O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da escovação com o uso de dentifrícios e tratamento clareador na superfície do compósito microhíbrido e nanoparticulado. Foram confeccionados corpos-de-prova com dimensões padronizadas (6 x 3 mm) das resinas Filtek Z-250 (microhíbrida, 3M/ESPE) e Filtek Z-350 (nanoparticulada, 3M/ESPE) (n= 120). Cada resina foi subdivida em seis tratamentos superficiais: controle (sem tratamento); tratamento clareador (Whiteness 16% - FGM); escovação com dentifrício convencional (Colgate Total 12); escovação com dentifrício clareador (Colgate Total 12 Whitening Gel - Palmolive); clareamento e escovação com dentifrício convencional e clareamento e escovação com dentifrício clareador. O tratamento clareador foi realizado durante quatro horas diárias por 15 dias. Após cada ciclo clareador, as amostras eram armazenadas em saliva artificial em estufa a 37 C até a próxima aplicação do gel clareador. Os grupos não clareados foram mantidos em saliva durante o experimento. Após o clareamento, foi realizada a escovação simulada (trinta mil ciclos) nos grupos préestabelecidos. Antes e após o clareamento e escovação, foi determinada a microdureza e rugosidade superficial dos compósitos. Duas amostras de cada grupo foram preparadas para observação em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A rugosidade e microdureza obtida antes e após os tratamentos foram estatisticamente analisadas (ANOVA e Tukey/Kramer, p< 0,05). Inicialmente todos os grupos apresentaram valores de dureza e rugosidade semelhantes, entretanto, houve aumento da rugosidade da resina submetida à escovação e submetida ao clareamento associado à escovação com os dentifrícios A e B (p< 0,05). Não houve, todavia, alteração na microdureza superficial da resina Z350 após os tratamentos, enquanto o grupo 1 apresentou significante redução na dureza após o tratamento. Pode-se concluir que a escovação e o clareamento, em especial a associação destes, aumentam a rugosidade dos compósitos, mas não alteram a dureza da resina microhíbrida ou da nanoparticulada. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of simulated toothbrushing with dentifrices and bleaching treatment on the surface of microhybrid and nanofilled composites. Standardized samples (6x3 mm) Filtek Z-250 (microhybrid, 3M/ESPE) and Filtek Z-350 ( nanofilled, 3M/ESPE) were made (n= 120). Each composite was subdivided into six surface treatments: control (no treatment); bleaching treatment (Whiteness 16% - FGM); brushing with conventional dentifrice (Colgate Total 12); brushing with whitening dentifrice (Colgate Total 12 Whitening Gel Palmolive); bleaching and brushing with conventional dentifrice and bleaching and brushing with whitening dentifrice. Bleaching treatment was performed for four hours and 15 days. After each bleaching cycle, samples were stored in artificial saliva at 37 C until the next bleaching application. The non-bleached group remained stored in artificial saliva throughout all experiment. After bleaching, simulated toothbrush (thirty thousand cycles) were performed in the pre-established groups. Before and after bleaching and brushing, surface microhardness and roughness was performed on composite surface. Two samples of each group were prepared to scanning electron microscopy observation (SEM). Surface roughness and microhardness before and after treatments were statistically analyzed (ANOVA and Tukey/Kramer, p< 0,05). At baseline, all groups presented similar hardness and roughness values, however, there was a surface roughness increase on composite surface submitted to brushing and to bleaching associated to brushing with the dentifrices A and B (p< 0,05). On the other hand, there were not differences of the hardness of the Z350 composite after treatments, while 1 presented significant reduction of surface hardness after treatment. It could be concluded that brushing and bleaching, specially the association of both, increase composite surface roughness but do not alter surface microhardness of microhybrid and nanofilled composites.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conteúdo mineral do esmalte dental bovino após procedimentos de clareamento dental (PH) e escovação simulada (ES) com dentifrício clareador, após manchamento prévio com bebida corante (CC). Foram utilizados fragmentos dentais bovinos, divididos em sete grupos (n=8). Os grupos três, cinco e seis foram previamente manchados com coca - cola light lemon (CC). Os grupos um, três, quatro e cinco, clareados com peróxido de Hidrogênio a 38% (PH) e, os grupos um, dois e cinco foram submetidos à escovação simulada (ES). Todos os grupos foram previamente analisados no EDX antes de qualquer tratamento e após todos os procedimentos e os dados submetidos à análise de variância. Concluiu-se que o clareamento dental, realizado com peróxido de hidrogênio 38%, foi capaz de promover diminuição significativa de cálcio e fosfato no esmalte dental bovino. A coca - cola light lemon e a escovação não aumentaram a perda mineral do esmalte dental bovino. / The goal of this survey was to analyze the mineral content of bovine dental stained enamel (CC), dental bleaching (PH) and simulated brushing with (ES) whitening dentifrice. Bovine dental specimens were used and divided in seven group (n=8). Groups three, five and six were previously stained in Coca Cola ligth lemon (CC). Groups one, three, four and five were bleached with 38% hydrogen peroxide (PH). Groups one, two, five and five were submitted to simulated brushing (ES). All groups were analyzed in EDX before and after treatment. Data statisticaly were analyzed using analysis of variance ( p< 0.05). Thirty- eight percent hydrogen peroxide bleaching was able to develop significant Calcium and Phosphate decrease in bovine enamel. The Coca-cola light lemon refreshment and simulated brushing did not increased mineral loss from enamel but, the soft drink, staining Coca Cola light lemon alone, was of developing enamel darknese.

Os chás destacam-se como a segunda bebida mais consumida no mundo. Além disso, seu consumo tem se modernizado, adequando-se aos anseios dos consumidores. São uma boa fonte de compostos com atividade antioxidante, os quais podem trazer benefícios à saúde humana pelo retardamento do processo de envelhecimento, assim como pela prevenção de doenças crônicas, tais como o câncer e doenças cardiovasculares. Infusões de ervas processadas e frescas foram estudadas quanto a teor de compostos fenólicos totais, perfil de flavonóides e atividade antioxidante. Os teores de compostos fenólicos totais, determinados pelo método de Folin&#150;Ciocalteu, variaram de zero a 46,46 mg/g. Os flavonóides miricetina, quercetina e campferol foram identificados e quantificados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) nos chás preto, verde e de camomila. A atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método do seqüestro do radical 2,2&#39;-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e pelo sistema modelo &#946;-caroteno/ácido linoléico (BCAL), usando hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) e &#945;- tocoferol como padrões. As maiores atividades encontradas pelo sistema modelo BCAL foram para as infusões de chá preto, mate, capim-limão, camomila e funcho, enquanto as infusões de ervas frescas apresentaram as menores atividades. Entretanto, quando a atividade antioxidante foi avaliada pelo método do DPPH, as infusões de ervas frescas de menta e funcho foram as que apresentaram as maiores atividades. Os chás processados que apresentaram os menores valores de IC50 foram verde e preto (147,63 &#181;g/mL e 288,60 &#181;g/mL, respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que as infusões analisadas são boas fontes de compostos com atividade antioxidante. / Teas are the second most consumed beverage in the world. Besides this, their consumption has been modernized to suit the consumers? desires. They are a good source of compounds presenting antioxidant activity, which can bring benefits to human health by retarding the process of aging, as well as by preventing chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Processed teas and herbal infusions were studied for their total polyphenol content, flavonoid profile, and antioxidant activity. Total phenolics, determined by Folin?Ciocalteu procedure, ranged from zero to 46.46 mg/g. Flavonoids myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol were identified and quantified by High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in black, green, and chamomile tea. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl method (DPPH) and &#946;-carotene bleaching test (BCB), with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and &#945;-tocopherol as reference substances. The highest activities using BCB were found for infusions of black tea, maté, lemongrass, chamomile, and fennel, whereas fresh herbal infusions presented the lowest activities. However, when the antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH, fresh herbal infusions of mint and fennel presented the highest activities. Processed teas with the lowest IC50 values were green and black (147.63 &#181;g/mL and 288.60g/mL and 288.60 &#181;g/mL, respectively). The results obtained demonstrate that the infusions analyzed are good sources of compounds presenting antioxidant activity.

Objectives: To compare two in-office bleaching methods with respect to tooth color change and level of hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp cavity, and evaluate relationships between penetration level and color change. Methods: 80 extracted canines were sectioned above the CEJ and pulp tissue removed. Tooth thickness was measured from the outer labial surface to the outer boundary of the pulp cavity at the cross-sectioned root 3mm below the CEJ using a digital caliper. Baseline color was measured spectrophotometrically; acetate buffer was added into the cavity. Teeth were mounted and exposed to two different bleaching regimens (conventional versus sealed bleaching technique). After exposure to 38% hydrogen peroxide gel for one hour, buffer was removed from the cavity and placed into a volumetric flask. Hydrogen peroxide amount was estimated spectrophotometrically using leucocrystal violet and horseradish peroxidase. Specimen color was re-measured 2 hours post-bleaching. Color change was measured per Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage methodology. Linear regression was used to evaluate factors affecting color change, including bleaching technique. Results: The conventional and sealed bleaching groups showed no difference at baseline with respect to tooth thickness or any of the L*a*b color measures (p>0.51); however there was significantly greater hydrogen peroxide penetration in the conventional bleaching group (p<0.0001). Linear modeling of the change in lightness (ΔL) showed that the increase in lightness tended to be greater for teeth with lower initial L* values (r=-0.32, p=0.004). After adjustment for initial L*, there was no evidence that ΔL differed with hydrogen penetration levels (p=0.53) or bleaching technique (mean group difference in ΔL= 0.36; p=0.27). Conclusion: Both groups showed significant increases in lightness exceeding 2 units and therefore discernible to the naked eye (p<0.0001); however, mean ΔL did not differ significantly with bleaching method or hydrogen peroxide penetration.

Coral bleaching is now the main driver of reef degradation. The common notion is that most corals bleach and suffer mortality at just 1-2°C above their mean summer maximum temperatures, but some species and genotypes resist or recover better than others. Here we conducted a series of 18-hour short-term heat stress assays side-by-side with a long-term heat stress experiment to assess the ability of both approaches to resolve putative differences in coral thermotolerance and provide a measure of in situ reef temperature thresholds. Using a suite of measures (photosynthetic performance, coral whitening, chlorophyll a, host protein, algal symbiont counts, and algal type association), we assessed bleaching sensitivity/resilience of Stylophora pistillata colonies from the exposed and protected sides of a near-shore coral reef in the central Red Sea. As suggested by the differential mortality during a previous bleaching event, coral colonies from the protected site exhibited less impacted physiological performance in comparison to their exposed site counterparts, and these differences were resolved using both experimental setups. Notably, the long-term experiment provided better resolution with regard to the different measures collected, but at the price of portability, cost, and duration of the experiment. Variability in resilience to ocean warming is critical to reef persistence, yet we lack standardized diagnostics to rapidly assess bleaching severity or resilience across different corals and locations. Using a newly developed portable experimental system termed CBASS (the Coral Bleaching Automated Stress System), we demonstrate that mobile, short-term heat stress assays can resolve fine-scale differences in coral thermotolerance across reef sites. Based on our results, photosynthetic efficiency measured by non-invasive PAM fluorometry provides a rapid and representative proxy of coral resilience. Our system holds the potential to be employed for large-scale determination of in situ bleaching temperature thresholds across reef sites and species. Such data can then be used to identify resistant genotypes (and reefs) for downstream experimental examination and to complement existing remote-sensing approaches.

Die Festigkeitseigenschaften des Papiers hängen vom Gehalt und der Verteilung der Hemicellulosen über den Querschnitt der Faserwand ab. Hemicellulosen werden durch verschiedene Bleichverfahren unterschiedlich stark angegriffen und herausgelöst. Durch Untersuchungen an einem Fichtensulfitzellstoff ist es gelungen, die Auswirkungen einzelner Bleichstufen [Peroxidverstärkte Sauerstoffstufe (EOP), Ozonstufe (Z) und Peressigsäurestufe (PAA)] und Bleichsequenzen (EOP-Z-P, EOP-PAA-P) auf Faseroberfläche, Hemicellulosenzusammensetzung und -verteilung sowie auf die optischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften des daraus gebildeten Papiers aufzuzeigen. Um die Verteilung der Hemicellulosen über den Querschnitt der Faser zu beschreiben, wird das Verfahren des chemischen Abschälens verwendet und schrittweise die Faserwand entfernt. Der gebleichte bzw. abgeschälte Zellstoff wird rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht, hydrolysiert und anschließend die Hemicellulosenzusammensetzung quantitativ mittels Hochdruckflüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) unter Nutzung eines Flüssigkeitsmassenspektrometers (LCMS) als Detektor bestimmt. Zusätzlich erfolgt die Bestimmung der Papiereigenschaften. Diese Untersuchungen bestätigen, dass die verschiedenen Hemicellulosengehalte nach den Bleichstufen Unterschiede bei den Festigkeitseigenschaften bewirken. Die Untersuchungen zeigen den positiven Effekt der Peressigsäurestufe für die Papierherstellung im direkten Vergleich zur Ozonstufe. Zusätzlich wurde auch der Einfluss des Aufschlusses geprüft. Hierzu wurden die endgebleichten Sulfitzellstoffe mit einem endgebleichten Sulfatzellstoff verglichen. / The mechanical strength of paper pulp depends strongly on the hemicellulose content and the hemicellulose distribution across the cell wall layers. Hemicelluloses get differently attacked and dissolved by different bleaching methods. The investigations with a paper grade sulphite pulp show the influence of the separate bleaching steps [hydrogen peroxide reinforced oxygen stage (EOP), ozone (Z) und peracetic acid (PAA)] and bleaching sequences (EOP-Z-P, EOP-PAA-P) of the fibre surface, hemicellulose content and distribution as well as the optical and mechanical characteristics of paper. To describe the hemicellulose distribution across the cell wall layers a procedure of a precise chemical peeling was used in order to remove stepwise the cell wall. The bleached and peeled pulp was investigated by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) to get more information about the penetration of the bleaching chemicals into the fibre surface. The hemicelluloses were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a liquid chromatography mass spectrometer (LCMS) after hydrolysing polysaccharides to monosaccharides. In addition to this paper properties were analysed. This research confirms the effect of different hemicellulose compositions of the mechanical strength. The analyses represent the positive effect for paper production of the peracetic acid step in contrast to the ozone step. Additional the influence of the pulping process was determined by a sulphate pulp comparing with the sulphite pulp.

Brightness reversion, also known as yellowing, is a well-known phenomenon which means that the brightness of paper products decreases during ageing. The name of this phenomenon is based on that paper products usually change in color towards yellow during ageing. Yellowing is considered to occur due to a mixture of chemical and physical factors, which makes it a complex problem for the pulp &amp; paper industry. The majority of the literature and research conducted with respect towards yellowing claims that light and heat is the two main factors that contributes the most to a brightness reversion, depending on the type of pulp and process that is utilized. Smurfit Kappa in Piteå is a manufacturer of the paper grade Kraftliner and has during some occasions noted unstable brightness. Based on previous work at Smurfit Kappa, it is known that the finished liners produced from bleached pulp in a completely chlorine-free process is very sensitive to heat, especially for longer periods of time during storage. It has also been documented that the storage temperature for paper products is of great importance, especially the cooling rate of the paper-rolls from production, which could take around two weeks to reach the ambient temperature. This thesis work, alongside with a literature study as a basis will examining the effect of pH towards yellowing during thermal exposure. Through a factorial experiment it was initially found that the yellowing is favored by higher temperatures in conjunction with lower pH values. In order to obtain a brightness reversion of a paper product within a reasonable timeframe an accelerated aging method was used according to the ISO standard 5630-1. Throughout this thesis is the brightness reversion expressed in the so-called b* value, which indicates the color change from blue to yellow. Further experiments, including ageing methods with moisture, also concluded that an acidic pH results in a more severe yellowing. It was also observed that the pH was decreasing during experiments of pulp storage, this most likely to the chemical phenomena known as acidic hydrolysis. The b*-value seemed to be favorable of the decreased pH, thus could the pulp be stored at pH around 8 instead of 9-10 in order to suppress potential yellowing reactions.  Furthermore, it was found that cooling of the paper resulted in a decrease of the b* value, it is however unclear what causes this phenomenon but a theory could be that chromophoric groups are being deactivated/activated due to the temperature changes and hence making the phenomena reversible. / Eftergulning är ett välkänt fenomen som innebär att ljusheten hos pappersprodukter minskar när dessa åldras. Namnet på detta fenomen grundar sig i att pappersprodukter vanligtvis skiftar i färg mot det gula hållet. Detta anses bero på en blandning av kemiska och fysikaliska faktorer, vilket därmed gör det till ett komplext problem som berör massa &amp; pappersindustrin. Majoriteten av litteraturen och den forskning som utförts inom området gällande eftergulning visar att de två faktorerna ljus och värme påverkar förändringen av ljusheten i högst omfattning, beroende på vilken typ av massa och process som pappret är producerat av. Smurfit Kappa i Piteå är en tillverkare av papperstypen Kraftliner och har under olika perioder noterat ostabila ljushetsvärden på grund av eftergulningen. Frida Sandin konstaterade genom sitt examensarbete hos Smurfit Kappa under 2008 att massan som bleks i en helt klorfri process är extra känslig mot värme, speciellt under längre tidsperioder. Sandin konstaterade även att lagringstemperaturen för pappersprodukter har stor betydelse, speciellt gällande avsvalningsförloppet i de nytillverkade pappersrullarna under papperstillverkning vilka kunde ta ungefär två veckor på sig att nå omgivningens temperatur. Detta arbete fortsätter på Sandins tidigare studier, samt med en litteraturstudie som grund, genom att undersöka pH:s påverkan på papper i samband med varierande temperaturer mer noggrant. Genom ett inledande faktorförsök konstaterades det att eftergulningen gynnas av högre temperaturer i samband med lägre pH värden. För att kunna få en eftergulning på en pappersprodukt inom en rimlig tid så användes en accelererad åldringsmetod, i detta arbete användes främst en metod med en temperatur på 105 °C enligt ISO standarden 5630–1. Eftergulningen inom detta arbete uttrycks i det så kallade b*-värdet vilket indikerar en färgskiftning mellan blått och gult. Ytterligare försök, bland annat i kombination med fukt, konstaterade vidare att ett surt pH starkt missgynnar stabiliteten på eftergulningen för pappersprodukter. Det observerades också att pH-värdet sjönk under experiment där pappersmassa lagrades, detta skedde mest troligt på grund av det kemiska fenomenet som kallas sur hydrolys. b*-värdet tycktes däremot vara gynnsamt av det sänkta pH-värdet. Förslagsvis så borde massan lagras vid pH runt 8 istället för 9–10 för att reducera potentiella eftergulnings-reaktioner. Det konstaterades också att kylning av papperet resulterar i en sänkning av b*-värdet, det är dock oklart vad som får detta att ske men en teori är att det är kromofora grupper som aktiveras/inaktiveras.

Coral reefs are the proverbial rainforests of the ocean, but these spectacular structures are under threat from globally rising sea surface temperatures and ocean acidification. The Red Sea and the Persian/Arabian Gulf (PAG) display unusually high sea surface temperatures, and therefore, provide a model for studying environmental change. Corals are so-called holobionts consisting of the coral host, photosynthetic algae (Symbiodiniaceae), along with other microorganisms, such as bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. While the importance of bacteria to coral holobiont functioning is acknowledged, little is known about changes in the microbial communities under natural environmental stressors in the Red Sea and the PAG. Accordingly, I investigated microbial community and mucus differences in bleached, healthy, and diseased corals. Analysis of the composition of mucus-associated microbial communities of bleached and healthy Porites lobata colonies from the Red Sea and the PAG were stable, although some regional differences were present. In a distinct study investigating coral disease, a broad range of corals in the Red Sea were shown to be infected with black band disease (BBD). Investigating the microbial community associated with BBD revealed the presence of the three main indicators for BBD (cyanobacteria, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB). Last, I investigated the chemical composition (carbohydrates) of the surface mucus layer of a range of Red Sea corals. Given that coral mucus represents a first line of defense, I was interested to examine whether mucus carbohydrate composition would point to a role of adaptation to the extreme environment of the Red Sea. This analysis showed that mucus consists of conserved sugars that are globally conserved. In summary, this thesis characterizes the microbial communities associated with a range of coral species in different health states (bleached, healthy, and diseased). The microbial community patterns I characterized support the notion that bacteria contribute to coral holobiont health and possibly adaptation to extreme environmental conditions in the Red Sea and PAG.

Thesis (M.Dent.), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 2009 / This in vitro study compares tooth bleaching and consequences of tooth surface effects of Ozicure Oxygen Activator (O3, RSA) with Opalescence Quick (Ultradent, USA) tooth bleaching. One hundred and thirty six teeth (canines, incisors and premolars), which were caries free, had no surface defects and within the colour range 1M2 and 5M3. Teeth were randomly divided into the three experimental groups: Opalescence Quick, Ozicure Oxygen Activator and control. The three experimental groups received three treatments of one hour each over three consecutive days. Tooth colour was assessed using the VITAPAN 3D MASTER TOOTH GUIDE (VITA, Germany) and VITA Easyshade (VITA, Germany). A randomized block design was used to assess tooth colour change. A General Linear Models test for analysis of variance for a fractional design with significance set at P<0.05 was used. Both bleaching methods significantly lightened the teeth, visually (P<0.0001) and digitally (P= 0.013). Tooth colour change was seen after the first hour of tooth bleaching; thereafter there was little or no benefit. The tooth type played a significant role in tooth colour change (visually P=0.0416 and digitally P=0.004). The quality of the spectrophotometer may account for the different results found compared to the tooth guide. Scanning electron microscopy showed no effect of enamel loss following bleaching. Atomic force microscopy showed a 2.5 rougher enamel surface with Opalescence Quick.

This work aimed to determine how effective an SVP-LITE® chlorine dioxide plant at Vallviks Bruk was running. This was done by determining the chemical consumption per unit of chlorine dioxide produced. The calculations relied upon online instrumentation that was manually validated. The most important parameters were the conversion ratio of sodium chlorate into chlorine dioxide and the specific consumption of sodium chlorate, methanol, and sulphuric acid. The salt cake filter and dissolver were also examined to determine their impact. The total conversion ratio of sodium chlorate during a whole ECF (Elementally Chlorine Free) campaign were 93.12 %, somewhat lower than the target efficiency of 95.64 %. The specific chemical consumption was 1.695 kg sodium chlorate, 0.183 kg methanol, and 1.007 kg sulphuric acid per kg produced chlorine dioxide. The salt cake filter worked as intended to remove excess sulphuric acid, with the precipitate having the same sulphate and acidic content as the wanted form of sodium sesquisulphate Na3H(SO4)2. However, some sodium chlorate can get through, and the mean concentration in the dissolver was 1.3 g/dm3, equal to approximately 4 tons lost during a campaign. The filter may be more efficient in redissolving acidic species than chlorate salts. The reactor could theoretically be run more efficiently, but its production parameters is close to what is expected of such a plant. / Målet med det här arbetet var att undersöka effektiviteten av en SVP-LITE® klordioxidanläggning vid Vallviks Bruk. SVP-LITE® är en klordioxidproduktionslösning från EKA®. Det gjordes genom att undersöka konsumtionen av reagens per enhet producerad klordioxid. Beräkningarna gjordes från online-instrument som validerades manuellt. De viktigaste parametrarna var konverteringsgraden av natriumklorat till klordioxid samt den specifika förbrukningen av natriumklorat, metanol och svavelsyra. Sulfatlösaren undersöktes för att se hur saltkakefiltret fungerade och dess påverkan. Den totala konverteringsgraden av klorat till klordioxid under en hel ECF (Elementally Chlorine Free) kampanj var 93,12 %, något lägre än måleffektiviteten på 95,64 %. ECF är ett paraplybegrepp för att benämna blekning som inte använder klorgas men som kan använda andra kemikalier som innehåller klor, oftast klordioxid. Den specifika konsumtionen av reagens var 1,695 kg natriumklorat, 0,183 kg metanol och 1,007 kg svavelsyra per kg producerad klordioxid. Saltkakefiltret fungerade som tänk att ta bort överflödig svavelsyra och fällningen hade samma syrlighet som natriumseskvisulfat (Na3H(SO4)2. Natriumklorat kommer dock ut genom filtret och har i upplösaren medelkoncentrationen 1,3 g/dm3 vilket motsvarar en förlust på ca 4 ton under en kampanj. Det är möjligt att filtret är bättre att återupplösa syrliga specier än kloratsalter. Även om reaktorn teoretiskt kan köras mer effektivt är de nuvarande produktionsparametrarna nära de som kan förväntas av en sådan anläggning.