Abstract The gammaproteobacterium Thiomicrospira crunogena XCL–2 is a hydrothermal vent chemolithoautotroph that has a carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM), which is functionally similar to that of cyanobacteria. At hydrothermal vents, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations and pH values fluctuate over time, with CO2 concentrations ranging from 20 μM to greater than 1 mM, therefore having a CCM would provide an advantage when CO2 availability is very low as CCMs generate intracellular DIC concentrations much higher than extracellular, thereby providing sufficient substrate for carbon fixation. The CCM in T. crunogena includes α–carboxysomes (intracellular inclusions containing form IA RubisCO and carbonic anhydrase), and also presumably requires at least one active HCO3 µ transporter to generate the elevated intracellular concentrations of DIC. To determine whether RubisCO itself might be adapted to low CO2 concentrations, the KCO2 for purified carboxysomal RubisCO was measured (250 μM SD ±; 40) and was much greater than that of whole cells (1.03 μM). This finding suggests that the primary adaptation by T. crunogena to low–DIC conditions has been to enhance DIC uptake, presumably by energy–dependent membrane transport systems that are either ATP–dependent and/or dependent on membrane potential (δ ψ). To determine the mechanism for active DIC uptake, cells were incubated in the presence of inhibitors targeting ATP synthesis andδ ψ. After separate incubations with the ATP synthase inhibitor DCCD and the protonophore CCCP, intracellular ATP was diminished, as was the concentration of intracellular DIC and fixed carbon, despite the absence of an inhibitory effect on δ ψ in the DCCD–incubated cells. In some organisms, DCCD inhibits the NDH–1 and bc1 complexes so it was necessary to verify that ATP synthase was the primary target of DCCD in T. crunogena. Both electron transport complex activities were assayed in the presence and absence of DCCD and there was no significant difference between inhibited (309.0 μmol/s for NDH–1 and 3.4 μmol/s for bc1) and uninhibited treatments (271.7 μmol/s for NDH–1 and 3.6 μmol/s for bc1). These data support the hypothesis that an ATP–dependent transporter is primarily responsible for HCO3 µ transport in T. crunogena. The ATP–dependent transporter solute–binding protein gene (cmpA) from Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, was used to perform a BLAST query. Tcr_1153 was the closest match in the T. crunogena genome. However, the gene neighborhood and the result of a maximum likelihood tree suggest that Tcr_1153 is a nitrate transporter protein. Work is underway to find the genes responsible for this ATP–dependent transporter.

No description available.

Kentucky’s Upper Green River Basin has received significant attention due to the area’s high biodiversity and spectacular karst development. While carbonate bedrock is present throughout the watershed, it is more extensive and homogenous along the river between Greensburg and Munfordville than upstream from Greensburg where the geology is more heterogeneous. This research quantitatively evaluated how lithological differences between the two catchment areas impact hydrochemistry and inorganic carbon cycling. This first required correcting catchment boundaries on previous US Geological Survey Hydrologic Unit Maps to account for areas where the boundaries cross sinkhole plains. Basin boundaries using existing Kentucky Division of Water dye trace data differed from the earlier versions by as much as three kilometers. The river at the downstream site is more strongly influenced by carbonate mineral dissolution, reflected in higher specific conductance (SpC) and pH. The SpC at Munfordville ranges from 0.9 to 4.8 times that at Greensburg, averaging 2.0 times higher. Although rainfall is impacted by sulfuric acid from coal burning, river pH is buffered at both sites. The pH is higher at Munfordville 91% of the time, by an average of 0.28 units. Diurnal, photosynthetic pH variations are damped out downstream suggesting interactions between geologic and biological influences on river chemistry. River temperature differences between the two sites are at least 4oC higher at Greensburg under warm season conditions, but there is a clear trend of temperature differences diminishing as the river cools through the fall and winter. This results from a relatively stable temperature at Munfordville, impacted by large spring inputs of groundwater within the karst region downstream. Although weak statistical relationships between SpC and HCO3 - create uncertainties in high resolution carbon flux calculations, measurement of these fluxes is more highly impacted by discharge variations than concentration variations, which resulted in average daily atmospheric flux estimates within 34% between the two basins using weekly concentration data (3.3x108 vs. 2.2x108 gkm-2 d-1, where km2 is the outcrop area of carbonate rocks), and within only 12% using 15-minute concentration data from regressions (2.6x108 vs. 2.3x108 gkm-2 d-1) for Greensburg and Munfordville, respectively.

This thesis considers the implications of changes in the supply of resources for photosynthesis, with regard for modes of carbon acquisition employed by aquatic plants of the River Murray. Carbon supplies are inherently more variable for aquatic plants than for those in terrestrial environments, and variations are intensified for plants in semi-arid regions, where water may be limiting. In changeable environments the most successful species are likely to be those with flexible carbon-uptake mechanisms, able to accommodate variations in the supply of resources. Studies were made of plants associated with wetland habitats of the Murray, including Crassula helmsii, Potamogeton tricarinatus, P. crispus and Vallisneria americana. The aim was to elucidate the mechanisms of carbon uptake and assimilation employed, and to determine how flexibility in carbon uptake and/or assimilation physiology affect survival and distribution. Stable carbon isotopes were used to explore the dynamics of carbon uptake and assimilation, and fluorescence was used to identify pathways and photosynthetic capacity. The studies suggest that physiological flexibility is adaptive survival in changeable environments, but probably does not enhance the spread or dominance of these species. V. americana is a known bicarbonate-user, and it is shown here that it uses the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway under specific conditions (high light intensity near the leaf tips) concurrently with HCO[subscript]3 - uptake, while leaves deeper in the water continue to use the C[subscript]3 pathway, with CO₂ as the main carbon source. However, V. americana does not use CAM when under stress, such as exposure to high light and temperature. The diversity of carbon uptake and assimilation mechanisms in this species may explain its competitive ability in habitats associated with the Murray. In this way it is able to maximise use of light throughout the water column. In shallow, warm water, where leaves are parallel to the surface, CAM ability is likely to be induced along the length of the leaf, allowing maximal use of carbon and light. The amphibious C. helmsii is shown to use CAM on submergence, even where water levels fluctuate within 24 hours. This allows continued photosynthesis in habitats where level fluctuations prevent access to atmospheric CO₂. It appears that stable conditions are most favourable for growth and dispersal, and that the spread of C. helmsii is mainly by the aerial form. Carbon uptake by P. tricarinatus under field conditions is compared with that of P. crispus to demonstrate differences in productivity associated with aqueous bicarbonate and atmospheric CO₂ use. P. tricarinatus uses HCO[subscript]3 - uptake to promote growth toward the surface, so that CO₂ can be accessed by floating leaves. Atmospheric contact provides access to light and removes the limitation of aqueous diffusive resistance to CO₂, thereby increasing photosynthetic capacity above that provided by submerged leaves. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1320380 / Thesis (Ph.D) -- University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2008

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed on June 25, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

Durante o período de 2010 e 2011 dois experimentos foram conduzidos na Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Capão do Leão/RS. O primeiro envolveu a adição de citrato de sódio e bicarbonato de sódio na dieta de vacas Jersey, com o intuito de verificar influência destes aditivos no controle da incidência de LINA, como alegado por parte da(s) indústria(s) comercializadora (s) dos produtos. Dezessete vacas foram divididas em três tratamentos, em dois períodos experimentais com diferentes dietas. Grupo controle: 5 vacas sem receber aditivos na dieta; grupo Citrato: 6 vacas recebendo 100 g diárias de citrato de sódio; grupo Bicarbonato: 6 vacas com 40 g diárias de bicarbonato de sódio na dieta. Foram medidos os teores plasmáticos de glicose e ureia e o pH urinário, para monitoramento da fisiologia dos animais, assim como se determinou a composição físico-química do leite e a contagem de células somáticas. Não foi detectado efeito da adição de bicarbonato de sódio e citrato de sódio em nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados, demonstrando a ineficácia do uso destes aditivos no controle da incidência de LINA. Um segundo experimento, com duração de cinco semanas, também envolvendo vacas da raça Jersey, foi elaborado com o objetivo de determinar alterações na permeabilidade das tigh tjunctions das células epiteliais da glândula mamária provocadas por restrição alimentar severa. Doze vacas foram divididas em dois tratamentos contendo seis vacas cada: grupo Controle: animais recebendo dieta atendendo suas exigências nutricionais durante todo o experimento; grupo Restrição: animais recebendo dieta restrita em 50% somente durante a terceira semana. Determinou-se a permeabilidade das tight junctions através da mensuração dos níveis plasmáticos de lactose e dos teores lácteos de lactose e sódio. Foi determinada também a composição físico-química do leite e a contagem de células somáticas das amostras, assim como os teores de cortisol plasmático, para identificação da condição de estresse às quais os animais em restrição alimentar estavam submetidos. A restrição alimentar promoveu estresse aos animais do grupo Restrição, resultando em maior permeabilidade das tight junctions das células da glândula mamária, com efeitos sobre a redução da estabilidade do leite no teste do álcool. / In the period between 2010 and 2011 two experiments were conducted at Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Capão do Leão/RS. The first study involved the inclusion of sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate in Jersey cow diet to determine the influence of this inclusion on the incidence of unstable non-acid milk (LINA). Seventeen animals were divided into three groups, in two experimental periods with different diets: Control group: 5 animals without the inclusion of additives in the diet; Citrate group: 6 animals receiving each 100 g of sodium citrate per day in the diet; Bicarbonate group: 6 animals receiving 40 g of sodium bicarbonate per day. Plasma concentration of glucose, urea as well as urine pH was measured to assess the animals’ physiologic status. Milk’s physical-chemical composition and somatic cell count were also determined. The inclusion of sodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate had no influence on any of the parameters evaluated, demonstrating the inefficiency of this technique in controlling the incidence of LINA. A second experiment, with five weeks duration also using Jersey cows, was carried out to define alterations in the permeability of mammary gland cells tight junctions due severe feeding restriction. Twelve animals were divided into two treatments with 6 cows each: Control group: animals receiving full diet during the entire study; Restriction group: animals receiving a 50% restricted diet only during the third week. Tight junction permeability was determined through plasma and milk levels of lactose and milk levels of sodium. Milk physical-chemical composition and somatic cell count were also determined. Cortisol concentration was measured to assess the animals stress condition. Feeding restriction induced stress in animals in the Restriction group, which promoted higher permeability of mammary gland cell tight junctions, with influences on the reduction of milk stability to the ethanol test.

LIMA, Raffaella Castro. Níveis de sódio para codornas japonesas (Coturnix xotunix japonica) nas fases de crecimento e postura. 2009. 92 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by guaracy araujo (guaraa3355@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T18:38:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rclima.pdf: 280140 bytes, checksum: ec9fb17c2197428e5f5b407d68b654a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-10T15:19:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rclima.pdf: 280140 bytes, checksum: ec9fb17c2197428e5f5b407d68b654a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T15:19:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_rclima.pdf: 280140 bytes, checksum: ec9fb17c2197428e5f5b407d68b654a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / With the aim to evaluate the effects of the sodium levels in the growth and laying phases of Japanese quails, we conducted two experiments in which we evaluated the sodium levels of de 0,07%; 0,12%; 0,17%; 0,22%; 0,27% and 0,32%. In the first experiment (growth phase), 480 quails with one day were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments of eight replications of ten birds each. According to the results, in the period from 1 to 21 days, there was a linear increase in feed and water intake with the increase in sodium levels and a quadratic effect in the weight gain and feed conversion with optimum sodium levels of 0,23% and 0,21%, respectively. In the period from 21 to 42 days, there was a linear reduction in the weight gain, linear increase in water intake and worse in feed conversion with the increase in sodium in the ration, while feed intake was not affected. In the total period (1 to 42 days of age) with the increase in sodium in the ration, we observed a linear increase in the water intake and in the excreta moisture and a quadratic effect on the digestibility of the dry matter (DCMS), nitrogen (CDN), gross energy (DCEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected (AMEn) with estimated optimum levels of 0,20% for DCMS, 0,27% for CDN and 0,19% for DCEB, AME and AMEn. Moreover, in this experiment we observed that the performance of the laying phase was not influenced significantly by the sodium level supplied to quails in the growth phase. In the second experiment, 288 quails with 16 weeks of age were distributed at random in six treatments with eight replications of six birds each. There was a linear increase in feed intake, in water intake, and in egg weight with the increase in sodium levels and a quadratic effect for egg production, egg mass and feed conversion with optimum sodium levels of 0,23%, 0,24% and 0,23%, respectively. Also, there was a quadratic effect of the sodium levels for percentages the yolk, shell and albumen, obtaining a maximum proportion of albumen and shell and a minimum proportion of yolk with a 0,21% sodium level. There was no significant effect of the sodium levels for the Haugh Units. However, there was a quadratic for specific gravity, with an optimum sodium level of 0.22%. The increase in sodium content did not affect the excreta moisture, but there was a quadratic effect on the digestibility of dry matter (DCMS), nitrogen (CDN), gross energy (DCEB) and values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent corrected (AMEn) with estimated optimum levels of 0,24% for CDMS, 0,22% for CDN, 0,21% for CDEB and 0,18% for AME and AMEn. Considering the results, we can recommend that the diets for Japanese quails in the growth phase (1 to 42 days) are formulated with sodium levels between 0,12% and 0,23% and in the production phase with sodium levels between 0,18% and 0,23% / Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de sódio da ração nas fases de crescimento e de postura de codornas japonesas foram realizados dois experimentos, nos quais, foram avaliados os níveis de 0,07; 0,12; 0,17; 0,22; 0,27 e 0,32% de sódio. No primeiro experimento (fase de crescimento), 480 codornas com um dia de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos de oito repetições de dez aves cada. Conforme os resultados, no período de 1 a 21 dias, houve aumento linear do consumo de ração e água com aumento dos níveis de sódio e efeito quadrático no ganho de peso e conversão alimentar com níveis ótimos de 0,23% e 0,21% de sódio, respectivamente. De 21 a 42 dias, houve redução linear no ganho de peso, aumento linear no consumo de água e prejuízo na conversão alimentar com o acréscimo de sódio na ração, enquanto, o consumo de ração não foi influenciado. No período total (1 a 42 dias de idade) com o aumento de sódio na ração, observou-se aumento linear no consumo de água e na umidade das excretas e efeito quadrático sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), nitrogênio (CDN), energia bruta (CDEB) e valores energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) com níveis ótimos estimados de 0,20% para CDMS, 0,27% para o CDN e 0,19% para CDEB, EMA e EMAn. Ainda, nesse ensaio, observou-se que o desempenho da fase de postura não foi influenciado significativamente pelo nível de sódio recebido pelas codornas na fase de crescimento. No segundo experimento, 288 codornas com 16 semanas de idade foram distribuídas ao acaso em seis tratamentos com oito repetições de seis aves por unidade experimental. Houve aumento linear do consumo de ração, consumo de água e peso do ovo com o acréscimo de sódio e efeito quadrático para produção de ovos, massa de ovo e conversão alimentar com níveis ótimos de 0,23%, 0,24% e 0,23% de sódio, respectivamente. Também, houve efeito quadrático dos níveis de sódio para as percentagens de gema, casca e albúmen, obtendo-se máxima proporção de albúmen e casca e mínima de gema com 0,21% de sódio. Não houve efeito significativo dos níveis de sódio para Unidades Haugh, entretanto houve feito quadrático para gravidade específica, com nível ótimo de 0,22% de sódio. O acréscimo de sódio não afetou a umidade das excretas, mas houve efeito quadrático sobre a digestibilidade da matéria seca (CDMS), nitrogênio (CDN), energia bruta (CDEB) e valores energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn) com níveis ótimos estimados de 0,24% para CDMS, 0,22% para CDN, 0,21% para CDEB e 0,18% para EMA e EMAn. Considerando os resultados, pode-se recomendar que as rações para codornas japonesas na fase de crescimento (1 a 42 dias) sejam formuladas com níveis de sódio entre 0,12% e 0,23% e na fase de produção, com níveis entre 0,18% e 0,23% de sódio

Nesse estudo comparou-se o efeito tamponante do HEPES e Bicarbonato de Sódio em manter o pH e a viabilidade do sêmen resfriado de pôneis da raça Brasileira. As alterações no pH ocasionadas por diferentes diluições com diluente a base de leite desnatado em pó sem tampão a 5 e a 15°C também foram medidas. No experimento 1 avaliou-se o efeito da diluição e da temperatura de resfriamento sobre a motilidade, integridade de membrana, pH e atividade mitocondrial do sêmen pré e pós resfriamento. O sêmen de nove pôneis da raça Brasileira (dois ejaculados/pônei) foi diluído em diluente a base de leite desnatado (em pó) sem tampão e refrigerado a 5 ou 15°C por 48h em três diferentes diluições (1+1, 1+2, 1+3). As três diluições não alteraram os parâmetros avaliados após a diluição a fresco. A diluição 1+1 resultou em valores maiores de pH (7,63 e 7,57, respectivamente) e menor percentual de motilidade progressiva (MP) a 5 e a 15°C. O maior percentual de células íntegras (1+1=44,16; 1+2=48,16; 1+3=50,05) foi detectado a 15°C (P < 0,01), independente da diluição. A MP foi maior nas 48h de resfriamento (39,72%; P < 0,05) quando o sêmen foi diluído a 1+3 e refrigerado a 15°C. A atividade mitocondrial (P > 0,05) em função do tempo e temperatura foi similar entre as diluições. No experimento 2 avaliou-se o efeito tampão do bicarbonato de sódio e do HEPES em diluentes sobre a viabilidade de espermatozoides resfriados a 5°C durante 48h. Os diluentes testados compunham-se de leite desnatado em pó com bicarbonato de sódio (A), HEPES (B) ou diluente sem tampão (C). O sêmen de sete pôneis da raça Brasileira (três ejaculados/pônei) foi utilizado e a motilidade progressiva foi similar entre os diluentes (P > 0,05) após a diluição. Nas 24 e 48h, a MP foi, respectivamente, para A (44,76%; 25,23%), B (51,42%; 38,09%) e C (54,05%; 41,66%). A integridade da membrana plasmática foi similar após a exposição aos três diluentes. A fresco, a atividade mitocondrial foi maior (P < 0,05) no sêmen exposto ao diluente A (A=1,05nm, B=0,81nm, C=0,79nm) e após 24h A e B foram similares (0,83nm; 0,73nm), enquanto que no diluente C observou-se menor atividade (0,64nm). Nas 48h não houve diferença (A=0,72; B=0,69; C=0,63; P > 0,05). O pH do diluente e sua osmolaridade, assim como o pH do sêmen diluído foi maior no diluente A (8; 382; 7,9), intermediário (7,5; 362; 7,32) no B e menor no C (7,16; 350; 7,07). A peroxidação lipídica e a indução da peroxidação foram similares em todos os grupos. Sugere-se que, quando da utilização do sêmen a fresco, qualquer das diluições aqui testadas pode ser utilizada com segurança. O resfriamento do sêmen por 48h modifica e eleva o pH do sêmen. Os melhores resultados foram observados com o resfriamento do sêmen a 15°C por 48h e com a diluição 1+3 em um diluente a base de leite em pó desnatado sem tampão. O bicarbonato de sódio (A) reduz a MP e aumenta o pH do sêmen. O diluente sem tampão foi considerado o mais apropriado para uso imediato na IA. Tanto o diluente com HEPES, quanto o diluente sem tampão foram adequados para o resfriamento do sêmen equino a 5°C durante 48h. / This study compared the buffering effect of HEPES and sodium bicarbonate on pH and viability of Brazilian pony semen cooled at 5°C. pH changes caused by different dilutions using skim milk powder semen extender without buffer were also measured. In experiment 1, the effect of dilution and cooling temperature on semen motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity and pH pre and post cooling was investigated. Ejaculates of nine Brazilian ponies (two ejaculates per pony) were diluted, of a non buffered powder milk extender and cooled at 5°C or 15°C during 48h in three different dilutions (1+1, 1+2 and 1+3). Dilutions did not change the parameters evaluated before cooling. Samples diluted 1+1 resulted in higher pH values (7.63 and 7.57, respectively) and lowest percentage of progressive motility (PM) at 5 and 15°C. All samples cooled at 15°C showed a lower incidence of abnormal spermatozoa (1+1 = 55.84%; 1+2 = 51.84%; 1+3 = 49.95%) (P < 0.01) independent of dilution. Progressive motility was higher when semen was cooled during 48h in 1+3 dilution at 15°C (39.72%; P < 0.05). Mitochondrial activity despite of time and temperature was similar (P > 0.05) among dilutions. In experiment 2, the buffer effect of sodium bicarbonate and HEPES on extenders were evaluated considering the maintenance of sperm viability after cooling at 5°C during 24 and 48h. A non-buffered milk powder extender (C = control) and the same extender buffered with Sodium Bicarbonate (A) and HEPES (B) was used. Semen from 7 Brazilian ponies (three ejaculates / pony) was used. Immediately after dilution sperm motility was evaluated and progressive motility was similar with all extenders (P > 0.05). At 24 and 48h after cooling at 5oC sperm motility was evaluated, respectively, on groups A (44.76%; 25.23%), B (51.42%; 38.09%) and C (54.05%; 41.66%). Plasma membrane integrity was similar after exposure to the three extenders. Before cooling, mitochondrial activity was higher (P <0.05) in extender A (A = 1.05nm, B = 0.81nm, C = 0.79nm). Mitochondrial activity after cooling for 24h was 0.83nm (A), 0.73nm (B) and 0.64nm (C). After 48h it decreased to 0.72nm (A), 0.69nm (B) and 0.63nm (C) (P > 0.05), respectively. The extenders pH, osmolarity and pH of diluted semen was higher in A (8; 382; 7.9), intermediate in B (7.5; 362; 7.32) and lower in C (7.16; 350; 7.07). Lipid peroxidation and its induction were similar in all groups. It was concluded that all dilution grades in fresh semen were adequate and that pH was affected and increased when semen was extended and cooled for 48h. The best results were observed when semen was diluted at 1+3 and cooled at 15°C for 48h in a non buffered powder milk extender. Sodium bicarbonate (A) reduces progressive motility and increases semen pH. The non buffered (C) semen extender was considered more appropriated for semen dilution for immediate use in artificial insemination. The non buffered and HEPES buffered semen extenders were considered appropriated for cooling equine semen at 5°C during 48h.

Submitted by JULIANA TESSÁLIA WAGATSUMA null (jutessalia@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-16T18:40:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese banco unesp.pdf: 1884895 bytes, checksum: 6191e5a465fbd78f3ca1dd64c9983f46 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-09-16T20:19:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wagatsuma_jt_dr_araca.pdf: 1884895 bytes, checksum: 6191e5a465fbd78f3ca1dd64c9983f46 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T20:19:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wagatsuma_jt_dr_araca.pdf: 1884895 bytes, checksum: 6191e5a465fbd78f3ca1dd64c9983f46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Sete cães foram submetidos à anestesia inalatória com isoflurano para permitir a realização do bloqueio peribulbar, com punção única inferior, guiado por ultrassonografia com ropivacaína a 1%, e assim comprovar a eficácia desta técnica de bloqueio guiado na redução do volume anestésico injetado de ropivacaína a 1%, e avaliar possíveis efeitos potencializadores como a redução da latência e do volume anestésico utilizado, assim como complicações oftálmicas associadas à alcalinização do anestésico com bicarbonato de sódio a 0,33%. Foram avaliados dois volumes diferentes de ropivacaína a 1% (0,2 mL/Kg e 0,1 mL/Kg) associados ou não ao bicarbonato de sódio a 0,33% que, ao ser adicionado ao anestésico, elevou o pH da solução anestésica para 6,0. Uma vez realizado o bloqueio peribulbar, com punção única inferior, guiado por ultrassom o tempo necessário para ocorrer a centralização do bulbo do olho era cronometrado, e os animais permaneciam anestesiados para a aferição da pressão intraocular, que foi realizada imediatamente e 15 minutos após o bloqueio e, concluída essa mensuração, a anestesia foi encerrada. Com os cães já despertos foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: a pressão intraocular, o diâmetro pupilar, o bloqueio motor, sensitivo (realizado por meio de estesiometria corneal com estesiômetro de Cochet e Bonnet), e a observação das intercorrências oftálmicas como quemose, hiperemia conjuntival, hematoma subconjuntival, prurido e secreção ocular. As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas com o auxílio do software de livre acesso RStudio. Variáveis não paramétricas, ordinais e categóricas foram avaliadas por teste estatística tipo ANOVA ou ATS. Variáveis contínuas paramétricas foram avaliadas pelo Modelo linear misto para medidas repetidas. O Teste Kendall Tau-b foi utilizado para verificar possíveis correlações entre as variáveis. Com exceção do reflexo fotomotor (G0,1: 30 (0-90) e G0,2: 150 (0-210 minutos), não houve diferença significativa entre grupos quando comparado a latência, a pressão intraocular, o diâmetro pupilar, as durações e qualidade dos bloqueios motor e sensitivo, e as intercorrências oftálmicas, mas houve diferença significativa quando comparados os momentos dentro de um mesmo grupo para todas as variáveis analisadas. Deste modo concluiu-se que entre os volumes avaliados de ropivacaína a 1%, no bloqueio peribulbar guiado por US em cães, houve um melhor desempenho clínico relacionado a intensidade e duração dos bloqueios sensitivo e motor, com o volume de 0,2 mL/kg. A adição de NaHCO3 - a 0,33% não agregou benefícios, como a potencialização da ação ou redução da latência anestésica, contudo não ocorreram intercorrências oftálmicas significativas relacionadas diretamente à sua administração ou a da ropivacaína a 1%. / Seven dogs were subjected to inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane to allow the realization of peribulbar block, with lower single puncture, guided by ultrasound with 1% ropivacaine, and thus prove the effectiveness of this blocking technique guided in reducing anesthetic volume of ropivacaine 1%, and evaluate possible potentiating effects such as reducing the latency and anesthetic volume used and ophthalmic complications associated with the anesthetic alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate 0,33%. We evaluated two different volumes of 1% ropivacaine (0.2 ml / kg and 0.1 ml / kg) with or without sodium bicarbonate to 0.33% which when added to anesthetic raised the pH of the solution anesthetic to 6.0. Once performed peribulbar block, with lower single puncture guided by ultrasound time required to place the centralization of the eye bulb was timed, and the animals remained anesthetized for the measurement of intraocular pressure was carried out immediately and 15 minutes after blockade and completed this measurement, anesthesia was terminated. With dogs the following parameters already awake were evaluated intraocular pressure, pupil size, the duration and intensity of motor block, sensory (performed by esthesiometry corneal with esthesiometer Cochet and Bonnet), and observation of ophthalmic complications as chemosis, conjunctival hyperemia, subconjunctival hematoma, pruritus, and ocular secretion resulting from the anesthetic technique or employee drug. Statistical analyzes were conducted with the free software Rstudio. nonparametric variables, ordinal variables and categorical variables were evaluated using the statistical test ANOVA type or ATS. Parametric continuous variables were assessed by linear mixed model for repeated measures. The Test Kendall Tau-b was used to verify possible correlations between variables. Aside from fotomotor reflex (G0,1: 30 (0-90) and G0,2: 150 (0-210 minutes), there was no significant difference between groups when compared to latency, intraocular pressure, pupil size, the durations and quality of sensory and motor block, and ophthalmic complications, but there was significant difference when comparing times within the same group for all variables. Thus it was concluded that among the evaluated volumes of 1% ropivacaine in the lock US peribulbar guided in dogs, there was a better clinical performance related to the intensity and duration of sensory and motor block, with a volume of 0.2 ml / kg. the addition of 0.33% NaHCO3 no added benefits, such as potentiation of action or reduction of latency anesthetic, but no significant ophthalmic complications directly related to its administration or the 1% ropivacaine. / FAPESP: 2014/09654-6

Orientador: Valéria Nobre Leal de Souza Oliva / Banca: Paulo Sérgio Patto dos Santos / Banca: Alexandre Lima de Andrade / Banca:Antonio José de Araújo Aguiar / Banca: Verônica Batista de Albuquerque / Resumo:Sete cães foram submetidos à anestesia inalatória com isoflurano para permitir a realização do bloqueio peribulbar, com punção única inferior, guiado por ultrassonografia com ropivacaína a 1%, e assim comprovar a eficácia desta técnica de bloqueio guiado na redução do volume anestésico injetado de ropivacaína a 1%, e avaliar possíveis efeitos potencializadores como a redução da latência e do volume anestésico utilizado, assim como complicações oftálmicas associadas à alcalinização do anestésico com bicarbonato de sódio a 0,33%. Foram avaliados dois volumes diferentes de ropivacaína a 1% (0,2 mL/Kg e 0,1 mL/Kg) associados ou não ao bicarbonato de sódio a 0,33% que, ao ser adicionado ao anestésico, elevou o pH da solução anestésica para 6,0. Uma vez realizado o bloqueio peribulbar, com punção única inferior, guiado por ultrassom o tempo necessário para ocorrer a centralização do bulbo do olho era cronometrado, e os animais permaneciam anestesiados para a aferição da pressão intraocular, que foi realizada imediatamente e 15 minutos após o bloqueio e, concluída essa mensuração, a anestesia foi encerrada. Com os cães já despertos foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: a pressão intraocular, o diâmetro pupilar, o bloqueio motor, sensitivo (realizado por meio de estesiometria corneal com estesiômetro de Cochet e Bonnet), e a observação das intercorrências oftálmicas como quemose, hiperemia conjuntival, hematoma subconjuntival, prurido e secreção ocular. As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas com o auxílio do software de livre acesso RStudio . Variáveis não paramétricas, ordinais e categóricas foram avaliadas por teste estatística tipo ANOVA ou ATS. Variáveis contínuas paramétricas foram avaliadas pelo Modelo linear misto para medidas repetidas. O Teste Kendall Tau-b foi utilizado... (resumo completo clicar acesso eletronico abaixo) / Abstract: Seven dogs were subjected to inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane to allow the realization of peribulbar block, with lower single puncture, guided by ultrasound with 1% ropivacaine, and thus prove the effectiveness of this blocking technique guided in reducing anesthetic volume of ropivacaine 1%, and evaluate possible potentiating effects such as reducing the latency and anesthetic volume used and ophthalmic complications associated with the anesthetic alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate 0,33%. We evaluated two different volumes of 1% ropivacaine (0.2 ml / kg and 0.1 ml / kg) with or without sodium bicarbonate to 0.33% which when added to anesthetic raised the pH of the solution anesthetic to 6.0. Once performed peribulbar block, with lower single puncture guided by ultrasound time required to place the centralization of the eye bulb was timed, and the animals remained anesthetized for the measurement of intraocular pressure was carried out immediately and 15 minutes after blockade and completed this measurement, anesthesia was terminated. With dogs the following parameters already awake were evaluated intraocular pressure, pupil size, the duration and intensity of motor block, sensory (performed by esthesiometry corneal with esthesiometer Cochet and Bonnet), and observation of ophthalmic complications as chemosis, conjunctival hyperemia, subconjunctival hematoma, pruritus, and ocular secretion resulting from the anesthetic technique or employee drug. Statistical analyzes... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor