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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Efeitos da fitoterapia na injúria renal aguda induzida pela peçonha de Bothrops jararaca / Effects of Schizolobium parahyba extract on experimental Bothrops venom-induced acute kidney injury

Martines, Monique Silva 09 December 2013 (has links)
Introdução: Injúria renal aguda (IRA) é complicação frequente do acidente causado por serpentes do gênero Bothrops, acarretando morbidade e mortalidade significativas. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato aquoso de Schizolobium parahyba (Sp), que é uma planta com efeito anti-botrópico presumido, em modelo experimental de IRA induzida pela peçonha de Bothrops jararaca (Bj). Métodos: Grupos de 8 a 10 ratos machos Wistar (250-300g) receberam infusões de solução salina a 0,9% (grupo controle, C), infusão de Sp 2 mg/kg (SpE), infusão de Bj 0,25 mg/kg (Pe) e infusão de Bj seguida imediatamente por Sp (tratamento, T) nas doses já descritas. Após as respectivas infusões os animais foram estudados quanto ao ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG, depuração de inulina), fluxo sanguíneo renal (FSR, ultrassom Doppler), pressão arterial média (PAM, transdutor intraarterial), resistência vascular renal (RVR), osmolalidade urinaria (Uosm, ponto de congelamento), NGAL urinário (NGAL, ELISA), láctato desidrogenase (DHL, método cinético), hematócrito (Ht, microhematócrito), fibrinogênio (Fb, Klauss modificado) e histologia renal realizada por patologista que desconhecia o tratamento dos animais (escore de necrose tubular aguda). Resultados: Bj causou quedas estatisticamente significantes no RFG, FSR, Uosm, Ht e Fb, aumento estatisticamente significantes na RVR, NGAL, e DHL e necrose tubular aguda. Estas alterações não foram prevenidas por Sp, que na verdade causou queda estatisticamente significante no RFG quando usado isoladamente. Conclusões: Sp administrado simultaneamente com Bj, em dosagem de aproximadamente 10:1, não foi capaz de prevenir a IRA, nem a hemólise e consumo de fibrinogênio causados pela peçonha botrópica. Sp usado isoladamente causou queda do RFG / Effects of Schizolobium parahyba extract on experimental Bothrops venom-induced acute kidney injury Introduction: Venom-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of Bothrops snakebite, carrying relevant morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Schizolobium parahyba (SP) extract, a natural medicine with presumed anti Bothrops venom effects, in an experimental model of Bothrops jararaca venom (BV) - induced AKI. Methods: Groups of 8 to10 rats received infusions of 0.9% saline (control, C), SP 2 mg/kg, BV 0.25 mg/kg and BV immediately followed by SP (treatment, T) in the dosis previously described. After the respective infusions animals were assessed for glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance), renal blood flow (RBF, Doppler), blood pressure (BP, intra-arterial transducer), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary osmolality (UO, freezing point), urinary NGAL (NGAL, ELISA), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, kinetic method), hematocrit (Hct, microhematocrit), fibrinogen (Fi, Klauss modified) and blinded renal histology (acute tubular necrosis score). Results: BV caused significant decrease in GFR, RBF, UO, HcT and Fi, significant increase in RVR, NGAL, and LDH and acute tubular necrosis. These changes were not prevented by SP, which actually caused a significant GFR decrease when used alone. Conclusions: SP administered simultaneously with BV, in an approximate 10:1 concentration, was not able to prevent BV-induced AKI, hemolysis and fibrinogen consumption. SP used alone caused GFR decrease
42

Vulnerabilidade de pacientes aos acidentes botrópicos no Hospital Vital Brazil do Instituto Butantan - São Paulo / Patients vulnerability to bothrops accidentes at Hospital Vital Brazil do Instituto Butantan - São Paulo

Camila Morato da Conceição Scatena 08 November 2013 (has links)
O acidente ofídico foi incluído recentemente no grupo das doenças negligenciadas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Este agravo afeta principalmente os pobres que vivem nas zonas rurais, onde, em geral, os serviços de saúde são insuficientes, com capacidade resolutiva limitada e os anti-venenos podem ser de limitada distribuição (WHO, 2007). Justifica-se, portanto, o presente estudo, tendo em vista a importância epidemiológica dos acidentes ofídicos, que podem conduzir à morte e à incapacidade, além de produzir relevante sofrimento físico daqueles que padecem destes acidentes. O estudo, descritivo transversal, teve como referencial teórico, o conceito de vulnerabilidade. Foram entrevistados 21 pacientes internados no Hospital Vital Brazil (HVB) do Instituto Butantan da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, no período de 2010 a 2012, por meio de instrumento com perguntas abertas e fechadas. A maior parcela dos sujeitos era constituída por pessoas do sexo masculino (95,2%), na faixa etária entre 21 a 30 anos e 51 a 60 (23,8%), casados (%) e que viviam com familiares (57,1%). Eram procedentes principalmente do nordeste (33,3%), todos possuíam moradia de alvenaria e usavam serviço público de saúde (81%). O acidente ocorreu, em maior prevalência no pé (42,9%) ou mão (38,1%). Foram evidenciados potencias condições de vulnerabilidade, em termos das características pessoas e relativas às condições de vida/trabalho, tais como: escolaridade precária, baixa qualificação profissional, trabalho informal, desemprego, insuficiência de renda para viver, falta de água encanada, esgoto e coleta regular de lixo, além da não participação em grupos da comunidade. No momento da ocorrência do acidente, tais sujeitos encontraram-se trabalhando (52,4%) ou em atividade de lazer (47,6%). As perguntas abertas foram objeto de análise por meio de técnica apropriada de análise de discurso e revelaram que a maior parte realizou procedimentos inadequados no local da picada (66,7%) e houve demora superior a 3 horas até a admissão no HVB. Foram também identificadas condições que comprometeram a acessibilidade dos pacientes ao tratamento, como ter que percorrer mais do que uma unidade de saúde para diagnóstico correto e/ou disponibilidade de soro. Conclui-se que é necessário atentar para tais elementos que integra a vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática, por parte da assistência e implementação de políticas sociais e de saúde adequadas, aprimorando, portanto, o Programa Nacional de Controle de Acidentes por Animais Peçonhentos e reduzindo a morbi-letalidade e seqüelas decorrentes desses acidentes / The snakebite accident has been recently included in the group of neglected diseases by the World Health Organization This injury affects mostly the poor people who live in rural areas, where, in general, health services are inadequate, with limited problem-solving capacity and anti-poisons may be of limited distribution (WHO, 2007). Justified, therefore, this study, in view of the epidemiological importance of snakebite accidents that can lead to death and disability, as well as producing relevant physical suffering of those suffering from these accidents. The study, cross-sectional, had the theoretical reference, the vulnerability concept. The 21 patients have been interviewed at the Hospital Vital Brazil (HVB) do Instituto Butantan da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo, in the period from 2010-2012, by means of an instrument with open and closed questions. The largest portion of the subjects consisted of males (95.2%), aged 21-30 years and 51-60 (23.8%), married (%) and living with family members (57, 1%). They were mainly from the northeast (33.3%), all lived in brick houses and used the public health service (81%). The accident occurred at a higher prevalence in the foot (42.9%) or hand (38.1%). There have been highlighted potential vulnerability conditions, in terms of personal characteristics and regarding to work / life conditions , such as poor education, low professional qualification, informal work, unemployment, insufficient income to live, lack of running water, sewage and regular garbage collection, as well as non-participation in community groups. At the time of the accident, these individuals were working (52.4%) or were at recreational activity (47.6%). Open questions have been considered by the appropriate technique of analysis of discourse and revealed that the most inadequate procedures performed at the bite site (66.7%) and that there was delay of more than three hours until admission at HVB. There have also been identified conditions that compromised the patients accessibility to treatment, such as having to travel to more than one health facility for proper diagnosis and / or availability of serum. It is concluded that it is necessary to consider such elements that integrate individual, social and programmatic vulnerability by the assistance and implementation of appropriate social and health policies, improving thus the National Program for Control of Accidents Caused by Venomous Animals and reducing morbidity and mortality and sequelae resulting from these accidents
43

A influencia da heparina em baixa concentração sobre a miotoxicidade do veneno de Bothrops jararacussu e bothropstoxina da heparina -I / The influence of heparin at a low concentration agaist the myotoxicity of Bothrops jararacussu and bothropstoxin-I

Ferreira, Sandro Rostelato, 1982- 27 July 2007 (has links)
Orientadores: Lea Rodrigues Simioni, Yoko Oshima Franco / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T01:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_SandroRostelato_M.pdf: 1413633 bytes, checksum: 6030097384697994f16895f8fb1a4c92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O veneno de Bothrops jararacussu (Bjssu) e sua miotoxina bothropstoxina-I (BthTX-I), induzem neurotoxicidade e miotoxicidade. Como o tratamento com o antiveneno é pouco eficaz contra a miotoxicidade, muitos estudos têm sido realizados utilizando substâncias que neutralizem a atividade miotóxica induzida pelo veneno, entre elas, a heparina. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: 1) verificar o efeito da heparina sobre a miotoxicidade induzida pelo veneno e toxina, utilizando-se uma baixa concentração de heparina, porém capaz de impedir o bloqueio neuromuscular e, 2) esclarecer o papel protetor da heparina contra Bjssu. Controles foram realizados com antiveneno botrópico (AVB) comercial ou solução nutritiva de Tyrode ou salina. Para avaliar a neurotoxicidade empregou-se técnica miográfica convencional em preparações nervo frênico-diafragma de camundongos (in vitro) e nervo ciático poplíteo externo-tibial anterior de ratos (in vivo); para avaliar a miotoxicidade in vitro empregou-se a técnica histológica (microscopia óptica) e in vivo a dosagem bioquímica da creatinoquinase (CK); para avaliar o papel protetor da heparina empregou-se a protamina, um antagonista farmacológico. Os resultados obtidos in vitro mostraram que a resposta contrátil de 12 ± 2% (n=6) frente à incubação com Bjssu (40 µg/mL) por 120 min foi aumentada para 79,6 ± 5,9% (n=6) quando pré-incubado com heparina (5 UI/mL) e 68,3 ± 6,2% (n=6) quando pré-incubado com AVB (120 µL/mL); na mesma situação a BthTX-I (2,9 µM) passou de 5 ± 1,3% (n=8) para 78,8 ± 6,8% (n=8) com heparina e 62,3 ± 6,1% (n=6) com AVB. A média da quantificação do dano morfológico (leitura de três diferentes observadores) mostrou que o veneno provocou lesões de 27% e a toxina de 40%, que passaram para níveis de 5% e 9%, respectivamente, quando tratadas com heparina e 11% e 3% quando com AVB. Os pré-tratamentos não apresentaram diferença significativa em relação ao controle Tyrode. Os resultados in vivo (em ratos) mostraram que as mesmas concentrações de veneno e toxina utilizadas nos ensaios in vitro não provocaram alterações na resposta contrátil; contudo, quando injetados no músculo gastrocnêmio de camundongos, apresentaram níveis plasmáticos de CK (U/L) de: 1454 ± 185 (Bjssu, n=6) diminuindo (P<0,05) para 236 ± 40 (com heparina, n=6) e 47 ± 5 (com AVB, n=6); 1531 ± 166 (BthTX-I, n=5) diminuindo (P<0,05) para 900 ± 149 (com heparina, n=5) e 935 ±135 (com AVB, n=5). A adição de protamina (0,8 UI/mL) aos 15 minutos de incubação da mistura heparina + veneno causou o bloqueio neuromuscular característico do veneno em preparações in vitro. Conclui-se que a heparina é mais eficaz (mas pode ser totalmente bloqueada pela protamina) que o AVB quanto a sua capacidade de impedir a neurotoxicidade in vitro causada por Bjssu e BthTX-I, e que nas mesmas concentrações a heparina demonstrou nenhuma neurotoxicidade in vivo (ratos) e que ela é tão eficiente quanto o AVB na miotoxicidade in vitro, mas menos eficaz in vivo em relação ao veneno bruto / Abstract: Bothrops jararacussu venom (Bjssu) and its myotoxin bothropstoxin-I (BthTX-I) induce neurotoxicity and myotoxicity. Since the treatment with the antivenom is weakly efficient against the myotoxicity, many reports concentrate on studies utilizing substances that neutralize the myotixicity activity induced by the venom, including heparin. The objectives of this work were: 1) to examine the effect of heparin on the myotoxicity induced by venom and toxin, using a low heparin concentration, capable to prevent the neuromuscular blockade and, 2) to examine the protective role of heparin against Bjssu. Control experiments were performed with commercial bothropic antivenom (CBA), Tyrode solution or saline. To examine the neurotoxicity, a conventional myoghraphic technique was used in studies with mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations (in vitro) and rat popliteal external nerve/muscle anterior tibialis (in vivo). Histological technique (light microscopy) and biochemical measurement of creatine kinase (CK) were used to examine the myotoxicity in vitro e in vivo, respectively. Protamine (a pharmaceutical antagonist) was used to evaluate the protective role of heparin. The results in vitro showed that the twitch-tension of 12 ± 2% in the presence of Bjssu (40 µg/mL; n=6) after 120 min was increased to 79.6 ± 5.9% when preincubated with heparin (5 UI/ml; n=6) and 68.3 ± 6.2% when preincubated with CBA (120 µL/mL; n=6). Similarly, the BthTX-I (2.9 µM) - induced responses amounted to 5 ± 1.3% (n=8) and 78.8 ± 6.8% with heparin (n=8) and 62.3 ± 6.1% with CBA (n=6). The quantification of morphological changes showed that the venom induced a damage of 27% and the toxin of 40%, which were reduced to 5% and 9%, when treated with heparin and 11% and 3% with CBA, respectively. The pre-treatment did not cause significant differences compared to Tyrode solution. The results in vivo showed that the same concentrations of venom and toxin utilized in in vitro assays did not induce alteration in twitch-tension. However, when injected in mouse gastrocnemius muscle, plasma levels of CK (U/l) of 1454 ± 185 (in the presence of Bjssu, n=6) were decreased to 236 ± 40 (heparin, n=6) and 47 ± 5 (CBA, n=6). Similarly, a value of 1531 ± 166 in the presence of BthTX-I (n=5) was decreased to 900 ± 149 (heparin, n=5) and 935 ±135 (CBA, n=5). The addition of protamine (0.8 UI/ml) at 15 min incubation of the mixture heparin+venom, induced a neuromuscular blockade similar to the venom in in vitro preparations. We conclude that heparin is more efficient (although totally antagonized by protamine) than CBA with respect to the in vitro neurotoxicity induced by Bjssu and BthTX-I, which did not cause myotoxicity in vivo (rats). Heparin is as efficient as CBA in myotoxicity in vitro, but less efficient in vivo compared to the crude venom / Mestrado / Mestre em Farmacologia
44

Efeitos da fitoterapia na injúria renal aguda induzida pela peçonha de Bothrops jararaca / Effects of Schizolobium parahyba extract on experimental Bothrops venom-induced acute kidney injury

Monique Silva Martines 09 December 2013 (has links)
Introdução: Injúria renal aguda (IRA) é complicação frequente do acidente causado por serpentes do gênero Bothrops, acarretando morbidade e mortalidade significativas. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do extrato aquoso de Schizolobium parahyba (Sp), que é uma planta com efeito anti-botrópico presumido, em modelo experimental de IRA induzida pela peçonha de Bothrops jararaca (Bj). Métodos: Grupos de 8 a 10 ratos machos Wistar (250-300g) receberam infusões de solução salina a 0,9% (grupo controle, C), infusão de Sp 2 mg/kg (SpE), infusão de Bj 0,25 mg/kg (Pe) e infusão de Bj seguida imediatamente por Sp (tratamento, T) nas doses já descritas. Após as respectivas infusões os animais foram estudados quanto ao ritmo de filtração glomerular (RFG, depuração de inulina), fluxo sanguíneo renal (FSR, ultrassom Doppler), pressão arterial média (PAM, transdutor intraarterial), resistência vascular renal (RVR), osmolalidade urinaria (Uosm, ponto de congelamento), NGAL urinário (NGAL, ELISA), láctato desidrogenase (DHL, método cinético), hematócrito (Ht, microhematócrito), fibrinogênio (Fb, Klauss modificado) e histologia renal realizada por patologista que desconhecia o tratamento dos animais (escore de necrose tubular aguda). Resultados: Bj causou quedas estatisticamente significantes no RFG, FSR, Uosm, Ht e Fb, aumento estatisticamente significantes na RVR, NGAL, e DHL e necrose tubular aguda. Estas alterações não foram prevenidas por Sp, que na verdade causou queda estatisticamente significante no RFG quando usado isoladamente. Conclusões: Sp administrado simultaneamente com Bj, em dosagem de aproximadamente 10:1, não foi capaz de prevenir a IRA, nem a hemólise e consumo de fibrinogênio causados pela peçonha botrópica. Sp usado isoladamente causou queda do RFG / Effects of Schizolobium parahyba extract on experimental Bothrops venom-induced acute kidney injury Introduction: Venom-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of Bothrops snakebite, carrying relevant morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Schizolobium parahyba (SP) extract, a natural medicine with presumed anti Bothrops venom effects, in an experimental model of Bothrops jararaca venom (BV) - induced AKI. Methods: Groups of 8 to10 rats received infusions of 0.9% saline (control, C), SP 2 mg/kg, BV 0.25 mg/kg and BV immediately followed by SP (treatment, T) in the dosis previously described. After the respective infusions animals were assessed for glomerular filtration rate (GFR, inulin clearance), renal blood flow (RBF, Doppler), blood pressure (BP, intra-arterial transducer), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary osmolality (UO, freezing point), urinary NGAL (NGAL, ELISA), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH, kinetic method), hematocrit (Hct, microhematocrit), fibrinogen (Fi, Klauss modified) and blinded renal histology (acute tubular necrosis score). Results: BV caused significant decrease in GFR, RBF, UO, HcT and Fi, significant increase in RVR, NGAL, and LDH and acute tubular necrosis. These changes were not prevented by SP, which actually caused a significant GFR decrease when used alone. Conclusions: SP administered simultaneously with BV, in an approximate 10:1 concentration, was not able to prevent BV-induced AKI, hemolysis and fibrinogen consumption. SP used alone caused GFR decrease
45

Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques face aux chiens et aux morsures dans un contexte autochtone nordique

Daigle, Laurence 07 1900 (has links)
Les morsures de chien dans les communautés autochtones nordiques sont une préoccupation importante, considérant que la rage du renard est endémique au Québec au nord du 55e parallèle. Cette recherche visait à approfondir la compréhension des risques associés aux morsures de chien, en évaluant l’état actuel des connaissances sur ce sujet, puis en investiguant l’occurrence des morsures et les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques liées aux chiens et aux morsures dans deux communautés autochtones nordiques du Québec. D’abord, une revue de la portée a été réalisée et a montré que 0,61 à 59,6/10 000 habitants des communautés autochtones du nord sont mordus annuellement, et que 27 à 63% ont rapporté avoir subi une morsure de chien au cours de leur vie. Les résultats appuient les inquiétudes concernant un risque plus élevé dans ces communautés que dans le reste du Canada et soulignent le manque de connaissance sur les facteurs de risque contextuels et environnementaux. Puis, une étude a été effectuée dans les communautés Naskapi et Innu au nord du Québec et a montré que 21% des participants avaient subi une morsure de chien au cours de leur vie. L’étude a aussi révélé un manque de connaissance et de sensibilisation au risque de contracter la rage et aux mesures de prévention chez les résidents de ces communautés. Cette étude apporte des connaissances importantes pour développer et prioriser les mesures visant à réduire les risques associés aux morsures de chien et la transmission de la rage qui sont adaptées aux communautés autochtones nordiques. / Dog bites in northern Indigenous communities are a significant concern, considering that fox rabies is endemic north of the 55th parallel in the province of Quebec. This research aimed to deepen the understanding of risks associated with dog bites, by assessing the current state of knowledge on this subject, then by investigating the occurrence of dog bites and the knowledge, attitudes and practices related to dogs and bites in two northern Indigenous communities in Quebec. First, a scoping review was conducted and showed that 0.61 to 59.6/10,000 inhabitants of northern Indigenous communities are bitten annually, and that 27 to 63% reported being bitten by a dog during their lifetime. Results support concerns about a higher risk in these communities than the rest of the Canadian population and highlight the need for more research on the contextual and environmental factors that influence this risk. Second, a study was carried out in the Naskapi and Innu communities in northern Quebec and showed that 21% of participants had suffered a dog bite during their lifetime. The study also revealed a lack of knowledge and awareness on the risk of contracting rabies and on preventive measures among inhabitants of these two communities. This study provides important knowledge for developing and prioritizing measures aimed at reducing the risks associated with dog bites and rabies transmission that are adapted to northern Indigenous communities.
46

Envolvimento do fator de von Willebrand na plaquetopenia do envenenamento experimental pela serpente Bothrops jararaca: participação  da botrocetina  e metaloproteinases do veneno / Involvement of von Willebrand factor in the plaquetopenia of experimental poisoning by the Bothrops jararaca snake: participation of botrocetin and venom metalloproteinases

Thomazini, Camila Martos 02 May 2018 (has links)
Pacientes envenenados pela serpente Bothrops jararaca manifestam uma tendência hemorrágica em que a plaquetopenia é um achado consistente. Manifestações clínicas sistêmicas, como sangramento de mucosas e microangiopatia trombótica em alguns pacientes, apresentam similaridades com sinais clínicos de doença de von Willebrand e púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica. Algumas proteínas do veneno - como a botrocetina (uma proteína relacionada às lectinas do tipo C) e as metaloproteinases do veneno (SVMP) - interferem direta ou indiretamente na interação entre plaquetas e o fator de von Willebrand (vWF) in vitro e in vivo. E dessa forma, podem contribuir para os sangramentos induzidos pelo envenenamento devido à importância que o vWF tem para a hemostasia primária. Pensando em compreender a participação do vWF do organismo e a botrocetina e as SVMP do veneno bruto de B. jararaca (BjV) na plaquetopenia induzida pelo envenenamento, utilizamos dois modelos experimentais: ratos Wistar heterogênicos e camundongos nocautes do gene Vwf (Vwf-/-). No modelo em ratos, o BjV foi pré-incubado com salina (controle positivo), um inibidor de metaloproteinases (Na2-EDTA), anticorpos policlonais anti-botrocetina, glicerol (veículo dos anticorpos), ou a combinação do Na2-EDTA e anticorpos anti-botrocetina; o grupo controle negativo foi injetado somente com salina. Após a administração subcutânea (s.c.) dos venenos tratados (1,6 mg/kg), amostras de sangue foram coletadas após 3, 6 ou 24 h, e analisaram-se a contagem de plaquetas, quantificação antigênica (vWF:Ag) e da atividade de ligação do vWF ao colágeno (vWF:CB), a atividade de ADAMTS13, a distribuição multimérica de vWF, e a atividade coagulante de fator VIII (FVIII). Para explorar a participação do vWF na plaquetopenia, camundongos nocautes de vWF (Vwf-/-) e camundongos controles (C57BL/6) foram injetados s.c. com BjV incubado com salina (grupo positivo do envenenamento) ou apenas salina (grupo controle negativo). As injeções dos tratamentos, bem como os períodos analisados foram idênticos aos dos ratos. Em nossos resultados, todos os ratos injetados com algum tratamento de BjV, inclusive nos animais que receberam veneno pré-tratado com anticorpo anti-botrocetina e/ou Na2-EDTA, apresentaram plaquetopenia, com maior intensidade em 6 h. Na avaliação do vWF foi encontrada uma grande variação individual nos grupos de tratamentos, porém ainda assim houve uma tendência a redução nos níveis de vWF:Ag em 3 e 6 h nos ratos que receberam BjV sem inibidores. A administração de BjV tratado somente com anticorpo anti-botrocetina promoveu uma maior redução nos níveis de vWF:Ag em 3 h, com retorno aos níveis semelhantes aos de controle negativo em 6 h e 24 h. A inibição sozinha das metaloproteinases não promoveu efeito importante, porém em 6 h, potencializou a ação do anticorpo anti-botrocetina na inibição conjunta do decréscimo de vWF:Ag e vWF:CB. A análise dos multímeros do vWF mostrou perfis bastante variáveis individualmente, porém os multímeros de alto peso molecular e intermediário tenderam a diminuir e os de baixo peso a aumentar nos animais que receberam algum tratamento com BjV, especialmente em 24 h. Na dosagem de FVIII, houve redução em 3 e 6 h em todos os ratos que receberam qualquer tratamento de BjV, sem grandes variações entre esses grupos. A atividade de ADAMTS13 apresentou uma redução dos valores em 3 e 6 h, que foi revertida pela inibição das metaloproteinases do veneno. Já nos camundongos, a plaquetopenia esteve presente em todos os animais nocautes e controles que receberam BjV, mostrando ser independente da presença de vWF. Nos camundongos controles (C57BL/6), não houve alterações evidentes em vWF:Ag durante o envenenamento, porém em 3 h houve uma tendência a sua diminuição. Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostram que a presença da botrocetina no veneno bruto não afeta a plaquetopenia desencadeada pelo envenenamento, porém influencia o vWF plasmático quantitativa e funcionalmente. As metaloproteinases do veneno têm forte efeito sobre a enzima fisiológica reguladora da atividade biológica do vWF, a ADAMTS13, que indiretamente pode afetar os níveis de vWF. Ademais, a intensidade da plaquetopenia durante o envenenamento de B. jararaca não depende da presença de vWF, e tendo em conta o caráter multifatorial do consumo plaquetário durante o envenenamento, sugerimos que outros mecanismos possam ser responsáveis pela plaquetopenia induzida pelo BjV. Com isso, concluímos que o consumo de vWF no envenenamento por B. jararaca é um fator contribuinte, porém não determinante, para as alterações da contagem plaquetária / Patients bitten by Bothrops snakes manifest a bleeding tendency in which thrombocytopenia is consistently observed. Systemic clinical manifestations, such as mucous bleeding and thrombotic microangiopathy in some patients, share similarities with symptoms of von Willebrand disease and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Some venom proteins - e.g. botrocetin (a C-type lectin-related protein) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) - disturbs, direct or indirectly, the interaction between platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in vitro and in vivo, and may contribute thereby to snakebite-induced bleedings, once vWF is required for primary hemostasis. To better understand the relation between plasma vWF, and botrocetin and SVMPs from B. jararaca crude venom (BjV) in the thrombocytopenia induced by envenomation, we used two experimental models: Wistar heterogenic rats and vWF knockout mice (Vwf-/-). In the rat model, BjV was pre-incubated with saline (positive control), metalloproteinase inhibitor (Na2-EDTA), polyclonal anti-botrocetin antibodies, glycerol (antibody vehicle), or the combination of Na2-EDTA and anti-botrocetin antibodies; the negative control group was injected with saline only. After subcutaneous injection (s.c.) of treated venom (1.6 mg/kg), blood samples were collected after 3, 6 or 24 h, and platelet count, vWF antigen (vWF:Ag) and collagenbinding activity (vWF:CB), ADAMTS13 activity, vWF multimer distribution, and factor VIII (FVIII) coagulant activity were analyzed. To investigate the participation of vWF in thrombocytopenia, vWF knockout mice (Vwf-/-) and control mice (C57BL/6) were injected s.c. with saline only (negative control group) or BjV pre-incubated with saline (positive control group). The same protocols used for rats were accomplished in mice. Our results showed that all rats injected with any BjV treatment, including animals which received anti-botrocetin antibodies and/or Na2-EDTA-treated BjV, showed thrombocytopenia, with the nadir at 6h. vWF analysis exhibited a large individual variation among treatment groups, but there was a tendency to reduce vWF:Ag levels at 3 and 6 h in rats that received BjV pre-incubated with saline (without any inhibitor). Administration of BjV pre-incubated only with anti-botrocetin antibodies evoked a large reduction in vWF:Ag levels at 3 h, which returned to levels similar to those of the negative control group at 6 and 24 h. SVMP inhibition alone did not induce an important effect, but potentialized the activity of anti-botrocetin antibodies to inhibit the fall in both vWF:Ag and vWF:CB levels at 6 h. VWF multimer analysis had a large individual profile variation, although animals that received any BjV treatment tended to decrease the high and intermediate molecular weight multimers and to increase the low ones, especially at 24 h. FVIII showed diminished levels in all rats that received any BjV treatment at 3 and 6 h, without important variations among groups. Decreased levels of ADAMTS13 activity were noticed at 3 and 6 h, which were reverted by SVMP inhibition. In mice, thrombocytopenia was present in all control and knockout mice that received BjV, demonstrating independence of vWF presence. In control mice (C57BL/6), there were no relevant alterations in vWF:Ag during envenomation, although at 3 h there was a tendency to decrease it. Al together, our results showed that botrocetin present in crude venom does not affect thrombocytopenia induced by envenomation, but it changes the levels and function of plasma vWF. SVMP had a marked effect in ADAMTS13, the physiological enzyme that regulates vWF biological activity, which may affect vWF levels indirectly. In addition, thrombocytopenia during B. jararaca envenomation is independent of vWF, and considering the multifactorial features of platelet consumption during envenomation, we suggest that other mechanisms might account for BjV-induced thrombocytopenia. Therefore, we conclude that vWF consumption during B. jararaca envenomation is an ancillary mechanism, but not the main one to decrease platelet counts
47

Envolvimento do fator de von Willebrand na plaquetopenia do envenenamento experimental pela serpente Bothrops jararaca: participação  da botrocetina  e metaloproteinases do veneno / Involvement of von Willebrand factor in the plaquetopenia of experimental poisoning by the Bothrops jararaca snake: participation of botrocetin and venom metalloproteinases

Camila Martos Thomazini 02 May 2018 (has links)
Pacientes envenenados pela serpente Bothrops jararaca manifestam uma tendência hemorrágica em que a plaquetopenia é um achado consistente. Manifestações clínicas sistêmicas, como sangramento de mucosas e microangiopatia trombótica em alguns pacientes, apresentam similaridades com sinais clínicos de doença de von Willebrand e púrpura trombocitopênica trombótica. Algumas proteínas do veneno - como a botrocetina (uma proteína relacionada às lectinas do tipo C) e as metaloproteinases do veneno (SVMP) - interferem direta ou indiretamente na interação entre plaquetas e o fator de von Willebrand (vWF) in vitro e in vivo. E dessa forma, podem contribuir para os sangramentos induzidos pelo envenenamento devido à importância que o vWF tem para a hemostasia primária. Pensando em compreender a participação do vWF do organismo e a botrocetina e as SVMP do veneno bruto de B. jararaca (BjV) na plaquetopenia induzida pelo envenenamento, utilizamos dois modelos experimentais: ratos Wistar heterogênicos e camundongos nocautes do gene Vwf (Vwf-/-). No modelo em ratos, o BjV foi pré-incubado com salina (controle positivo), um inibidor de metaloproteinases (Na2-EDTA), anticorpos policlonais anti-botrocetina, glicerol (veículo dos anticorpos), ou a combinação do Na2-EDTA e anticorpos anti-botrocetina; o grupo controle negativo foi injetado somente com salina. Após a administração subcutânea (s.c.) dos venenos tratados (1,6 mg/kg), amostras de sangue foram coletadas após 3, 6 ou 24 h, e analisaram-se a contagem de plaquetas, quantificação antigênica (vWF:Ag) e da atividade de ligação do vWF ao colágeno (vWF:CB), a atividade de ADAMTS13, a distribuição multimérica de vWF, e a atividade coagulante de fator VIII (FVIII). Para explorar a participação do vWF na plaquetopenia, camundongos nocautes de vWF (Vwf-/-) e camundongos controles (C57BL/6) foram injetados s.c. com BjV incubado com salina (grupo positivo do envenenamento) ou apenas salina (grupo controle negativo). As injeções dos tratamentos, bem como os períodos analisados foram idênticos aos dos ratos. Em nossos resultados, todos os ratos injetados com algum tratamento de BjV, inclusive nos animais que receberam veneno pré-tratado com anticorpo anti-botrocetina e/ou Na2-EDTA, apresentaram plaquetopenia, com maior intensidade em 6 h. Na avaliação do vWF foi encontrada uma grande variação individual nos grupos de tratamentos, porém ainda assim houve uma tendência a redução nos níveis de vWF:Ag em 3 e 6 h nos ratos que receberam BjV sem inibidores. A administração de BjV tratado somente com anticorpo anti-botrocetina promoveu uma maior redução nos níveis de vWF:Ag em 3 h, com retorno aos níveis semelhantes aos de controle negativo em 6 h e 24 h. A inibição sozinha das metaloproteinases não promoveu efeito importante, porém em 6 h, potencializou a ação do anticorpo anti-botrocetina na inibição conjunta do decréscimo de vWF:Ag e vWF:CB. A análise dos multímeros do vWF mostrou perfis bastante variáveis individualmente, porém os multímeros de alto peso molecular e intermediário tenderam a diminuir e os de baixo peso a aumentar nos animais que receberam algum tratamento com BjV, especialmente em 24 h. Na dosagem de FVIII, houve redução em 3 e 6 h em todos os ratos que receberam qualquer tratamento de BjV, sem grandes variações entre esses grupos. A atividade de ADAMTS13 apresentou uma redução dos valores em 3 e 6 h, que foi revertida pela inibição das metaloproteinases do veneno. Já nos camundongos, a plaquetopenia esteve presente em todos os animais nocautes e controles que receberam BjV, mostrando ser independente da presença de vWF. Nos camundongos controles (C57BL/6), não houve alterações evidentes em vWF:Ag durante o envenenamento, porém em 3 h houve uma tendência a sua diminuição. Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostram que a presença da botrocetina no veneno bruto não afeta a plaquetopenia desencadeada pelo envenenamento, porém influencia o vWF plasmático quantitativa e funcionalmente. As metaloproteinases do veneno têm forte efeito sobre a enzima fisiológica reguladora da atividade biológica do vWF, a ADAMTS13, que indiretamente pode afetar os níveis de vWF. Ademais, a intensidade da plaquetopenia durante o envenenamento de B. jararaca não depende da presença de vWF, e tendo em conta o caráter multifatorial do consumo plaquetário durante o envenenamento, sugerimos que outros mecanismos possam ser responsáveis pela plaquetopenia induzida pelo BjV. Com isso, concluímos que o consumo de vWF no envenenamento por B. jararaca é um fator contribuinte, porém não determinante, para as alterações da contagem plaquetária / Patients bitten by Bothrops snakes manifest a bleeding tendency in which thrombocytopenia is consistently observed. Systemic clinical manifestations, such as mucous bleeding and thrombotic microangiopathy in some patients, share similarities with symptoms of von Willebrand disease and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Some venom proteins - e.g. botrocetin (a C-type lectin-related protein) and snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMP) - disturbs, direct or indirectly, the interaction between platelets and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in vitro and in vivo, and may contribute thereby to snakebite-induced bleedings, once vWF is required for primary hemostasis. To better understand the relation between plasma vWF, and botrocetin and SVMPs from B. jararaca crude venom (BjV) in the thrombocytopenia induced by envenomation, we used two experimental models: Wistar heterogenic rats and vWF knockout mice (Vwf-/-). In the rat model, BjV was pre-incubated with saline (positive control), metalloproteinase inhibitor (Na2-EDTA), polyclonal anti-botrocetin antibodies, glycerol (antibody vehicle), or the combination of Na2-EDTA and anti-botrocetin antibodies; the negative control group was injected with saline only. After subcutaneous injection (s.c.) of treated venom (1.6 mg/kg), blood samples were collected after 3, 6 or 24 h, and platelet count, vWF antigen (vWF:Ag) and collagenbinding activity (vWF:CB), ADAMTS13 activity, vWF multimer distribution, and factor VIII (FVIII) coagulant activity were analyzed. To investigate the participation of vWF in thrombocytopenia, vWF knockout mice (Vwf-/-) and control mice (C57BL/6) were injected s.c. with saline only (negative control group) or BjV pre-incubated with saline (positive control group). The same protocols used for rats were accomplished in mice. Our results showed that all rats injected with any BjV treatment, including animals which received anti-botrocetin antibodies and/or Na2-EDTA-treated BjV, showed thrombocytopenia, with the nadir at 6h. vWF analysis exhibited a large individual variation among treatment groups, but there was a tendency to reduce vWF:Ag levels at 3 and 6 h in rats that received BjV pre-incubated with saline (without any inhibitor). Administration of BjV pre-incubated only with anti-botrocetin antibodies evoked a large reduction in vWF:Ag levels at 3 h, which returned to levels similar to those of the negative control group at 6 and 24 h. SVMP inhibition alone did not induce an important effect, but potentialized the activity of anti-botrocetin antibodies to inhibit the fall in both vWF:Ag and vWF:CB levels at 6 h. VWF multimer analysis had a large individual profile variation, although animals that received any BjV treatment tended to decrease the high and intermediate molecular weight multimers and to increase the low ones, especially at 24 h. FVIII showed diminished levels in all rats that received any BjV treatment at 3 and 6 h, without important variations among groups. Decreased levels of ADAMTS13 activity were noticed at 3 and 6 h, which were reverted by SVMP inhibition. In mice, thrombocytopenia was present in all control and knockout mice that received BjV, demonstrating independence of vWF presence. In control mice (C57BL/6), there were no relevant alterations in vWF:Ag during envenomation, although at 3 h there was a tendency to decrease it. Al together, our results showed that botrocetin present in crude venom does not affect thrombocytopenia induced by envenomation, but it changes the levels and function of plasma vWF. SVMP had a marked effect in ADAMTS13, the physiological enzyme that regulates vWF biological activity, which may affect vWF levels indirectly. In addition, thrombocytopenia during B. jararaca envenomation is independent of vWF, and considering the multifactorial features of platelet consumption during envenomation, we suggest that other mechanisms might account for BjV-induced thrombocytopenia. Therefore, we conclude that vWF consumption during B. jararaca envenomation is an ancillary mechanism, but not the main one to decrease platelet counts
48

Farní kroniky jako pramen církevních a sociálních dějin na příkladu pamětních knih farností v děkanství velkomeziříčském / Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the Velke Mezirici deanery.

Mrňa, Jaroslav January 2016 (has links)
PhDr. Jaroslav Mrňa Církevní a obecné dějiny 19. a 20. století Název disertační práce v anglickém jazyce: Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the deanery of Velke Mezirici. Anotace v anglickém jazyce: The parish chronicles in themself conceal an indelible link of parish administrators and they are often the only surviving trace of their thoughts and actions. Individual records in themself preserve not only the mentality of their writers, but also the valuable data from the life story of parishes. The dissertation thesis Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the deanery of Velke Mezirici brings the first complete view of the issue of the existence of parish chronicles and their use of the modern historical work in the field of religious and social history. It tries to highlight the important role of ego-documents to reconstruct the history of the life in the parish. In addition to the evaluation of the positive effects of the chronicle as a work of art, commemorative or official books, the thesis includes closer look at different types of documents and the structure of their scripts. For the analysis and the comparison there was made a...
49

Farní kroniky jako pramen církevních a sociálních dějin na příkladu pamětních knih farností v děkanství velkomeziříčském / Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the Velke Mezirici deanery.

Mrňa, Jaroslav January 2017 (has links)
PhDr. Jaroslav Mrňa Církevní a obecné dějiny 19. a 20. století Název disertační práce v anglickém jazyce: Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the deanery of Velke Mezirici. Abstrakt v anglickém jazyce: The parish chronicles in themself conceal next to unique link of the thoughts and activities of parish administrators, the administrative office of the authority given to them, also conceal valuable data from the life story of the parish itself. The dissertation thesis Parish chronicles as a source of religious and social history using the example of commemorative books of parishes in the deanery of Velke Mezirici deals with the problems of the existence of parish chronicles and their use of the modern historical work in the field of religious and social history. For the presentation of the testifying value of the source, of commemorative books of parishes in the deanery of Velke Mezirici were selected. After introductory criticism of sources and literature is followed a chapter dedicated to the view of the Christian perception of the history, the development of chronicles in the individual historical periods and the evaluation of the parish chronicle as a commemorative or office book, an artwork. It is followed by a section...
50

Untersuchungen zur Expression der Oberflächenmarker CD63 und CD203c basophiler Granulozyten bei Bienen- und Wespengiftallergikern mit Hilfe des Basophilen Aktivierungstestes (BAT)

Reiß, Nadine 21 December 2020 (has links)
Die Prävalenz einer Insektengiftallergie beträgt 2,8 %. Am häufigsten sind Honigbienen (Apis melliferi) und Faltenwespen (Vespula vulgaris, Vespula germanica) Auslöser einer Insektengiftallergie in Deutschland. Sie ist eine allergische Typ-I-Reaktion und durch eine Immunglobulin-E-vermittelte (IgE) Immunreaktion charakterisiert. IgE führt zur Sensibilisierung der an einer Immunreaktion beteiligten Mastzellen und basophilen Granulozyten. Durch den Zweitkontakt erfolgt die Aktivierung jener mit Degranulation von Histamin, Serinproteasen, Prostaglandinen, Leukotrienen und Zytokinen. Dies spiegelt sich in einer allergischen Reaktion mit Vasodilatation, Tachykardie, Hypotonie, Bronchokonstriktion, Pruritus, Schmerzen, Erythem oder Flush, Nausea, Vomitus und Diarrhoe wieder. Mittels Hauttests wie Prick- und Intrakutantest kann eine IgE-vermittelte Sensibilisierung auf das Insektengiftallergen nachgewiesen werden. Es werden die Serumparameter Gesamt-IgE und spezifisches IgE auf native und rekombinante Allergene des Insektengiftes gemessen. Der Basophile Aktivierungstest (BAT) kann ergänzt werden. Hierbei wird die immunologische Quantifizierung der Rezeptorenaktivität auf basophilen Granulozyten mittels Detektion der membranständigen Aktivierungsmarker CD63 und CD203c vor und nach Antigenexposition gemessen. CD63 befindet sich intragranulär gespeichert in ruhenden basophilen Granulozyten, Mastzellen, Makrophagen und Monozyten. In vitro konnte eine verstärkte Expression von CD63 v.a. allergen-induziert und FcεRI-vermittelt beobachtet werden. CD203c ist ein hochspezifischer Marker für die basophile Differenzierungslinie. Nach Allergenstimulation wird eine rasche Expression von CD203c beobachtet, welche FcεRI-vermittelt ist. Am Ausmaß der Expression von CD63 und CD203c kann die allergene Eigenschaft abgeleitet und bei Kreuzreaktivität i.R. der in-vitro-Diagnostik das auslösende Allergen identifiziert werden. Die spezifische Immuntherapie (SIT) ist die einzige kausale Therapie einer Insektengiftallergie. Pathophysiologisch wird eine immunmodulatorische Wirkung angenommen. Die Stichprovokation schätzt die Therapieeffektivität einer SIT auf Grund von Mangel an validen laborchemischen Kriterien ein. Bei Asymptomatik oder lokaler allergischer Reaktion hat das Ergebnis einen hohen prädiktiven Wert für die Verträglichkeit weiterer Stiche. Bei ausbleibender systemischer Reaktion nach 3 bis 5 Jahren SIT kann jene beendet werden, wenn SIT oder Stichprovokation ohne Nebenwirkungen vertragen wurden. Ein Feldstich ist der Stichprovokation ebenbürtig, wenn das allergieauslösende Insekt sicher identifiziert wurde. Nach SIT kommt es bei bis zu 15% der Patienten zum Verlust des Schutzes nach 5-10 Jahren (Epidemiology of Insect Venom Sensitivity | JAMA | The JAMA Network, 2017). Die Leitlinie empfiehlt daher ein Notfallset dauerhaft mitzuführen. Vor einer Stichprovokation muss eine 109 Risiko-Nutzen-Abwägung bei relevanten Nebenerkrankungen oder vorbekannter Mastozytose erfolgen. Da die Aktivität des Insektes sowie die Giftzusammensetzung in Abhängigkeit der Jahreszeit variieren, geht die Stichprovokation mit einer eingeschränkten Beurteilbarkeit einher. Auf Grund von erhöhter Angst und Arbeitsausfall für bis zu 3 Tage wird eine Provokation häufig nicht durchgeführt. Daher besteht die Notwendigkeit nach Messmethoden, welche die Therapieeffektivität einer SIT sicher beurteilen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist den BAT bezüglich seines Nutzens als Monitoringinstrument während einer SIT zu prüfen und die Therapieeffektivität jener beurteilen zu können. Es wurden 50 Probanden während einer SIT begleitet (6 Kinder mit 4x Bienengift- und 2x Wespengiftallergie, 44 Erwachsene mit 4x Bienengift- und 40x Wespengiftallergie). Die Probanden erklärten sich zu Blutentnahmen vor der SIT und alle 6 Monate bis 3 Jahre während der SIT einverstanden. Hieraus erfolgte die Bestimmung der Serumparameter mittels des ImmunoCAP® 250 der Firma Thermo Fisher Scientific/ Phadia. Mit Hilfe des Flow CAST® Kit (FK-CCR) von der Firma Bühlmann Laboratories AG wurde die Expression der Oberflächenmarker basophiler Granulozyten CD63 und CD203c im BAT gemessen. Anhand des a2-Wertes wurde der relative Anteil an aktivierten basophilen Granulozyten [%] auf die Stimulation mit der Allergenkonzentration von 56,8 ng/ml (c2) bestimmt. Der kalkulierte c50-Wert definiert die mindest notwendige Konzentration an Allergen, um eine Aktivierung von 50% aller in der Testprobe vorliegenden basophilen Granulozyten zu induzieren. Klinische Daten wurden in halbjährlichen Visiten telefonisch, vor Ort, mittels Fragebogen und durch Einsicht in Patientenakten erhoben. Probanden wurden nach Stichprovokation oder Feldstich während SIT und Studie zu Verträglichkeit und Klinik befragt. 90,9% der Erwachsenen und 100% der Kinder boten eine allergische Reaktion Stadium II oder III nach Ring & Messmer. Anaphylaktische Reaktionen wurden nicht beschrieben oder beobachtet. Es waren 40 Erwachsene mit einer Wespengift-SIT zu verzeichnen. Für CD203c sind jene im BAT alle Responder, für CD63 waren 4 Probanden Nonresponder. Für CD63 zeigten sich für 60% steigende und für etwa 30% konstante c50-Werte i.V. der SIT. Dies spiegelt sich in fallenden a2-Werten bei etwa 60% aller Probanden dieser Gruppe wieder. Für CD203c konnten für 60-75% der Probanden steigende sowie für 20% konstante c50-Werte kalkuliert werden. Nach einem Jahr SIT boten 20%, nach zwei Jahren 32,5% und nach drei Jahren SIT 47,5% aller Probanden eine geringere Aktivierung basophiler Granulozyten. In der vorliegenden Studie konnte für 4 Testkonzentrationen (c1 = 284 ng/ml, c2 = 56,8 ng/ml, c3 =11,4 ng/ml sowie c4 = 2,27 ng/m) in allen untersuchten Studiengruppen (Kinder mit Bienengift-SIT, Erwachsene mit Bienengift-SIT, Kinder mit Wespengift-SIT und Erwachsene mit Wespengift-SIT) fallende am-Werte über die Zeit der SIT ermittelt werden. 110 Dies korrelierte mit steigenden c50-Werten über die Dauer der SIT. Die Routinetest-konzentration des Flow CAST® Kit (56,8 ng/ml) gibt hierbei die beste Diskriminierung wieder. Alle 40 Erwachsenen mit einer Wespengiftallergie beschrieben eine mildere klinische Symptomatik unter SIT. Für alle 21 Probanden, welche an einer Stichprovokation teilnahmen oder einen Feldstich erlitten, bestätigte sich dies im BAT. Anhand von Serologie oder Kinetikmessungen lässt sich in der vorliegenden Studie keine Aussage zur Immunmodulation einer SIT und ihrer Therapieeffektivität treffen. Der BAT hingegen ist ein mögliches valides Messverfahren, um die Effektivität einer SIT zu prüfen. Hierfür eignen sich bei guter Korrelation zu Klinik und Stichprovokation/ Feldstich der a2-Wert sowie der kalkulierte c50-Wert. Das Ergebnis eines BAT ist reproduzierbar. Es können Arbeitsausfall und ein erhöhtes Angstempfinden vermieden werden. Ein Routineeinsatz des BAT kann anhand der Studie noch nicht abgeleitet werden. Hausmann et. al konnten jedoch 2014 den c50-Wert als valides Monitoringinstrument der Effektivität bei guter Korrelation zur Stichprovokation belegen. Der BAT ist daher in Fällen interessant, in denen eine Stichprovokation nicht möglich ist (Kontraindikationen, Schwangerschaft, Patientenwunsch). Eine Langzeitwirkung der SIT könnte ggf. mit begleitenden BAT-Messungen geprüft werden. Damit ließe sich die Effektivität einer SIT zum Beispiel auch nach 10 oder 15 Jahren prüfen. Dann wäre eine Aussage darüber möglich, ob das Notfallset lebenslang indiziert ist. Weitere Studien sind notwendig, um die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zu stützen. Eine multizentrische Studie mit standardisiertem BAT und begleitender Stichprovokation ist hierfür Voraussetzung.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung und Zielstellung 2 Hintergrund und Wissensstand 2.1. Insektengiftallergie 2.1.1. Terminologie der Allergie 2.1.2. Prävalenz der Insektengiftallergie 2.1.3. Hymenoptera - Arten, Taxonomie und Gifte 2.1.4. Immunologische Grundlagen der allergischen Reaktion 2.2. Diagnostik allergischer Reaktionen 2.2.1. Anamnese 2.2.2. Klinik 2.2.3. Hauttests 2.2.4. In-vitro-Allergiediagnostik 2.2.5. Zelluläre Testverfahren 2.3. Therapie 2.3.1. Allgemeine Maßnahmen 2.3.2. Notfalltherapie 2.3.3. Spezifische Immuntherapie (SIT) nach aktueller Leitlinie 2.3.4. Stichprovokation 3 Material und Methoden 3.1. Patientenkollektiv 3.2. Blutentnahmen im Rahmen der Studie während der SIT 3.3. Serologische Untersuchungen 3.4. Zelluläre Testverfahren 3.4.1. Basophiler Aktivierungstest (BAT) 3.4.2. Kinetikuntersuchungen 3.5. Stichprovokation und Feldstiche 3.6. Anamnestische Datenerhebung 3.7. Statistische Methoden 4 Ergebnisse 4.1. Studienpopulation 4.2. Stichereignisse 4.3. Aktivierung basophiler Granulozyten im BAT 4.3.1. Aktivierung basophiler Granulozyten im BAT - c50 und a2 4.3.2. Zeitlicher Verlauf der mittleren Aktivierung basophiler Granulozyten während SIT, Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurve 4.4. Verlauf der serologischen Messdaten 4.5. Kinetikuntersuchungen im BAT 4.6. Anamnese und Klinik 4.7. Korrelation BAT-Ergebnisse und Anamnese/ Klinik 4.8. Korrelation BAT-Ergebnisse und Stichprovokationen/ Feldstiche 5 Diskussion 5.1. Prävalenz der Insektengiftallergie und Verteilungsmuster der allergischen Reaktion nach Ring und Messmer 5.2. Diagnostik und Therapie einer Insektengiftallergie, Studienpopulation 5.3. State of the art - Lücken in Diagnostik und Therapie einer Insektengiftallergie 5.4. Alternative Methoden der Beurteilung der Effektivität einer SIT 5.5. Aktivierung basophiler Granulozyten im BAT 5.5.1 Aktivierung basophiler Granulozyten BAT - a2 und c50 5.5.2. Kinetik der Immunmodulation unter SIT 5.5.3. Interleukin-3 und Expressionskinetik der Oberflächenmarker CD63/ CD203c 5.5.4. Responder versus Nonresponder 5.5.5. Korrelation BAT-Ergebnisse und Anamnese/ Klinik 5.5.6. Korrelation BAT-Ergebnisse und Stichprovokation 5.6. Verlauf der serologischen Messdaten 5.7. Fehleranalysen 5.8. Ausblick in die zukünftige Forschung 6 Zusammenfassung 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Danksagung Anhang A Curriculum vitae Anhang B. Veröffentlichungen Anhang C. Anlage 1 - Eröffnung Promotionsverfahren Anhang D. Anlage 2 - Einhaltung gesetzlicher Vorgaben Anhang E. Anlage 3 - Eidesstattliche Erklärung Anhang F. Anlage 4 - Fragebogen Anhang G. Anlage 5 - Experimentelle Daten

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