Adopté en 2000, le premier Plan d'Aménagement Territorial de Bogotá (POT) définit un modèle territorial de ville polycentrique. En conformité avec les principes de la planification stratégique au niveau international, des centralités urbaines, existantes ou à créer, sont identifiées et délimitées. Elles doivent articuler au niveau spatial des objectifs de compétitivité urbaine et d'équité territoriale : insérer la ville dans les réseaux de l'économie mondiale et démarginaliser les périphéries. Cette étude a pour objet de mettre à l'épreuve ce projet urbain à partir d'une triple réflexion au niveau des discours, de l'action publique et des dynamiques socio-territoriales. L'analyse de la mise en œuvre du plan par l'action publique révèle des expériences innovantes mais des écarts importants par rapport au projet urbain. Elle identifie de multiples obstacles dans la prise en compte par les politiques urbaines de la dimension territoriale, ainsi que la redéfinition des arbitrages entre compétitivité urbaine et équité territoriale. L'étude de la production, des pratiques et des représentations des centralités qui émergent dans les périphéries populaires montre que ces dernières ne correspondent que très imparfaitement à la figure définie par le POT de " centralités d'intégration urbaine " permettant d'améliorer l'accès à la ville des citadins vivant dans les périphéries.

Denna kvalitativa fallstudie utgår från det teoretiska ramverket om teorin och metoden 'de förtrycktas teater'. Augusto Boal formade 'de förtrycktas teater' utifrån tanken om att teatern skulle vara ett vapen för folket i förändring av samhällets strukturer och normer. Teorin och metoden appliceras på fallet; Antanas Mockus teatrala aktioner för förändring i Bogotá. Frågeställningen gäller Hur teater kan fungera som metod för att skapa samhällsförändring? och På vilket sätt Antanas Mockus har använt 'de förtrycktas teater' i sitt arbete för samhällsförändring i Bogotá? Resultatet når en diskussion om att deltagande är vitalt i skapandet av samhällsförändring och det specifikt genom teater som metod. Men också att vara aktiv inte är det mest centrala för att ett samhälle ska kunna förändras. Utöver betydelsen av deltagandets vikt för teater som metod för samhällsförändring men berör även begrepp som politik, konst, pedagogik och lek.

This dissertation is an ethnographic study of urban renewal policies in downtown Bogotá. For decades the city center has been the site of intense struggles over the use and control of urban space. In recent years, state projects of urban reconstruction and public-private redevelopment have made urban displacement and conflicts over property an ever more pressing reality. Through an exploration of renewal practices and discourses, I argue that planning, bureaucratic action, and expert knowledge have become instruments for the exercise of different forms of urbanistic violence. In this sense, urban renewal emerges as a battleground that refracts the country's enduring anxieties over sovereignty, land struggles, and class warfare. Far from prevalent scholarly understandings of global urbanism in which urban transformation is primarily driven by market forces and the retrenchment of state, I emphasize the persistent centrality of technologies of governance, bureaucratic instruments, and expertise in Bogotá's projects of spatial reconstruction. From this perspective, urban planning and redevelopment appear as a laboratory of statecraft, urban knowledge, socio-spatial relations, and citizenship. In looking at such processes I consider the shifts in the city's logics of spatial intervention: from overt warfare and bureaucratic engagement to speculative transactions and inclusionary partnerships. Ultimately, I reflect on the continuities and ruptures between earlier projects of urban securitization and real estate speculation and Bogotá's emergent paradigms of urban revitalization. / Anthropology

The majority of the estimated four million internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Colombia who have fled from their lands and homes have migrated to urban centers. This study, performed in Bogotá, Colombia between April and September 2009, examines how IDPs cope with living in a new, urban environment after violent displacement. I held interviews with IDPs, the non-displaced public, and government workers; performed participant-observation in government offices and neighborhoods; and examined archival material. The work examines cultural anthropological topics of violence, migration, and resistance. A discussion of state and structural violence reveals the current hardships many rural Colombians face. Analysis shows that symbolic violence manifests itself through 'othering' narratives and practices, which affect how IDPs resettle in Bogotá. The research demonstrates how IDPs' practices challenge state bureaucracy and government workers and refute the non-displaced public's stereotypes. IDPs agency both reproduces and transforms social structures in the city of Bogotá. I discuss how collective IDP agency leads to actions of resistance through public marches and takeovers. This research contributes to the field of anthropology by highlighting relations between power structures and individuals, examining how IDPs experience and resist symbolic violence, and demonstrating how IDPs create new identities in situations of forced migration.

This study looks at the capital of Colombia, Bogotá’s mobility department, and how this institution is using the bicycle as a tool to brand the city. Bogotá has had a remarkable increase in bicycle ridership for several years, this duo to the city's implementation of bicycle lanes and politicians that have incorporated planning that favors this transport method. Even so, the city still has challenges in making bicycle transportation inclusive for everyone. Research suggests that to make a city more inclusive, it is important to understand the struggles and dilemmas within the current planning. This study examines questions such as: Which group or specific users are a dilemma when planning and developing Bogota as a bicycle city? Why is this group or user a challenge or dilemma in the planning? And: Does this group fit into the planner's vision of a cycling city? Through interviews with important stakeholders, academics, and bicycle representatives, the study identified Bicycle messengers as a dilemma. Some representatives of this group are also interviewed. Together with field observation, the theoretical framework, and the found data, this study analyzes the three-research question and answers why bicycle messengers are a dilemma for planners, as they pose a security risk. This finding is further discussed in the paper along with the theories of place branding, the right to the city, and a southern theory approach. Exploring the fact that the mobility department's own vision and branding can be one of the causes of finding this group to be a dilemma.

L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de proposer des méthodes d’identification des effets qui découlent des interactions sociales dans le contexte éducatif. La pertinence de ma recherche se trouve à trois niveaux : 1) elle nous aide à mieux mesurer l’impact du réseau social sur les comportements individuels ; 2) elle améliore notre compréhension de phénomènes sociaux négatifs tels que l’obésité ou le décrochage scolaire ; 3) elle permet de proposer des politiques publiques adaptées, qui permettent d’exploiter au mieux les effets qui découlent de ces interactions sociales en milieu scolaire. L’atteinte de nos objectifs se fait à travers trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre propose une nouvelle stratégie d’estimation de l’influence du réseau social sur les décisions individuelles dans un contexte d’interactions en réseau à l’aide d’expériences randomisées. Le chapitre combine le modèle structurel d’interactions sociale développé par Bramoullé et al. [2009] avec une expérience randomisée. Des conditions d’identification sont fournies et le modèle est estimé et validé sur des données expérimentales recueillies pour l’évaluation d’un programme de bourses d’études en Colombie. De par sa conception, la randomisation est au niveau de l’élève. Les données sur réseaux d’amitié révèlent que les étudiants traités et non traités interagissent ensemble. En plus de fournir des preuves sur la présence d’effets de pairs dans la fréquentation scolaire, le chapitre conclut que la non prise en considération des interactions sociales de pairs conduit à une surestimation de l’impact réel du programme. L’objectif du deuxième chapitre est de proposer un modèle qui tient compte de l’hétérogénéité des effets de pairs entre les différentes catégories d’individus dans un cadre d’interactions en réseau. Les catégories peuvent se composer du genre ou de la race de l’individu, entre autres. Des conditions d’identification d’un modèle qui généralise celui proposé par Bramoullé et al. [2009] sont dérivées, et l’hétérogénéité des effets de pairs est permise à l’intérieur et entre les catégories. À l’aide des données Add Health, le chapitre explore l’hétérogénéité sur le poids des adolescents mesuré par leur indice de masse corporelle, utilisant à la fois le genre et une catégorisation basée sur leur groupe racial. Les résultats montrent que l’effet positif endogène trouvé en utilisant le modèle homogène présente de l’hétérogénéité lorsque l’on considère ces deux catégorisations. Alors que les deux premiers chapitres de cette thèse étudient les réseaux d’amitié dans une tentative d’identifier les effets qui résultent des interactions sociales, le troisième chapitre considère le réseau de partage de cours -course-overlap- fourni par les études Add Health et AHAA. Le modèle est agrégé au niveau local et a la particularité, contrairement à d’autres études sur les effets de pairs, que la matrice d’interactions sociales considère les marges extensive et intensive. De plus, les interactions de ce type sont meilleures dans la conception des politiques scolaires. L’estimation du modèle sur les résultats scolaires généraux, en mathématiques et en sciences révèle la présence d’effets d’interaction sociales positives et significatives en utilisant les techniques des moindres carrés à deux étapes et la méthode des moments généralisés. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate identification of peer effects and their application on a large set of outcomes, going from school attendance to obesity. The relevance of this research relies on three main points: 1) it allows better measurrement of effects stemming from social interactions, thus providing some answer to the numerous econometric issues that make the study of peer effects a lot challenging; 2) it improves our comprehension of negative social phenomena, including the incidence of school dropouts and obesity; 3) it proposes better public policies aiming at fighting against such phenomena by exploiting social network effects that contribute to amplify them. The different objectives of this thesis are investigated in three different chapters. The first chapter proposes a new strategy for estimating the influence of the social network on individual decisions in a network context using randomized experiments. It combinates the structural social network model developed by Bramoullé et al. [2009] and randomized experiments. New identification conditions that mostly require balance in the characteristics of friends between treatment and control groups are provided. The model is estimated and validated on experimental data collected for the evaluation of a scholarship program in Colombia. By design, randomization is at the student-level. Friendship data reveals that treated and untreated students interact together. Besides providing evidence of peer effects in schooling, the chapter concludes that ignoring peer effects would have led to an overestimation of the program actual impact. The aim of the second chapter is to propose a model that accounts for heterogeneity in peer effects between individual categories in a network setting. Identification conditions of a network-based interactions model that generalizes the one proposed by Bramoullé et al. [2009] are derived, and heterogeneity of peer effects is allowed within and between categories of individuals. Using the Add-Health dataset, the study explores heterogeneity in adolescents weight using both gender and racial categorizations. The results show that the positive endogenous effect found using the homogeneous model is actually heterogeneous when considering both gender and racial categorizations, as for example, females seem to be more influenced by their female friends than by their male friends. While the first two chapters consider friendship networks in an attempt to identify the effects that result from social interactions, the third chapter considers the course-overlaps network. The model is local agregate and has the feature, unlike other studies of peer effects, that the interaction matrix accounts for the extensive and intensive margins. Interactions of this type are better to design school policies. The chapter then proceeds to estimation of peer effects in overall GPA and GPAs in both mathematics and science courses using the Add Heakth and AHAA datasets. The results reveal the presence of positive and significant social interaction effects using both 2SLS and GMM estimation techniques.

Cette recherche est de genre qualitative, dans le champ de la sociologie de l’éducation, plus particulièrement c’est une étude de cas qui c’est développé l’année 2010 à l’institut « Cerros del Sur », avec l’objet de rendre compte du développement des dispositions durables à l’action collective, dans la relation entre l’école formel et les mouvements sociaux. Pour ce faire on a mis en contraste les concepts de l’éducation populaire, comme éducation libératrice, avec des notions qui voient l’éducation formelle comme de genre reproducteur de la culture dominante, comme chez Bourdieu. / This is a qualitative investigation, based in the area of sociology of education. This is a case study developed during the year 2010 in the “Cerros Sur” institute. This study aims to show de development of sustainable dispositions in collective action in relation to formal education- Social movements. To do so, we have confronted concepts found in popular education, describing it as a freeing education, with those who describe formal education as a system that reproduces cultural domination, in the case of Bourdieu. / Esta es una investigación cualitativa, en el campo de la sociología de la educación, particularmente es un estudio de caso que se desarrollo en 2010 en el instituto cerros del sur, con el objetivo de dar cuenta del desarrollo de disposiciones durables a la acción colectiva, en la relación escuela formal – movimientos sociales. Para hacerlo hemos confrontado los conceptos de la educación popular, como educación liberadora, con aquellos que describen la escuela formal como reproductora de la cultura dominante, en el caso de Bourdieu.

El presente trabajo de grado suministra un análisis sobre el impacto de poseer un sistema de gestión de calidad basado en Normas técnicas sectoriales y la certificación ISO 9001; ambas creadas por el organismo de estandarización y normalización en Colombia, para el Sector de Agencias de Viajes y Turismo en Bogotá D.C, con el fin de certificarlas en normas de calidad. Lo anterior, basado en un cuestionario estructurado resultado de la investigación realizada por (Benzaquen, 2013), el cual se enfoca en nueve factores de éxito para medir la implementación de la Administración de la Calidad Total (TQM). Para tal fin se encuestaron 90 agencias de viajes discriminadas así: una (1) grande, veintiséis (26) medianas, cuarenta (40) pequeñas y veintitrés (23) microempresas, con el objetivo de establecer una comparación entre empresas certificadas y las que no, de acuerdo a (9) factores de éxito: a) Alta Gerencia, b) Planeamiento de Calidad, c) Auditoría y Evaluación de Calidad, d) Diseño del Producto, e) Gestión de la Calidad del Proveedor, f) Control y Mejoramiento del Proceso, g) Educación y Entrenamiento, h) Círculos de Calidad e i) Enfoque hacia la Satisfacción del Cliente. Los resultados en general muestran diferencias para cada uno de los factores de éxito para las empresas certificadas y las que no, algunas con diferencias más significativas, en el desarrollo del trabajo de grado se evidencian estos, se analizan los resultados en grupos de trabajo con gerentes de agencias de viajes y se brindan recomendaciones para mejorar el proceso de maduración frente a la implementación de estándares de calidad y se alienta a las agencias de viajes que aún no han incursionado en esta dirección lo hagan para poder obtener los beneficios propios de contar con un sistema de gestión de calidad / This thesis provides an analysis of the degree of impact of owning a quality management system, based on sectorial technical standards and the internacional certification ISO9001 created by the organization for Standardization and Normalization in Colombia, for the Sector of Travel Agencies and Tourism in Bogotá D.C, to certify on quality standards. This, based on a structured questionnaire resulted from the research performed by (Benzaquen, 2013), which focuses on nine factors of success for measuring the implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM). For this purpose 90 travel agencies were surveyed, discriminated as follows: one (1) large, twenty-six (26) medium, forty (40) small and twenty-three (23) micro-enterprises, with the aim of establishing a comparison between certified companies and not, under the nein success factors: i) Senior Management, ii) Quality Planning, iii) Audit and Quality Assessment, iv) Product Design, v) Supplier Quality Management, vi) Control and Process Improvement, vii) Education and Training, viii) Quality Circles and ix) Approach to Customer Satisfaction. Overall results show differences for each of the success factors for certified companies and not, some more sharped, in the development of the thesis these are evident, the results are discussed in working groups with managers from travel agencies and recommendations are provided to enhance the maturation process against the implementation of quality standards and travel agencies who have not yet ventured into this direction are encouraged to get the proper benefits of having a quality management system

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2005 / Inclui bibliografia / A cidade durante o último meio século tem fortalecido seu posicionamento na realidade mundial. As soluções parciais formuladas anteriormente por arquitetos, engenheiros ou políticos de forma isolada, perderam força. A complexidade dos desafios urbanos req

Orientadores: Sérgio Valdir Bajay, Mauro Donizeti Berni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T02:54:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OrtizJerez_AndreaJuliana_M.pdf: 2744402 bytes, checksum: b0694ec37f090e4bdd506a6477bd8c4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O aumento da demanda de combustíveis e a conseqüente elevação dos níveis de emissões dos veículos de transporte rodoviário nas últimas décadas intensificam as preocupações sobre a segurança no suprimento de petróleo, poluição do ar e aquecimento global ao redor do mundo. As frotas de cidades densamente povoadas como São Paulo e Bogotá não tem sido devidamente acomodadas pela infraestrutura disponível, agravando a qualidade de vida de suas populações. O atual quadro do setor de transporte urbano nas cidades de São Paulo e Bogotá e sua possível evolução, em termos de veículos utilizados no transporte urbano, sua infra-estrutura e consumo de combustíveis constituem os focos deste trabalho. Para analisar tendências da demanda de combustíveis, emissões de poluentes e de gases de efeito estufa no transporte urbano de passageiros, nestas cidades, foi desenvolvido um modelo de projeção do tipo misto econométrico/simulação. São considerados dois cenários para as projeções. O primeiro, denominado "de referência", contempla a manutenção da evolução atual do transporte urbano, enquanto o segundo, denominado "alternativo", contempla uma evolução favorável da economia e o uso de novas tecnologias nos modos de transporte, visando diminuir seus impactos em termos de aquecimento global e poluição local e um uso crescente de combustíveis não fósseis. Medidas de mitigação já implementadas e aquelas que apresentam razoável expectativa de serem adotadas em um futuro próximo são analisadas. Estudos recentes explorando as tendências futuras de demanda de combustíveis e emissões de veículos rodoviários sob várias estratégias são revisados. Recomendações para outros trabalhos também são feitas. Conclui-se que novas estratégias mais abrangentes, serão necessárias para minimizar o impacto adverso dos veículos utilizados no transporte urbano de passageiros nas duas cidades objeto de análise na dissertação / Abstract: Rapidly growing energy demand and emissions from road transportation vehicles in the last decades have raised concerns over oil supply security, urban air pollution and global warming around the world. Fleets of cities with large populations as São Paulo and Bogotá have not been properly accounted for by the available infrastructures, worsening the quality of life of their populations. The current status of urban transport in São Paulo and Bogotá and its possible evolutions, in terms of the vehicles employed, infrastructure available, energy consumption and emissions are the focus of this thesis. To analyze trends of energy demand, pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions from urban passenger transport in these cities, a mixed econometric/simulation forecasting model was developed in the study. Two scenarios are considered for the forecasts. The first one, called a "reference scenario", assumes that the current trends of urban transport will continue in the future, while the second one, an "alternative scenario", assumes that there will substantial economic growth and new technologies will be employed in the transport modes, aiming to reduce their impacts on local pollution and global warming and to increase the use of non-fossil fuels. Mitigation measurements already implemented and those that can reasonably be expected to be adopted in the near future are analyzed. Recent studies exploring the future trends of urban transport fuel consumption and emissions under various strategies are reviewed. Recommendations for further developments are also made. It is concluded that new, more comprehensive strategies will be needed to minimize the adverse impacts of the vehicles used in the urban transport of passengers in São Paulo and Bogotá / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos