s hypothesis (2001), the total compensation of French leaders have an incentive base greater than in U.S. companies. Secondly, none of the mechanisms studied (board of directors, compensation committee and ownership structure) has a significant impact on the sensitivity of Salary - performance. Finally, the decision-making process concerning executive’s compensation may be strongly influenced by the leader himself (due to relational networks or behavioral biases) and other stakeholder governance mechanisms (media and judicial remedy).

本研究的目的為研究國中九年級學生在學習機率單元前後，對於機率概念的了解與代表性偏誤、可利用性偏誤Kahneman＆Tversky(1974)）及結果取向判斷偏誤(Konold1989)的異同。主要採量的分析，以自訂的問卷評量工具對受試者進行筆試。研究之樣本為學過國小簡單機率的國中九年級學生，問卷實施的方式為筆試，研究過程設計了前測、後測兩份試卷，並在施測前進行預試來評估試題信度、效度。前測問卷施測目的在探討學生在教學前利用常識、直觀來解題所可能造成的機率偏誤。教學過後也進行後測問卷的施測，並利用前後兩次施測的結果，探討國中生在教學前後機率判斷偏誤上的差異性。本研究之對象為中學九年級學生，共148位學生來進行施測，研究者依學生數學分組教學之成績，分為高分群、中間群、低分群，依據性別和分群兩個變項來進行分析。分析結果發現： 1.性別變項無顯著差異，故教學過程中不用特別考慮性別差異。 2.分群分析結果如下： (1)結果取向 在一次投擲問題中，前、後測問卷分析結果發現，中、高分群前後測整體表現皆無偏誤的比例較低分群來的少。 (2)代表性偏誤 在代表性偏誤中的正時近效應與負時近效應的問題中，低分群在前、後測仍犯有偏誤比中、高分群前後測都犯有偏誤的比例來的高。而改變樣本空間問題中，中、高分群在前、後測皆沒有偏誤的比比例較低分群高。複合樣本問題中探討代表性偏誤，低分群在前、後測仍然有偏誤的比例較中、高分群前、後測犯有偏誤高。 (3)可利用性偏誤 三群在前、後測的綜合表現並無顯著差異。 / The study aims to explore the differences of judgmental heuristic and biases on representativeness, availability (Kahneman &Tversky, 1974) and outcome approach (Konold, 1989) in terms of comprehension of probability concepts by ninth graders before and after studying the subject. The results are based on a quantitative analysis of the data collected from two sets of paper-and-pencil self-designed questionnaires. Pre-test questionnaire is meant to explore students’ potential probability biases when they work out the problems based on their previous knowledge and intuition prior to any instruction, while post-test questionnaire is conducted after instruction. The subjects in our experiment are composed of one hundred and forty-eight ninth graders who have only learned some basic probability concepts in primary school, and are classified into high-, mid- and low-scorer groups based on their previous academic performance. The findings suggest that: 1. Gender effect is not significantly different, so there is no need to pay attention to the gender difference in teaching process. 2. The results of analyses for different groups are listed in what follows. (1) Outcome approach: In the problem of tossing a coin, the results of pre-test and post-test indicate that the proportion of subjects who are without biases is higher in mid- and high-scorers than that of low-scorers. (2) Representativeness bias: In the problem of positive recency effect and negative recency effect, the proportion of committing biases is higher in low-scorers than that of mid- and high-scorers in both pre- and post-tests. In the problem of changes in sample spaces, the proportion of lack of biases is higher in mid- and high-scorers than that of low-scorers. In the composite-event problem that deals with representative biases, the proportion of committing biases among low-scorers is higher than that of mid- and high-scorers in both pre- and post-tests. (3) Availability bias: There is no significant difference in the overall performance of pre- and post-tests among the three groups.

Research of movement parameters of motorcars in braking.

Research of movement parameters of motorcars in braking.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T13:59:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 845391 bytes, checksum: 14c988927e98f8c13c85ad45e55d0a1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T11:59:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 845391 bytes, checksum: 14c988927e98f8c13c85ad45e55d0a1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T11:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 erikaburkowski.pdf: 845391 bytes, checksum: 14c988927e98f8c13c85ad45e55d0a1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-27 / Esta dissertação pesquisou 99 empresas localizadas na cidade de Juiz de Fora (MG), buscando identificar um perfil de financiamento das mesmas. Utilizou-se a Análise Conjunta (Conjoint) para identificar as características mais desejadas de um instrumento de financiamento por essas empresas. Realizaram-se revisões bibliográficas acerca de temas como estrutura de capital, finanças comportamentais e trabalhos empíricos realizados em micro e pequenas empresas, além da Análise de Correspondência, para se identificar os atributos das empresas relacionados à decisão de financiamento atual e ideal. Constatou-se que a maior parte das empresas da amostra utiliza financiamentos de curto e de longo prazo; o endividamento total se apresenta próximo a 20% do capital total. A variável ‘novos Investimentos’ foi significativa para os financiamentos de curto longo prazos. As variáveis ‘tamanho’ (medida pelo faturamento), ‘, ‘expectativa de retorno dos novos investimentos’ e ‘fonte de financiamento dos novos investimentos’ foram significantes para financiamentos de curto prazo. Com os financiamentos de longo prazo, estão relacionadas ‘destino do financiamento’, ‘percepção da volatilidade’, ‘expectativa de crescimento’ e ‘intenção de novos investimentos’. Conclusivamente, observa-se adequação da hierarquia de fontes modificada (HOLMES e KENT, 1991) e do modelo de decisão de estrutura de capital em pequenas empresas (MICHAELAS et al, 1998). / This dissertation surveys 99 companies located in Juiz de Fora (Minas Gerais State), searching for patterns in their capital structure. Conjoint Analysis was used to capture the most preferable items in a financing instrument chosen by them. A literature review on capital structure, behavioral finance and empirical works concerning to small companies was made and Correspondence Analysis was used to identify companies attributes related either to the actual capital structure and capital structure preferences. The findings were: most of the companies in the sample use short and long term funds. Debt was nearly 20% of total funds. Variable “new investments’ was significant to the short- and long-term debt. Variables “size” (measured by Net Income), “new investments return expectation” and “funding source of new investments” were related to short-term debt. Variables “application of new funding”, “volatility perception”, “growth expectation” and “intention of doing new investments” were related to long-term debt. Conclusively, evidences of the modified pecking order theory (HOLMES e KENT, 1991) and the capital structure model adequacy in small companies (MICHAELAS et al, 1998) were found.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2018-10-26T17:11:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel_Colling_2018.pdf: 3237401 bytes, checksum: 68655056331b4b1d08a0e7fce8b15c37 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-26T17:11:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcel_Colling_2018.pdf: 3237401 bytes, checksum: 68655056331b4b1d08a0e7fce8b15c37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Behavioral economics has recently been gaining more space in academic studies. The theories based on the rationality of the actors have given place to studies that contemplate their cognitive systems, ways of thinking and emotions. In this context, recent studies in the area of knowledge economy have approached the behavioral framework to analyze the performance and influence of institutions in organizations and vice versa. It occurs that in the relations between different groups in a region, the cognitions of the actors are susceptible to dissonances between beliefs and attitudes. Such imbalances are mitigated by the use of cognitive biases. The influence of these dissonances and biases in the relations between groups in the regional development is the theme addressed in this work. In this perspective, the objective of this dissertation is to analyze the influence and impacts of cognitive dissonance in the relations between the groups of local actors represented by the Government, University and Companies in the Western Region of the State of Parana in view of the knowledge economy. The question that has been sought to answer is how these cognitive processes can represent barriers to a broader understanding by groups about their role in the region in a development context. In order to answer these questions, the present work has proposed to: characterize the Western Region of the State of Parana and the selected municipalities (Cascavel, Toledo, Foz do Iguaçu, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Palotina and Medianeira) according to the relational approaches of the knowledge economy; research the beliefs of local actors representing government, university, and business with a view to the occurrence of cognitive dissonances between beliefs; study the attitudes of each group of local actors regarding the relational aspects addressed by the knowledge economy in terms of cognitive biases and subcategories of dissonance; and explain the reduction or elimination of cognitive dissonance and the use of heuristics and biases in an integrated way by local actors when considering the relations between the different groups. The methodology used was quantitative and qualitative. Initially data were collected regarding Gross Added Value; Number of establishments per activity; Number of jobs per activity; Municipal expenses by function; HDI; Number of public universities; Number of enrollments and graduates in public higher education; Associations formed by groups; Municipal councils. Then, data obtained through questionnaires were analyzed using the methods of Mean Analysis, Pearson Correlations and Stepwise Regression. The next step was the analysis of qualitative data obtained by semi-structured interviews using discourse analysis according to subcategories of cognitive dissonance and cognitive bias. Finally, quantitative and qualitative data were systematically compared according to the subcategories of cognitive dissonance and cognitive bias. The research results showed that, in fact, there are a number of cognitive barriers caused by the heuristics and biases in the three groups. Such barriers prevent them from thinking about innovative ways of institutional action and relational environment so that it hinders the development of the West region of Parana oriented to the knowledge economy. / A economia comportamental recentemente vem ganhando mais espaço no meio acadêmico. As teorias pautadas na racionalidade dos atores têm dado lugar a estudos que contemplam seus sistemas cognitivos, formas de pensar e emoções. Nesse contexto, os recentes estudos na área da economia do conhecimento têm se aproximado do arcabouço comportamental para analisar a atuação e influência das instituições nas organizações e vice-versa. Ocorre que nas relações entre diferentes grupos em uma região, as cognições dos atores são suscetíveis a dissonâncias entre crenças e atitudes. Tais desequilíbrios são amenizados pela utilização de vieses cognitivos. A influência dessas dissonâncias e vieses nas relações entre grupos para o desenvolvimento regional é o tema tratado neste trabalho. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a influência e os impactos da dissonância cognitiva nas relações entre os atores locais dos grupos Governo, Universidade e Empresa na Região Oeste do Estado do Paraná tendo em vista a economia do conhecimento. A pergunta que se buscou responder é como esses processos cognitivos podem representar barreiras para uma compreensão mais ampla por parte dos grupos a respeito de seu papel na região em um contexto de desenvolvimento. A fim de responder a esses questionamentos, o presente trabalho se propôs a caracterizar a Região Oeste do Estado do Paraná e os municípios selecionados (Cascavel, Toledo, Foz do Iguaçu, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Palotina e Medianeira) de acordo com as abordagens relacionais da economia do conhecimento; pesquisar as crenças dos atores locais que representam governo, universidade e empresas com vistas à ocorrência de dissonâncias cognitivas entre crenças; estudar as atitudes de cada grupo de atores locais em relação aos aspectos relacionais abordados pela economia do conhecimento em termos de vieses cognitivos e subcategorias de dissonância; e explicar a redução ou eliminação da dissonância cognitiva e a utilização de heurísticas e vieses de maneira integrada por parte dos atores locais quando consideram as relações entre os diferentes grupos. A metodologia utilizada foi quantitativa e qualitativa. Inicialmente, foram levantados dados referentes ao Valor Adicionado Bruto; Quantidade de estabelecimentos por atividade; Quantidade de empregos por atividade; Despesas municipais por função; IDH; Total de universidades públicas; Quantidade de matrículas e de concluintes no ensino superior público; Associações formadas pelos grupos; Conselhos municipais. Em seguida, foram analisados dados obtidos por meio de questionários com os métodos de Análise de média, Correlações de Pearson e Regressão stepwise. O próximo passo foi a análise dos dados qualitativos levantados por entrevistas semiestruturadas utilizando análise de discurso de acordo com as subcategorias de dissonância cognitiva e vieses cognitivos. Por fim, os dados quantitativos e qualitativos foram comparados sistematicamente de acordo com as subcategorias de dissonância cognitiva e vieses cognitivos. Os resultados da pesquisa mostraram que, de fato, há uma série de barreiras cognitivas causadas pelas heurísticas e vieses presentes nos grupos. Tais barreiras os impedem de pensar em formas de inovação das instituições e do ambiente relacional para que o desenvolvimento da região Oeste do Paraná possa ser orientado para a economia do conhecimento.

The understanding that humans are bounded in their rationality has been proven to manifest in complex decision making as a result of a limit in the amount of information available, the cognitive limitations of the mind and the amount of time available in which to make a decision. Because of this, humans have been known to appeal to heuristics and the rules of thumb (termed 'satisficing‘) when making decisions, resulting in biased probability judgments and not maximizing expected utility. Corporate application of bounded rationality is still very limited. This study builds on and advances the study and application of bounded rationality in corporate environments, using climate change response as a real-life situation, and in a circular fashion help explain some of the debates and paradoxes that agitate researchers from the climate change community. Using a mixed methods comparative case study of two organisations‘ responses to climate change, the study theorises that competitive market forces and the ability of organisations to learn from other organisations limits the levels of 'satisficing‘ in strategic decision making. Instead, the limited amount of information and the fear of the unknown cause organizations to approach the subject cautiously. A tactical interpretive climate change response framework emerges. / Business Management / D.B.L.

Eine zentrale Aufgabe des Marketings ist es, die Präferenzen von Konsumenten zu verstehen und die Heterogenität dieser aufzudecken. Eine Reihe kritischer Entscheidungen, z.B. bei der Neuproduktentwicklung, der Marktsegmentierung und dem Targeting oder der Preisgestaltung, beruhen auf der genauen Einschätzung der Konsumentenpräferenzen. Die Marketingliteratur hat sich bisher auf die Entwicklung von Modellen und Schätzverfahren konzentriert, die es ermöglichen, die Heterogenität von Konsumentenpräferenzen aufzudecken. Konsumenten unterscheiden sich jedoch auch in der Art und Weise, wie sie Kaufentscheidungen treffen und welche verfügbaren Informationen sie nutzen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, unser Verständnis für die Unaufmerksamkeit der Konsumenten gegenüber Produkteigenschaften bezüglich Entscheidungen zu verbessern. Es geht darum, 1) die Verbreitung einer solchen Unaufmerksamkeit in verschiedenen Kontexten zu untersuchen, 2) die Methoden, die ein solches Verhalten explizit berücksichtigen, zu untersuchen und zu erweitern, 3) potenzielle Verzerrungen in Parametern zu verstehen und 4) Implikationen für das Management abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse aus einer umfassenden Reihe von Anwendungen legen nahe, dass Konsumenten in verschiedenen Kontexten (z.B. Produktkategorien) und Settings (z.B. von hoher oder niedriger Komplexität) eine Menge an verfügbaren Informationen bezüglich Produkteigenschaften ignorieren. Zweitens, Entscheidungsmodelle, die ein solches Verhalten explizit berücksichtigen und zusätzlich weitere Daten wie z.B. Eye-Tracking nutzen, zu einem besseren In- und Out-of-Sample-Fit führen. Drittens führt die Missachtung eines solchen Verhaltens zu Verzerrungen, deren Richtung und Größe von der Art des Merkmals (d.h., ob eine bestimmte Richtung der Präferenzen erwartet werden kann) und dem Anteil der Konsumenten, die dieses Merkmal ignorieren, abhängt. Infolgedessen kann es dazu kommen, dass Manager keine optimalen Preis- und Targeting-Entscheidungen treffen. / A central task of marketing is understanding consumer preferences and uncovering consumer heterogeneity. A range of critical decisions, e.g., new product development, market segmentation and targeting, or pricing, rest upon accurate estimation of consumer preferences. Marketing literature has mainly focused on the development of models and estimation procedures that allow uncovering heterogeneity in consumer preference. However, consumers differ not only in their tastes but also in the way they make purchase decisions and the information they use. The overall objective of this dissertation is to enhance our understanding of consumers' inattention to attributes when making choices. It aims to 1) examine the prevalence of such inattention across numerous contexts and settings, 2) investigate and extend the approaches that explicitly accommodate such behavior, 3) understand potential biases that may arise, and 4) demonstrate managerial implications when such behavior is neglected. The findings from a broad set of applications suggest that consumers ignore a substantial amount of available attribute information across various contexts (e.g., product categories) and settings (e.g., of high or low complexity). Second, we establish that choice models explicitly accounting for such behavior and, additionally, leveraging supplementary data such as eye tracking, result in better in- and out-of-sample fit. Third, neglecting such behavior leads to significant biases, the direction and the magnitude of which depend on the type of the attribute (i.e., whether a particular direction of preferences can be expected) and the share of consumers ignoring this attribute. As a result, managers may make suboptimal pricing and targeting decisions.

GNSS hardware biases appear in code and phase observations, and originates both from the receiver and satellite hardware. These biases influence the accuracy in precise GNSS positioning if not handled properly. This thesis is based on two papers, where one is a review paper published in GPS Solutions, and the other is a research paper currently in review (resubmitted after minor revision) for Journal of Geodetic Science. The first paper compiles current results and gives an overview of those situations where biases are of the greatest importance for precise positioning. The second paper investigates the satellite dependency in two cases of relative phase biases. In the first paper, a review is given on how hardware biases influence precise GNSS positioning in various situations. These can roughly be divided into five cases: positioning not employing the ionosphere free combination to which the satellite clock corrections are aligned, GNSS based ionospheric modeling, determination of the phase ambiguity as an integer in PPP, and positioning with GLONASS. In the second paper, the satellite dependency for two cases of relative phase biases are investigated: relative between-receiver biases in single differenced phase observations from two receivers, relative between-signals biases in observation differences between two signals recorded by the same receiver and associated with the same carrier frequency. In both these cases a satellite dependency was discovered. The first case showed a difference of 0.8 mm between the greatest and smallest values, while the corresponding difference in the second case was 3.5 mm. It was also discovered that the biases in the first case varied periodically over time, and with a period of one sidereal day. The exact cause for these variations could however not be determined in the experiment, even though multipath could be excluded as their source. / Hårdvaru-relaterade biases kan beskrivas som små systematiska fel som uppkommer i kod- och bärvågs-observationer vid GNSS-mätning. Dessa uppstår i hårdvaran hos både satellit och mottagare, och inverkar på positionsosäkerheten vid noggrann GNSS-positionering om de inte hanteras. Denna avhandling är baserad på två artiklar, varav den ena är publicerad i GPS Solutions, och den andra är under granskning (återinskickad efter en mindre omarbetning) för Journal of Geodetic Science. Den första artikeln ger en överblick över hårdvaru-relaterade biases och de situationer då de är som mest betydelsefulla för noggrann positionering. Den andra artikeln undersöker om det eventuellt existerar ett satellit-beroende hos två fall av hårdvaru-relaterade biases för bärvågsobservationer. I den första artikeln tas fem fall upp som är särskilt betydelsefulla gällande hårdvaru-relaterade biases. Dessa är: positionering som inte använder den jonosfärsfria linjärkombination av GNSS-observationer som mottagna satellit-klock-korrektioner är anpassade för, GNSS-baserad jonosfärsmodellering, heltalsbestämning av periodobekanta vid PPP-positionering, positionering med flera GNSS-system, och positionering med Glonass specifikt. I den andra artikeln undersöks satellit-beroendet för två fall: relativa bärvågsobservationer mellan två mottagare, relative bärvågsobservationer mellan två signaler observerade av samma mottagare och med samma bärvågsfrekvens. I båda fallen upptäcktes ett satellitberoende. Variationerna i första fallet visade en differens mellan största och minsta värdet på ungefär 0.8 mm, medan motsvarande värde i andra fallet var ungefär 3.5 mm. Det visade sig också att hårdvaru-relaterade biases i det första fallet varierade periodiskt över tiden, med en period av ett sideriskt dygn. Den exakta orsaken för dessa variationerna kunde ej bestämmas, även om flervägsstörningar kunde uteslutas som källa. / <p>QC 20170926</p>

Dark Patterns är designmönster som används av företag i syfte att manipulera användare till att fatta beslut som de möjligtvis inte hade gjort annars och som inte gynnar deras egna intressen. Den här studien undersöker användarens upplevelse och perspektiv på dark patterns på en onlineresebyrås hemsida där dark patterns används flitigt. Dark patterns använder sig ofta av kognitiva biaser som utnyttjas hos användaren för att styra användaren till att fatta beslut som användaren inte hade avsikt att fatta, och som till följd kan påverka individens välfärd negativt. Dessa designmönster blir allt mer förekommande inom e-handeln, vilket väcker frågan hur etiskt användningen av dark patterns är. I dagsläget finns inga regelverk i Sverige som specifikt gäller användningen av dark patterns, däremot finns det regelverk som berör dark patterns, exempelvis de riktlinjer som den Europeiska dataskyddsstyrelsen har tagit fram gällande användandet av deceptive patterns samt Europaparlamentets direktiv om otillbörliga affärsmetoder. Forskningsfrågorna som ligger till grund för denna studie är: “Hur upplever internetanvändare dark patterns på onlineresebyråers hemsidor?” och “Hur påverkas användarens attityd gentemot onlineresebyråer som applicerar dark patterns?”. För att försöka svara på frågeställningarna har en kvalitativ kartläggning genomförts med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien undersöker hur fyra internetanvändare med stor resvana upplever dark patterns på en onlineresebyrås hemsida med hjälp av simulerade bokningsprocesser i form av förinspelade videor. Intervjuerna transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Resultatet visade att deltagarna hade en förståelse att man som användare bör vara försiktig vid bokning av resor för att inte bli lurad. Denna urvalsgrupp betonar att de har vant sig vid ett flertal dark patterns och inte längre reagerar på dem. Däremot upplevdes dark patterns som både något som förhindrar en smidig bokning och som störande moment under bokningen. Studien tyder på att när deltagarna är medvetna om dark patterns upplever de dem också som störande och även oetiska. En överdriven användning av dark patterns verkar även skapa en negativ uppfattning om företag som använder dem. Studien visar även att ett överanvändande av dark patterns kan ha motsatt effekt på vad företagen som implementerar dem hoppas på; att användare snarare upplever negativa känslor som påverkar deras köpbenägenhet negativt. / Dark Patterns are design patterns used by companies to trick users to make decisions that they might otherwise not have done and may not be in the user’s best interest. This study investigates users' experience and perspective on dark patterns on an online travel agency’s website that frequently uses dark patterns. Dark patterns often exploit cognitive biases in the user to steer the user to make decisions that the user might not have intended to make, which could have a negative effect on the user’s welfare. These types of design patterns are becoming more and more common within e-commerce which has sparked the question of ethicality in the use of dark patterns. There are currently no regulations in Sweden that specifically cover dark patterns, but there are regulations that affect dark patterns, such as the guidelines The European Data Protection Board have established on the use of deceptive patterns as well as the European Parliament’s “Unfair Commercial Practices Directive”. The underlying research questions for this study are: “How do internet users experience dark patterns on online travel agencies’ websites?” and “How is the users’ attitude towards online travel agencies that apply dark patterns affected?”. In an effort to answer the research questions a qualitative survey has been done with the help of semi-structured interviews. This study investigates how four internet users perceive dark patterns on an online travel agency’s website with the help of simulated booking processes through pre-recorded videos. The interviews were then transcribed and analyzed through thematic analysis. The results show that the participants had an understanding of the need to be cautious during online travel booking to avoid being tricked or scammed. This selection group emphasizes that they’ve become used to a number of dark patterns and no longer react to them. Dark patterns that hinders a smooth booking are however seen as disruptive elements. This study indicates that the users perceive dark patterns as disruptive and unethical when they’re aware of the dark patterns being used. Excessive use of dark patterns also seems to create a negative perception on the company that uses them. This study also shows that an excessive use of dark patterns could have the opposite effect than desired by the company that implements them; that the user is inflicted by negative feelings that affect the users propensity to purchase negatively.