Submitted by Rosangela Silva (rosangela.silva3@unioeste.br) on 2017-08-31T14:56:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Victor Bruno Canever.pdf: 1482142 bytes, checksum: 5ea5ec70f5f38d4308c87bc5ea3bf8d2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T14:56:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Victor Bruno Canever.pdf: 1482142 bytes, checksum: 5ea5ec70f5f38d4308c87bc5ea3bf8d2 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Biogas from anaerobic digestion for energy production proposal has being increasing globally in recent years. Biogas from anaerobic digestion is seen as a good alternative for the production of electric power, heat and fuels. And an almost unanimous goal, worldwide speaking is the research for processes that upgrade biogas into bio methane. The majority of biogas produced in Brazil is used in rural areas as heat source, using in direct combustion or to produce off-grid electric power, and the lack of filtration processes could damage the equipment where the pure biogas are being used. This work studied CO2 and H2S removal from biogas produced from swine`s manure, using a low-cost, and low pressure, water scrubber prototype. It was used three water based solutions as filtering element: pure water, iron sulphate III in water solution at 4,0 g/l (or 0,01mol/l) and sodium carbonate in water solution at 10,0 g/ l (or 0.094 mol/l). Upgrading around 40 % on CO2 and 70 % on H2S were achieved using pure water, upgrading around 30 % on CO2 and 75 % on H2S were achieved using iron sulphate III in water solution and an upgrade around 55 % on CO2 and 99 % on H2S were achieved using sodium carbonate in a water solution. The upgrade process efficiency is highly time dependent and a good upgrade results, during the time, were achieved using sodium carbonate in a water solution. / O uso de digestores anaeróbios para a produção de gás combustível tem aumentado mundialmente nos últimos anos. O biogás via digestão anaeróbia é visto como uma boa alternativa para a produção de energia elétrica, calor e combustíveis. Um objetivo quase unânime a nível mundial, é a busca por processos que transformem o biogás em biometano. A maior parte do biogás produzido no país é destinado ao uso rural, na queima direta ou no uso para a produção de energia elétrica off-grid e a ausência de processos de filtragem danificam ao longo do tempo os equipamentos em que o biogás in natura é utilizado. Esse trabalho estudou a remoção de CO2 e H2S do biogás proveniente de dejetos suínos, utilizando um protótipo de baixo custo de lavador de gás de baixa pressão. Foram utilizadas três soluções em água como elemento filtrante, água pura, sulfato de ferro III diluído em água a uma concentração de 4,0 g/l (ou 0,01mol/l) e carbonato de sódio diluído em água a 10,0 g/ l (ou 0.094 mol/l). Remoções na ordem de 40 % para o CO2 e 70 % para o H2S foram alcançadas com água pura, remoções na ordem de 30 % para o CO2 e 75 % para o H2S foram alcançadas com sulfato de ferro III diluído em água e remoções na ordem de 55 % para o CO2 e 99 % para o H2S foram alcançadas com carbonato de sódio diluído em água. Os resultados são altamente dependentes do tempo e, remoções de grandes quantidades de impurezas ao longo do tempo foram alcançadas com o carbonato de sódio.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissertacaoRovianBertinatto.pdf: 1926860 bytes, checksum: c7c01fd0d065212573f2db62e9ff5a6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The implementation of digesters for waste material treatment in rural properties, as well as the use of the biogas that is generated on the making of mechanical energy, has increased and alongside with it the necessity of understanding the influence of this fuel in internal combustion engines. This study aims to analyze the filtered biogas influence on contaminating and degrading the lubricating oil and the engine. Lubricating oil samples were collected on every 75 hours of engine operation, and, after they had been correlated among themselves and with new oil samples, it was possible to determine the elements that contaminate and degrade the engine after hours of engine working. Therefore, it was possible to notice that the hydrogen sulphide influences the lubricating oil and engine performance. Among the metals it was possible to identify that the copper concentration exceeded the maximum recommended levels, and the elevation of its concentration was related to the elevation of lead and tin, mainly after 375 Hm. As for the additives, the magnesium variation levels affected the lubricant perfomance. By monitoring the quality of the lubricant is possible to increase the oil change interval in 50%, which results in a 33.3% save regardomg the lubricant cost every worked hour / A crescente implantação de biodigestores para tratamento de resíduos nas propriedades rurais, e a utilização do biogás gerado na produção de energia mecânica, trouxe a necessidade de se conhecer a influência da utilização deste combustível nos motores de combustão interna. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a influência da utilização do biogás filtrado na contaminação e degradação do óleo lubrificante, desgaste e corrosão do motor. Amostras de óleo lubrificante foram coletadas a cada 75 horas de funcionamento do motor, e após correlacionadas dentre elas e com a amostra de óleo novo, determinando os elementos presentes no biogás que contribuem para a contaminação e degradação do óleo lubrificante, como também o desempenho do lubrificante no decorrer das horas trabalhadas e o desgaste do motor. Os resultados demostram que o gás sulfídrico influencia no desempenho do óleo lubrificante e no desgaste do motor. Dentre os metais foi identificado que a concentração de cobre excedeu o máximo recomendado pela literatura, e a elevação da sua concentração teve relação com a elevação de chumbo e estanho, principalmente após as 375 hM. Em relação aos aditivos, foi a variação das concentrações de magnésio que impactou no desempenho do lubrificante. Através do monitoramento da qualidade do lubrificante é possível estender o intervalo de troca de óleo do motor do presente estudo em 50%, resultando em uma economia de 33,3% no custo do lubrificante por hora trabalhada.

Le biométhane est une source d'énergie verte qui, de part son coût et son faible impact environnemental, peut être considéré comme une alternative au gaz naturel et au diesel. La production d'énergie primaire par l'Union Européenne, à partir du biométhane, a été multipliée par 23 en cinq ans (2011-2016), ce qui rend nécessaire et urgent la recherche de nouvelles solutions performantes pour l’épuration du biogaz, notamment la séparation du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) du méthane (CH4).Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de ce travail doctoral porte sur la détermination des indicateurs de performances (capacité d’adsoprtion, sélectivité) de charbons actifs (CAs) dans le contexte de la séparation méthane/dioxyde de carbone pour la production de biométhane. A cette fin, les isothermes d'adsorption de CH4 et CO2 ont été déterminées à partir d’un dispositif manométrique d’adsorption. Les mesures ont été effectuées à des températures de 303 et 323 K pour des pressions variant de 0.1 à 3 MPa. Dans un premier temps, l’étude a porté sur 5 échantillons commerciaux de CA différents. Les résultats montrent une corrélation entre la surface spécifique et la quantité de dioxyde de carbone adsorbée. En outre, le volume microporeux a un impact significatif lors des processus d'adsorption du CO2 tandis que le volume des mésopores n'a pas d’effet direct.Par ailleurs, l'étude complémentaire d'isothermes d'adsorption du CH4 et du CO2 purs à l’aide de trois charbons actifs, issus de noyaux d’olive, activés par différentes méthodes de synthèse, révèle que la méthode d'activation est déterminante pour modifier les propriétés chimiques et structurales des charbons actifs et donc accroitre leurs propriétés d'adsorption.En outre, la sélectivité des CAs commerciaux pour la séparation CH4/ CO2 a été calculée à partir des isothermes d'adsorption du mélange équimolaire CH4/ CO2 à une température de 303 K et pour des pressions jusqu'à une pression de 3 MPa. Les résultats obtenus montrent qu’une surface spécifique élevée (< 1500 m2 g-1) facilite l'adsorption du CO2 mais réduit le facteur de sélectivité. En parallèle, une forte porosité conduit à une séparation moins efficace des deux gaz alors que la présence de groupes basiques en surface favorise les phénomènes d’adsorption du CO2.L'ensemble des résultats montre que les charbons actifs, étudiés dans ce travail de recherche, possèdent des propriétés d'adsorption comparables à celles des charbons actifs commerciaux et sont des matériaux compétitifs pour l'épuration du biogaz. / Biomethane is a proven source of clean energy, it is one of the most cost-effective and environment-friendly substitute for natural gas and diesel. The European Union primary energy production from biomethane has folded by ~23 times in a 5 years time period (2011-2016) making necessary to find new and improved solutions for the separation of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), main components of biogas. In this context, the objective of this doctoral thesis is the determination of performance indicators such as the adsorption capacity and selectivity of activated carbons (ACs) for the CH4/ CO2 separation. This work focuses on the adsorption properties of activated carbons for the methane/carbon dioxide separation. To this end, CH4 and CO2 pure gas experimental adsorption isotherms of activated carbons were obtained on a pressure range of 0.1 to 3 MPa) and temperatures ranging from 303 to 323 K. The first part of this thesis project consisted in the analysis of the CH4 and CO2 pure gas adsorption properties of 5 commercial activated carbons Using a set of five commercial activated carbons a linear relationship between the adsorbent surface area and the CO2 adsorption capacity was determined. The micropore volume also showed a direct influence on the adsorption capacity. The second part of this work consisted in the study of the carbon dioxide and methane adsorption behavior of biomass-based activated carbons. Using a series of 3 ACs that had been obtained from olive stones by different activation methods, the activation technique proved to be of mayor importance as it determines the textural and chemical properties of the adsorbent and thus its gas adsorption capacity.Lastly, the CH4/CO2 adsorption selectivity of the 5 commercial activated carbons was calculated from the equimolar mixture adsorption isotherms. The selectivity factor was proven to be dependent on the sum of textural and chemical properties of the samples. Although, activated carbons with high average pore sizes and surface areas depicted higher adsorbed quantities it was on detriment of their selectivity. The selectivity was found to be better for the activated carbon showing an intermediate surface area and a narrow pore size distribution. In addition, the presence of sulfur functionalities was also found to improve the adsorption selectivity. Overall, this work shows that activated carbons are competitive materials for the upgrading of biogas, displaying adsorption properties comparable to those of other commercially available materials.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe nagrinėjama „Lapių“ buitinių atliekų sąvartyno biodujų jėgainė. Analizės metu ištirti jėgainės technologiniai pajėgumai, išgaunamų biodujų kiekiai, kokybė, nustatytas jėgainės efektyvumas. Remiantis Lietuvoje galiojančiais teisės aktais ir gautais analitiniais rezultatais darbe nagrinėjami trys galimi biodujų panaudojimo scenarijai. Tradiciniai biodujų panaudojimo būdai (šilumos ir elektros energijos gamyba) lyginami su galimybe biodujas tiekti į gamtinių dujų tinklus. Pristatomi nagrinėtų scenarijų analitiniai rezultatai. Atliekamas visų scenarijų ekonominis pagrindimas. Pagal pasirinktus kriterijus vertinamas ekonominių rodiklių jautrumas. Teikiami pasiūlymai projekto finansiniam gyvybingumui didinti. Išnagrinėjus tris minėtus scenarijus, atlikus ekonominį vertinimą bei jautrumo analizę yra apibendrinami baigiamojo darbo rezultatai, formuluojamos ir pateikiamos baigiamojo darbo išvados. Darbą sudaro 18 skyrių. Darbo apimtis 82 psl. be teksto priedų, 19 lentelių, 34 paveikslai, 44 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pateikiami darbo priedai. / In the final major theses „Lapių“ landfill biogas plant was analysed. Analysis results showed biogas plant‘s technical capabilities, the amount and quality of produced biogas, plant‘s efficiency was identified. According to Lithuania‘s legal acts and research results three possible biogas usage scenarios were chosen to be analysed. Traditional biogas usage ways (production of heat and electricity) are compared with possibility to supply biogas to natural gas networks. The results of analysis of possible scenarios are introduced. All scenarios are based on economic. Economic indicators are valued by chosen criteria. Suggestions made to improve projects financial vitality. After examining all three scenarios, after economical and sensitivity evaluation, results of final thesis are summarized and final conclusions are made. In the final major theses are 18 chapters. Scope of work 82. text, 19 tables, 34 pics, 44 bibliographic entries.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Reynaldo Palacios Bereche / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016. / A produção de biometano a partir dos resíduos sólidos orgânicos urbanos (RSOU) e resíduos sólidos orgânicos agrossilvopastoris se apresenta como uma alternativa de grande interesse, uma vez que contribui com a diversificação da matriz energética do país e também no fomento ao desenvolvimento da Geração Distribuída baseada na biomassa, ao mesmo tempo em que se promove a inserção de tecnologias para eficiência energética na indústria. Não obstante, a introdução da vinhaça, produto do setor canavieiro, também se mostra como uma alternativa interessante para a produção de biometano. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal avaliar a produção e utilização do biometano a partir do biogás produzido em biodigestores anaeróbios considerando como substratos RSOU, Silagem de milho em co-digestão com dejetos de suínos e vinhaça. Para este fim foi feita uma revisão técnica detalhada das tecnologias de purificação de biogás. Além disso, foram utilizados os simuladores Aspen Plus ® e Aspen Adsim ® como ferramentas de análise para o estudo das tecnologias de purificação do biogás. Por outro lado, dois estudos de caso foram realizados com a finalidade de verificar a viabilidade energética e econômica. O primeiro estudo é referido à produção de eletricidade a partir do biometano, utilizando como sistema de cogeração motores de combustão interna. O segundo estudo é referido à produção de biometano comprimido. Os resultados mostraram que seria adequado utilizar a tecnologia de lavagem química para o processo de purificação do biogás, já que oferece uma melhor eficiência energética e um menor consumo energético na remoção de CO2 em relação aos processos de purificação de lavagem com água e PSA. Por outro lado, quando utiliza-se a co-digestão de silagem de milho com dejetos de suínos a planta mostrou um melhor desempenho na produção de biogás. Quanto à aplicação do biometano, encontra-se um melhor aproveitamento energético na produção de biometano comprimido quando comparado à produção de eletricidade, já que a produção excedente de calor nos motogeradores não encontra lucro econômico devido ás condições tropicais do país. Conclui-se assim que seria recomendável investir em uma planta produtora de biometano comprimido utilizando silagem de milho com dejetos de suínos como substratos para produzir biogás, devido a que este estudo de caso apresenta um VPL significativamente maior quando comparada a uma planta produtora de energia elétrica. / The biomethane production from Organic Municipal Solid Waste (OMSW) and energy crops are presented as alternatives of great interest as they contribute to the diversification of the energy matrix of the country and also in fostering the development of Distributed Generation based on biomass at the same time as they promote the integration of technologies for energy efficiency in industry. However, the vinasse, a sugarcane industry product, seems an interesting alternative for the production of biomethane. Thus, the aims of this study are evaluation of the production of biomethane from substrates like OMSW, corn silage in co-digestion with pig manure and vinasse. To this end a detailed technical review of biogas purification technologies was made. Moreover, the simulator Aspen Plus ® and Aspen Adsim ® as analytical tools for the study of the technological biogas purification were used. Two case studies were conducted in order to verify the energy and economic viability. The first study analyses the production of electricity from the cogeneration using biomethane system of internal combustion engines. The second study is about the production of compressed biomethane. The results showed that it would be appropriate to use the chemical scrubbing technology for biogas purification process, as it provides better energy efficiency and lower energy consumption in the removal of CO2 in relation to water scrubbing purification processes and PSA. On the other hand, when was used the co-digestion of corn silage with pig manure, the plant showed better performance in the production of biogas. For the application of biomethane, is better use in compressed biomethane production that for the electricity production, since the excess heat in the engine is not economic profit due to tropical conditions of the country. It is therefore concluded that it would be advisable to invest in a production plant of compressed biomethane using corn silage with pig manure as substrates to produce biogas, due to which this case study presents a significantly higher NPV compared to a production plant for electricity.

La production croissante de déchets alimentaires dans le monde et des nouvelles réglementations internationales exigent le développement de nouveaux procédés pour le traitement de ce type de déchets. Parmi toutes les possibilités existantes, les procédés anaérobies représentent une approche durable qui permet le traitement et la valorisation de ces déchets. Ce doctorat vise à comprendre les processus biochimiques régissant la digestion anaérobie des déchets alimentaires, en fournissant des éléments pour le développement de procédés applicables à l'échelle industrielle.Dans un premier temps, un screening a été effectué pour élucider les paramètres principaux affectant la digestion anaérobie des déchets alimentaires, en évaluant différentes charges de substrat, teneurs en matière sèche, proportions de co-digestion et des inocula microbiens de différentes origines. Après avoir conclu l'importance cruciale de l'inoculum utilisé et de la charge du substrat, différentes stratégies de stabilisation des procédés de méthanisation ont été testées à l'aide de réacteurs discontinus consécutifs. Ce travail a permis de confirmer l'effet positif de la supplémentation des oligoéléments et à identifier le principal verrou: l'accumulation d'acide propionique. Dans le but de trouver une solution, deux expériences ont été axées sur l'évaluation de la capacité des matériaux conducteurs à base de carbone à résoudre ce problème. Le dosage de ces matériaux favorisait la cinétique de la digestion, améliorant significativement les productions volumétriques du méthane.Cette thèse fournit des connaissances nouvelles, à la fois sur les principaux mécanismes régissant la digestion anaérobie des déchets alimentaires et sur les implications qu'elles présentent pour la valorisation de ces déchets. En outre, des solutions possibles pour lever les verrous opérationnels ont été développés, permettant de fournir des recommandations pour l’implantation d’un procédé de digestion à l’échelle industrielle. / The increasing production of food waste worldwide and new international regulations call for the development of novel processes for the treatment of this waste. Among all the existing possibilities, anaerobic processes represent a sustainable-modern approach that allows waste treatment and valorization. This PhD thesis aims at understanding the biochemical processes governing anaerobic digestion of food waste, eventually providing a stable process applicable at industrial scale.As a first step, a screening was performed to elucidate the main parameter affecting anaerobic digestion of food waste, evaluating different substrate loads, solid contents, co-digestion proportions and microbial inocula from different origins. After concluding the critical importance of the inoculum used and the substrate load, different strategies for process stabilization for methane production were tested using consecutive batch reactors. This served for confirming the positive effect of supplementation of trace elements and to identify the main issue that was found: accumulation of propionic acid. Aiming at finding a solution, the final experiments were focused on assessing the capability of carbon-based conductive materials to solve this problem. The dosing of these materials favored the digestion kinetics, improving greatly the methane volumetric productivities.This thesis provides novel insights, both on the main mechanisms governing food waste anaerobic digestion and on the implications that they present for the valorization of this waste. In addition, potential solutions for the complications found are given, aiding to the development of a feasible industrial digestion process.

As a steady renewable energy technology, biogas is a viable alternative to reduce our dependency to fossil fuels and to prevent severe climate change. Biogas potential can be improved through combining different types of substrate and inoculum, as well as through substrate pre-treatments. This study aims to observe and explore the potential of macroalgae Saccharina latissima as a promising new source in renewable energy technology. The biomethane potential of macroalgae in mixture with additional substrate of mixed waste paper will be studied as a mean to improve the biogas yield. It will also compare the biomethane results of the macroalgae and the mixed substrate (macroalgae plus waste paper) exposure to non-thermal and thermal pre-treatment. In the experiment, the ratio of 3 : 1 for gr VS inoculum : gr VS substrate is used in a quantitative BMP test up to 25 days of incubation. The substrate was pre-treated mechanically (blended) into slurry and thermally through pre-heating at high temperature (130°C, 45 minutes) before digested by the inoculum. In the end of incubation period at STP (0°C and 1 atm), the highest cumulative methane yield of 260.91 Nml CH4/gr VS substrate was achieved by sample in Var – I, while the control has cumulative methane yield of 50.52 Nml CH4/gr VS. Thermally pre-treated samples resulted in lower BMP yields than the ones which were not thermally pre-treated. Through the ANOVA t-test of the methane volume and biomethane potential (BMP) yields, it is concluded that the thermal pre-treatment and waste paper addition only give little effect to biomethane production from macroalgae.

As a steady renewable energy technology, biogas is a viable alternative to reduce our dependency to fossil fuels and to prevent severe climate change. Biogas potential can be improved through combining different types of substrate and inoculum, as well as through substrate pre-treatments. This study aims to observe and explore the potential of macroalgae Saccharina latissima as a promising new source in renewable energy technology. The biomethane potential of macroalgae in mixture with additional substrate of mixed waste paper will be studied as a mean to improve the biogas yield. It will also compare the biomethane results of the macroalgae and the mixed substrate (macroalgae plus waste paper) exposure to non-thermal and thermal pre-treatment. In the experiment, the ratio of 3 : 1 for gr VS inoculum : gr VS substrate is used in a quantitative BMP test up to 25 days of incubation. The substrate was pre-treated mechanically (blended) into slurry and thermally through pre-heating at high temperature (130°C, 45 minutes) before digested by the inoculum. In the end of incubation period at STP (0°C and 1 atm), the highest cumulative methane yield of 260.91 Nml CH4/gr VS substrate was achieved by sample in Var – I, while the control has cumulative methane yield of 50.52 Nml CH4/gr VS. Thermally pre-treated samples resulted in lower BMP yields than the ones which were not thermally pre-treated. Through the ANOVA t-test of the methane volume and biomethane potential (BMP) yields, it is concluded that the thermal pre-treatment and waste paper addition only give little effect to biomethane production from macroalgae.

A exploração energética do biogás é dominada desde tempos remotos, e tem contribuído, mesmo que em pequena escala, para a diversificação das matrizes energéticas de muitos países, a partir da premissa da expansão no uso das energias renováveis. Mais recentemente, a necessidade de aprimoramento da gestão de resíduos e questões como a segurança no suprimento energético e mudanças climáticas impulsionaram o refinamento de técnicas de purificação de biogás, com o objetivo de produzir o biometano, potencial substituto do gás natural de origem fóssil. É de interesse desta pesquisa a purificação de biogás de aterros e sua utilização como combustível veicular e injeção em gasodutos, uma vez que o recente desenvolvimento de projetos no Brasil se dá a espelho do que ocorre em países desenvolvidos, apesar de os setores de saneamento e energia brasileiros apresentarem características distintas. O estágio de desenvolvimento atual da exploração do biometano na Alemanha, Reino Unido e Suécia foi identificado através de revisão de literatura e análise documental. O resultado foi confrontado com o contexto atual, perspectivas atuais e futuras para este recurso no Brasil, considerando em especial, a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, os planos de desenvolvimento do setor energético nacional, e políticas estaduais do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, que tratam especificamente da promoção do uso do biogás. As condicionantes verificadas em nível nacional e regional foram então classificadas enquanto barreiras e oportunidades para a exploração do biometano obtido a partir de gás de aterros. Como resultado, a pesquisa identificou que a implantação de mecanismos de incentivo e a definição dos usos finais selecionados em função da infraestrutura disponível foram indutores do desenvolvimento deste recurso nos países selecionados. A verificação do cenário atual de desenvolvimento do biometano de gás de aterros no Brasil demonstra que, apesar de não apresentar potencial energético significativo e a regulação em vigor limitar suas aplicações, seu desenvolvimento pode ser uma alternativa para, em última análise, contribuir para a melhoria das condições sanitárias vigentes no país. / Biogas as an energy source has been explored since ancient times, and has contributed, if only to a small degree, to diversify the energy mix of many countries, based on the increased use of renewable energy. Recently, the need to improve waste management and issues such as power supply safety and climate change, have driven the development of biogas purification techniques to produce biomethane, a potential substitute for fossil-based natural gas. The focus of this research is the purification of landfill biogas, its use as a fuel for vehicles and injecting it into gas pipelines, since the recent development of projects in Brazil reflect those in developed countries, even though the Brazilian sanitation and energy sectors present distinct characteristics. The current development stage of biomethane investigations in Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden, were analyzed by reviewing literature and examining documents. The result was compared with the actual situation of this resource in Brazil, as well as current and future perspectives based mainly on the National Solid Waste Policy, the development plans for the national energy sector and state policies for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo that specifically deal with promoting the use of biogas. National and regional constraints were verified and classified in relation to challenges and opportunities for use of biomethane obtained from landfill gas. As a result, the research revealed that the implementation of incentive mechanisms and the definition of selected end uses based on the available infrastructure are drivers for the development of this resource in the selected countries. Analysis of the current scenario of biomethane development from landfill gas in Brazil demonstrates that, even though it does not present a significant energy potential and current regulations limit its applications, its development could be an alternative, at least, to help improve the prevailing sanitary conditions of the country.

Submitted by Raquel Vergara Gondran (raquelvergara38@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-11T16:42:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese michele andrade.pdf: 1217322 bytes, checksum: af575d05b25bcdac4413ce40a26e11b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by cleuza maria medina dos santos (cleuzamai@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-23T13:47:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 tese michele andrade.pdf: 1217322 bytes, checksum: af575d05b25bcdac4413ce40a26e11b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-23T13:47:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese michele andrade.pdf: 1217322 bytes, checksum: af575d05b25bcdac4413ce40a26e11b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Microalgas e cianobactérias vem ganhando destaque nas áreas de alimentos, energia e proteção ao meio ambiente. A Spirulina é uma cianobactéria que consome CO2 através da fotossíntese e sua biomassa pode ser utilizada para alimentação e produção de biocombustíveis. A digestão anaeróbia da biomassa da microalga produz metano e o efluente líquido do processo contém carbono dissolvido, que é o principal componente dos custos de produção da Spirulina. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a produção de metano a partir de biomassa de Spirulina através da digestão anaeróbia e o crescimento e composição da microalga no efluente da produção de metano. Spirulina foi cultivada em condições ambientais do extremo sul do Brasil, a biomassa produzida foi utilizada para a produção de biometano em concentrações crescentes (3,2; 5,4 e 7,2 g.L-1) na alimentação do biorreator anaeróbio. Foram estudados os efeitos do aumento na concentração de Spirulina na alimentação do biorreator anaeróbio para 20 e 50 g.L-1 e da agitação contínua ou intermitente na produção de biometano. Como o efluente continha carbono em concentração inferior (3,8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) aos meios de cultivo de Spirulina, foi estudado o efeito da concentração da fonte de carbono (NaHCO3 2,8 a 100 g.L-1) no crescimento da microalga. A seguir foi estudado o crescimento e a composição da biomassa em meio com efluente da produção de biometano e a capacidade do efluente ser usado como fonte de carbono e nitrogênio para a microalga. Spirulina LEB-18 cresceu nas condições ambientais do sul do Brasil com produtividade de 6,63 g.m-2.d-1. A digestão anaeróbia da biomassa produzida quando alimentada ao biorreator anaeróbio em até 7,2 g.L-1 ocorreu dentro de limites adequados (pH 7,15–7,21 e N-NH4 388,27–669,44 mg.L-1) ao bioprocesso anaeróbio, atingindo decomposição de 77 % da biomassa, conversão de Spirulina em biometano (YCH4/Sp) de 0,31 g.g-1 e 77,7 % de CH4 no gás. A agitação contínua reduziu YCH4/Sp em 22,6 % comparada à agitação intermitente. A alimentação com 20 e 50 g.L-1 de Spirulina reduziu YCH4/Sp a 0,17 e 0,02 g.g-1 respectivamente. No bioprocesso anaeróbio 49,7 % do carbono da Spirulina produzida foram transformados em CH4 e recuperados 83,2 % do poder calorífico da biomassa como biometano. A concentração da fonte de carbono em que ocorreram as maiores Xmáx (0,75 g.L-1), Pmáx (0,145 g.L-1.d-1) e μmáx (0,254 d-1) foi menor (2,8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) que a dos meios típicos de cultivo de Spirulina. O aumento na concentração de NaHCO3 no meio de cultivo aumentou as perdas de carbono para a atmosfera, que atingiram 38,7 % em meio com NaHCO3 50 g.L-1 . Spirulina LEB-18 cresceu em até 40 % de efluente em substituição ao meio Zarrouk. O efluente foi usado como fonte de carbono para o crescimento da Spirulina com µmáx 0,06 d-1 maior do que o valor obtido no meio Zarrouk. O crescimento usando efluente como fonte de nitrogênio foi idêntico àquele em meio Zarrouk. O teor de proteínas (66,08 %) na biomassa cultivada em efluente como fonte de carbono e nitrogênio foi o maior entre os ensaios realizados. / Microalgae and cyanobacteria had been gaining prominence in issues as food, energy and environmental protection. Spirulina is a cyanobacteria that use CO2 through photosynthesis and its biomass can be used as feed and to biofuel production. Anaerobic digestion of microalgal biomass produces biomethane and the liquid effluent from the bioprocess contains inorganic dissolved carbon, that is the major cost component in biomass production. The aim of this work was to investigate the methane production from Spirulina biomass by anaerobic digestion and the microalgal growth and composition using the effluent from biomethane production. Spirulina was cultured under environmental climate in the Southern of Brazil, the produced biomass was used to biomethane production with increasing concentrations (3.2; 5.4 and 7.2 g.L-1) in the feed of anaerobic reactor. We assessed the effects of increased Spirulina concentration in feed of anaerobic reactor to 20 and 50 g.L-1 and the effects of continuous or intermittent mixing on biomethane production. Once the effluent from biomethane production had carbon concentration (3.8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) lower than the culture medium for Spirulina, we assessed the effect of carbon source concentration (from 2.8 to 100 g.L-1) on microalga growth. Next we assessed the biomass growth and composition in medium with effluent from biomethane production and the potential of effluent to be used as carbon and nitrogen source to the microalga. Spirulina grew under environmental climate of Southern Brazil at 6.63 g.m-2.d-1. Anaerobic digestion of biomass when feed to the anaerobic bioreactor up to 7.2 g.L-1 was carried out between suitable limits (pH 7.15–7.21 and N-NH4 388.27–669.44 mg.L-1) to anaerobic bioprocess, reaching biomass decomposition of 77 %, and biomethane yield from Spirulina (YCH4/Sp) of 0.31 g.g-1 and 77.7 % of CH4 in the gas. Continuous mixing decreased YCH4/Sp in 22.6 % comparing to the intermittent mixing. The feed with 20 and 50 g.L-1 of Spirulina fall YCH4/Sp to 0.17 and 0.02 g.g-1 respectively. Through the anaerobic bioprocess 49.7 % of carbon from produced Spirulina was converted in CH4 and 83.2 % of biomass energy was recovered as biomethane. The carbon concentration that result in better Xmax (0.75 g.L-1), Pmax (0.145 g.L-1.d-1) and μmax (0.254 d -1) were lower than (2.8 g.L-1 NaHCO3) carbon concentration in the medium usual to Spirulina. Increasing the carbon concentration in culture medium increased the loss of carbon to atmosphere, up to 38.7 % in medium with NaHCO3 50 g.L-1 . Spirulina LEB-18 grew in medium with up to 40 % of effluent replacing Zarrouk. The effluent of biomethane production was used as carbon source to the growth of Spirulina LEB-18, with µmax 0.06 d-1 higher than the growth in Zarrouk medium. Growth using nitrogen from effluent was equal to the growth in Zarrouk medium. Protein content (66.08 %) of the biomass grew in effluent as carbon and nitrogen sources was the higher between all composition of medium tested.