Cette recherche analyse la façon dont la politique du logement social contribue à la construction des frontières ethniques en Grande-Bretagne et en France à partir d'études de cas menées à Birmingham et à Marseille. La thèse défendue est celle selon laquelle la politique du logement social participe de façon décisive à la production des frontières ethniques dans les deux pays et que l'on ne peut, en conséquence, opposer un modèle français universaliste, qui serait aveugle à l'ethnicité, à un modèle britannique multiculturaliste, qui reconnaîtrait les différences ethniques et mobiliserait des catégories ethniques. Des deux côtés de la Manche, un racisme institutionnel peut être mis en évidence dans la gestion locale du logement social et notamment des attributions de logements sociaux. Les institutions de la politique du logement social construisent et mobilisent de façon routinière des principes de classification ethniques et développent des logiques d'ethnicisation et d'exclusion (ou de ségrégation) de certains groupes. Le racisme ne se réduit ni à une idéologie, ni à des actes individuels et intentionnels ; l'ethnicisation et l'exclusion de certains groupes du logement social (ou de certains logements sociaux) relèvent du fonctionnement banal, routinier, des institutions. La comparaison franco-britannique conduit à mettre à jour des conditions structurelles et culturelles de production des frontières ethniques. Elle éclaire aussi les apories des politiques locales antiracistes. En Grande-Bretagne, l'antiracisme multiculturaliste, fondé sur la reconnaissance de la « différence culturelle » et des communautés ethniques, favorise l'euphémisation des discriminations ethniques en simples « différences culturelles ». En France, l'antiracisme universaliste, sous-tendu par le mythe républicain de l'indifférenciation ethnique, favorise le déni des discriminations ethniques, euphémisées en inégalités socio-économiques ou attribuées à l'« inadaptation » de certains groupes.

The Nashville Civil Rights Movement was one of the most dynamic local movements of the early 1960s, producing the most capable student leaders of the period 1960 to 1965. Despite such a feat, the historical record has largely overlooked this phenomenon. What circumstances allowed Nashville to produce such a dynamic movement whose youth leadership of John Lewis, Diane Nash, Bernard LaFayette, and James Bevel had no parallel? How was this small cadre able to influence movement developments on local and a national level? In order to address these critical research questions, standard historical methods of inquiry will be employed. These include the use of secondary sources, primarily Civil Rights Movement histories and memoirs, scholarly articles, and dissertations and theses. The primary sources used include public lectures, articles from various periodicals, extant interviews, numerous manuscript collections, and a variety of audio and video recordings. No original interviews were conducted because of the availability of extensive high quality interviews. This dissertation will demonstrate that the Nashville Movement evolved out of the formation of independent Black churches and college that over time became the primary sites of resistance to racial discrimination, starting in the Nineteenth Century. By the late 1950s, Nashville’s Black college attracted the students who became the driving force of a local movement that quickly established itself at the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. Nashville’s forefront status was due to an intentional leadership training program based upon nonviolence. As a result of the training, leaders had a profound impact upon nearly every major movement development up to 1965, including the sit-ins, the Freedom Rides, the March on Washington, the birth of SNCC, the emergence of Black Power, the direction of the SCLC after 1962, the thinking of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., the Birmingham campaign, and the Selma voting rights campaign. In addition, the Nashville activists helped eliminate fear as an obstacle to Black freedom. These activists also revealed new relationship dynamics between students and adults and merged nonviolent direct action with voter registration, a combination considered incompatible.

This dissertation is a historical evaluation of the movement of the English courts from the doctrine of pith and marrow to the Catnic test in the determination of non-textual infringement of patents. It considers how and why the doctrine was replaced with the Catnic test. It concludes that this movement occurred as a result of the adoption by a group of judges of literalism in the construction of patents while another group dissented and maintained the correct application of the doctrine. Although the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords initially approved the literalist approach, they, after realising its untennability, adopted the dissenters’ approach, but, ultimately, adopted the Catnic test in which features of the dissenters’ approach were included. The dissertation concludes that the doctrine of pith and marrow, correctly applied, should have been retained as the Catnic test creates uncertainty and confusion. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

This dissertation is a historical evaluation of the movement of the English courts from the doctrine of pith and marrow to the Catnic test in the determination of non-textual infringement of patents. It considers how and why the doctrine was replaced with the Catnic test. It concludes that this movement occurred as a result of the adoption by a group of judges of literalism in the construction of patents while another group dissented and maintained the correct application of the doctrine. Although the Court of Appeal and the House of Lords initially approved the literalist approach, they, after realising its untennability, adopted the dissenters’ approach, but, ultimately, adopted the Catnic test in which features of the dissenters’ approach were included. The dissertation concludes that the doctrine of pith and marrow, correctly applied, should have been retained as the Catnic test creates uncertainty and confusion. / Mercantile Law / LL. M.