O mercado de capitais brasileiro tem se desenvolvido ao longo dos anos, e com o fim do longo período inflacionário, houve a possibilidade das pessoas fazerem planejamentos de longo prazo, sem se preocupar apenas com a perda do valor do dinheiro no curto prazo. Alguns fatores levaram à entrada de investidores no mercado de capitais, que tem sido crescente nos últimos anos. Para que se atraia cada vez mais investidores para esse mercado, e de forma sustentável, instruindo-os para que possam ter mais consciência na hora de investir, é essencial conhecer vieses que influenciam suas decisões, pois, diferentemente do que apontam as Teorias Tradicionais e Modernas de Finanças, os investidores (e as pessoas em geral) não agem de forma completamente racional quando fazem escolhas, podendo ser influenciados, de forma mais ou menos intensa, por vieses, como excesso de confiança, falácia de custos irrecuperáveis, aversão à perda, entre outros, que poderão afetar essas escolhas, e por fim, o mercado em geral. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi de identificar a intensidade em que vieses estão presentes em decisões de investidores individuais do mercado de capitais brasileiro, e verificar se essa intensidade está relacionada ao sexo e ao tempo como investidor do mercado, fornecendo subsídio para que sejam desenvolvidos programas, focados inicialmente naqueles vieses que se mostram mais presentes nas decisões, para instruir investidores e possíveis investidores sobre essa influência, ajudando-os a identificar padrões em suas escolhas que possam ser prejudiciais a eles. Para isso, o instrumento de pesquisa utilizado foi um questionário com questões múltipla escolha, disponibilizado em provedor de serviços de pesquisas eletrônicas, por meio do qual foi efetuada a coleta de dados. O link do questionário foi enviado a instituições relacionadas ao mercado de capitais para divulgação a investidores e a grupos de investidores por meio de redes sociais. No total, 178 pessoas responderam à pesquisa, sendo que 80 são investidores no mercado de capitais, cujas respostas foram analisadas. Para efetuar a interpretação das respostas foi utilizada análise descritiva. Observou-se que, dos 13 vieses analisados, apenas 4 se mostraram com alta intensidade na escolha de investidores, sendo eles os vieses de excesso de confiança, excesso de negociação, contabilização mental e ancoragem, e que, para maioria dos vieses não se observa diferença significativa de intensidade entre sexo masculino e feminino, mas é possível perceber que para alguns dos vieses quanto maior o tempo como investidor, menor a intensidade do viés. As respostas de não investidores também foram analisadas, como forma de identificar a intensidade em que vieses estariam presentes em pessoas que poderiam em algum momento ser investidores, e percebeu-se que, comparativamente aos investidores, eles apresentaram maior intensidade dos vieses. Para pessoas que estão envolvidas com o mercado de capitais a intensidade dos vieses não foi tão alta, mas para aqueles que não são investidores a alta intensidade foi predominante para um maior número de vieses, o que poderia estar relacionado à experiência adquirida no mercado de alguma forma, e que mostra a necessidade de apresentar situações a que as pessoas poderiam estar expostas e cuidados a serem tomados para mitigar as influências que podem sofrer ao investir no mercado. / The Brazilian capital market has developed over the years, and with the end of a long inflationary period, there was the possibility of people making long-term plans, instead of only being worried about the loss of value of money in the short term. Some factors have led to the entry of investors in the capital market, which has been growing in recent years. In order to attract more and more investors to this market, and in a sustainable way, instructing them so they can be more aware when investing, it is essential to know the biases that influence their decisions, since, unlike what the Traditional and Modern Finance Theories describe, investors (and people in general) do not act completely rationally when they make choices and may be influenced more or less intensely by biases such as overconfidence, sunk cost fallacy, loss aversion, among others, which may affect these choices, and ultimately, the market. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the intensity in which biases are present in the decisions of individual investors in the Brazilian capital market, and verify if this intensity is related to sex and time as market investor, providing information so that programs can be developed, focused initially on those biases that are more present in decisions, to instruct investors and potential investors of this influence, helping them to identify patterns in their choices that may be harmful to them. For this, the research instrument was a questionnaire with multiple choice questions, available in electronic research services provider, through which was collected the data. The link to the questionnaire was sent to the capital market related institutions, so they could send it to investors, and groups of investors through social networks. 178 people responded to the survey, of which 80 are investors in the capital market, whose responses were analyzed. To analyze the responses it was used descriptive analysis. It was observed that, of the 13 biases analyzed, only 4 showed up with high intensity in the choice of investors, namely the bias of overconfidence, excessive trading, mental accounting and anchor, and that for, most biases, no significant difference in intensity is observed between males and females, however, for some biases, it is possible to see that when higher the period the person has been an investor, lower the intensity of the biases. The responses of non-investors were also analyzed as a way to identify the intensity in which biases were present in people who might be, at some point, investors, and it was noticed that, compared to investors, they showed greater intensity of biases. For those people who are involved with the capital market the intensity of biases was not as high as for those who are not, for whom the high intensity was prevalent for a larger number of biases. This could be related, somehow, to the experience gained in the market, and shows the need to present situations that people could be exposed and be careful about, being aware of steps that could be taken to mitigate the influences that they can suffer when investing in the market.

Det militära användningsområdet för IT är inte bara det första utan även ett av de mest drivande. Beslutsstödsystem inom detta område har en naturlig roll då beslut ofta behöver tas snabbt, med risk för allvarliga konsekvenser. För att ta dessa beslut stödjer den Svenska Försvarsmaktens beslutstagare sig på analyserad information från Underrättelsetjänsten. För att informationen ska vara av hög kvalité behöver analytiker vid Underrättelsetjänsten stöd från tidseffektiva och tillförlitliga analytiska beslutsstödsystem. Det här arbetet kommer att beskriva en prototyp av ett sådant system, kallat Multihypothesis management and analysis tool. Verktyget har utvecklats av Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut för att användas av Försvarsmaktens analytiker. I arbetet presenteras förslag på hur verktyget kan vidareutvecklas från prototyp till ett verktyg med fokus på användarnas arbetsrutiner. Förslagen är baserade på insamlad information om hur analytiker vid Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut bedriver sina analyser och deras uppfattning om prototypen. Samma analytiker deltog i den avslutande utvärderingen av vidareutvecklingsförslagen som gav positiva resultat. Efter att studien avslutats valde FOI att inkludera förslagen i prototypens utvecklingsplan. / The armed forces have been, not only the first, but also one of the most propulsive for development within the IT. Decision support systems (DSS) have a natural role in this area of use due the fact that decisions have to be made quickly and often with a risk of dire consequences. To be able to make these decisions, the decision makers of the Swedish armed forces rely themselves upon analysed information from the intelligence service. To make sure that the information keeps a high level of quality, the analysts at the intelligence service need time efficient and reliable DSS in order to conduct their analysis. This thesis will describe one of these systems, a prototype called Multihypothesis management and analysis tool (MHMA). MHMA is developed by the Swedish defence research agency for the Swedish armed forces. The thesis will present development proposals for how the system could develop from the existing prototype into a user-centred system, which would fit the analysts’ work environment. The proposals are based on gathered information from analysts at the Swedish defence research agency, regarding their opinions about the prototype. The same analysts also participated in the evaluation of the development proposals. After the completion of the study, FOI chose to include the proposals in the development plan of the prototype.

Stanovich and West (2008) explored if measures of cognitive ability ignored some important aspects of thinking itself, namely that cognitive ability alone is not enough to generally prevent biased thinking. In this thesis a series of decision making (DM) tasks is tested to see if emotion regulation (ER) is a factor for the decision process and therefore should be a measured in decision making competence. A set of DM tasks was compiled involving both affective and cognitive dimensions. 400 participants completed an online web-survey. The results showed that ER ability was significantly associated with performance in various DM tasks that involved both heuristic and biased thinking. These findings suggest that ER can be a factor in decision making competence.

Questa tesi si propone di analizzare il tema dell’alfabetizzazione finanziaria secondo tre differenti prospettive servendosi di dati raccolti da un’indagine appositamente creata e somministrata in Italia tra Settembre 2014 e Febbraio 2015. Il primo capitolo guarda alle determinanti dell’alfabetizzazione finanziaria, concentrandosi sul ruolo dei consulenti finanziari, il secondo assume una prospettiva più psicologica sul tema e il terzo guarda alla mancanza di alfabetizzazione finanziaria quale possibile causa di distorsioni comportamentali finanziarie. Gli interventi tradizionalmente volti al miglioramento della consapevolezza finanziaria sono risultati estremamente costosi e con periodi di decadimento particolarmente brevi in tutto il mondo; l’evidenza empirica presentata in questa tesi suggerisce che una forma di educazione finanziaria più graduale e costante, come quella esercitata dai consulenti finanziari indipendenti, sarebbe più efficace. La conoscenza dei canali relazionali che potenziano il ruolo educativo dei consulenti finanziari, potrebbe aiutare a orientare e meglio calibrare futuri interventi educativi, tenendo a mente, tuttavia, che la competenza teorica non garantisce necessariamente comportamenti finanziariamente corretti. In accordo ai risultati ottenuti, infatti, l’alfabetizzazione finanziaria diminuisce la presenza di distorsioni finanziarie cognitive, ma non ha un effetto significativo sulle quelle emozionali. / This thesis aims at investigating the financial literacy through three different perspectives by analysing the data gathered from an ad-hoc survey carried out in Italy between September 2014 and February 2015. The first chapter looks at the determinants of financial literacy, focusing on the role of financial advisors, the second one takes a psychological perspective on the issue and the last chapter looks at poor financial literacy as a possible antecedent for financial behavioural biases. Traditional educational interventions aimed at improving financial awareness proved to be extremely costly and to have a worryingly short decay period worldwide; the empirical findings presented in this thesis suggest that a more gradual and constant form of financial education, such as the one exerted by independent financial advisors, would be more effective. Being aware of the relational channels that enhance the independent financial advisors’ educational role, may help to orient and better target future educational treatments, bearing in mind, though, that the theoretical financial proficiency does not ensure unbiased downstream behaviours. As a matter of fact, according to the results, financial literacy decreases the presence of cognitive biases, but does not have a significant effect on emotional biases.

The thesis focuses on the partial synthesis of investment strategies based on the theory of efficient markets and behavioral finance. Model of investment behavior consists of three parts - the Markowitz model of portfolio approach , De Bondt - Thaler model of re-building portfolio by capital gains in past and a model of short-term behavioral biases. Parameters of behavioral biases are determined arbitrarily and calibrated using correlation analysis for stock index DJIA and the particular stock title. The assembled model of short-term behavioral biases can explain only about 1 percent of changes in market prices of assets and regression analysis doesn't confirmed their statistical significance. Better results were found in a particular stock title than the stock index. The model of investment behavior has shown that without taking into account transaction costs Markowitz model was the most successful, but taking into account the costs De Bondt - Thaler model was more successful. The model of behavioral biases couldn't even overcome market benchmark, but in terms of risk the model was the least risky. The overall model of investment behavior also suggested the possibility of prediction of financial crisis, which could also be a space for further research in this area. The synthesis would also be appropriate to explore also by other methods such as simulation or real survey.

The Harry Potter series, although primarily written for young adults has managed to be widely popular amongst readers of different ages. The series has been able to entice both young and adult readers all over the world as it provides readers with ample opportunities for self-recognition and thus even self-reflection. Other than providing readers with opportunities for self-recognition the series also provides multiple examples of different important real-world issues such as mental health, othering, discrimination, and the stereotype threat.           In the Harry Potter series, readers are introduced to a whole new world filled with magic, witches, wizards, and other magical beings. The magical world is, however, still very similar to our world; it follows the same timeline as the real world, showcases different teenage problems as well as similar social structures and issues.           In today’s society immigrants and students from different nationalities, cultures and backgrounds are very common, leading to othering, stereotyping and prejudices being real issues that need to be addressed in today’s multicultural classes. Students are in need of support and encouragement to better understand and handle these issues in their everyday life.           Drawing on these ideas this essay will, by using a thematic analysis of the Harry Potter series, focus on the depth of the prejudices presented in the series by examining the underlying structural understanding of othering and racialization which readers are not always aware of being prejudiced against and how these prejudices are presented in the series. The aim is to show how the issues of unconscious biases and othering in the Harry Potter series are presented through the themes and characterization and how they can be used in eliciting empathy by alerting students to the fact that othering and discrimination are often based on unconscious biases found within the society.

This paper explores the workshop as a tool to raise awareness about unconscious gender bias in AI voice assistants. To answer the research question of how tools can develop a norm-critical understanding of gender biases and stereotypes in AI voice assistants, a workshop was conducted. The workshop was executed with Computer Science students focusing on their perception towards voice assistants, different gendered voices, including a genderless voice, and the connection between biases and stereotypes within norms created by society. The results showed that the characteristics that students associated with female and male voices reflect earlier studies and are consistent with societal gender standards. Despite having people from many cultural origins, this demonstrates how deeply the common concept of gender norms are rooted. Participants were forced to confront their own underlying prejudiced thinking by pushing them to play extreme stereotypes, ask critical questions, and participate in a collaborative conversation. During the conversation, the students began to consider the origins of gender norms in society. After hearing a female, male, and genderless voice, all of the participants favored the female one, indicating that the genderless voice still need tweaking and improvement to meet market demands. Essentially, using a norm critical approach, the workshop forced unconscious biases to become conscious, spoken about, and collaboratively discussed. The students left the workshop feeling more aware and resolved to reflect on their unconscious gender thinking, according to the results of the reflective survey.

"Throughout history, there have been various gaps: racial, gender, income, education, skills gaps...society today is not any different"(Andrews, 2017). Despite advances to close these gaps, a large gap still remains in communications leadership: the gender gap. Approximately 75 percent of practitioners are female and female practitioners only make up 20 percent of senior-level positions (Oakes & Hardwick, 2017). Existing research suggests there are several reasons why a gap exists: an unconscious bias that favors male leaders (Devillard, Hunt, & Yee, 2018), only 60 percent of women have the confidence they can advance into leadership positions (KPMG, 2018), lack of mentorship (Place & Vardeman-Winter, 2018), lack of exposure to female leaders (Arvate, Galilea, & Todescat, In Press), and the balance of personal and work responsibilities (Krivkovich, et al., 2017). This study employed 32 qualitative in-depth interviews with senior level communications leaders to understand the journey that women and men go through to become communications leaders, perceptions of communications leaders, factors contributing to the gender gap, and ultimately what can be done to close the gender gap. Participants of this study are among some of today's most senior-level communications leaders, with the average participant having 29 years of work experience in the field of communications. Multiple themes were identified for when and why individuals begin aspiring for communications leadership but it usually begins sometime during high school, college, or in the first few jobs after college once they have be experienced some form of leadership for the first time. There are certain factors such as unequal expectations for women and men and organization culture that can make a woman's path more difficult than a man's path. The majority of participants agreed that women and men are viewed differently in the workplace and that there are key differences such as sensitivity to and involvement of others that differentiate women from a men. There were seven primary themes identified as factors that contributing to the gender gap: relationships, unique challenges to women, issues in the communications field, a long history of male dominance, the pay gap is fueling the gender gap, lack of awareness of the gender gap, sexual harassment and sexual assault. Additionally, this study introduces multiple ways to help mitigate factors that are contributing to the gender gap. There were three primary thematic areas identified on ways to mitigate the gender gap: organizational mitigating factors, cultural mitigating factors, and personal mitigating factors. In summary, there are a number of reasons why a woman's journey into communications leadership is more difficult than a man's journey; however, there are many actionable things that communications leaders believe can be done to make it easier for future leaders.

Presented work is an overview of contemporary evolutionary biological theories of aggression, since the breakthrough works of Robert Ardrey and Konrad Lorenz from the 1960s and ending with contemporary evolutionary ethics of Robert Wright and Frans de Waal and also evolutionary anthropology, represented for example by Richard Wrangham. Work is highlighting the continuity of development of the theories and their placement into the context of evolutionary biology. In addition, it is dealing with critical analysis (in terms of discourse analysis) of these theories and their language, taking into account sociocultural influences acting on authors during their formation. It is the analysis of patterns of thinking, argumentation elements and strategies of authors, who deal with issues of the evolutionary background of the origin of human aggression. However, ambition of the second part is not the deconstruction of the theories. Contrarily it strives for positive, integrative approach. By categories of class, gender, race, etc. conditional misrepresentation (bias) of acquried data (e.g. by observation), their interpretation by authors themselves and their popularization, will be understood there as a factor entering into the assessment of theories, but it is not a priori considered as evidence of...

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