Es wurde ein hydrostatischer Verbundstrangpressprozess analysiert, bei dem das Kernmaterial aus Magnesium und das Mantelmaterial aus Aluminium besteht. Ausgehend von der Problematik, dass die Verbunde eine starke Vorschädigung in Form von Rissen im Bereich der Grenzschicht zwischen den Verbundpartner aufwiesen, wurde der Prozess analysiert. Mit Hilfe der numerischen FEM-Simulation wurde ein Berechnungsmodell aufgebaut, anhand dessen der Prozess detailliert und maßgeblich hinsichtlich der wirkenden Spannungen und auftretenden Dehnungen untersucht wurde. Es wurden die Größen Kontaktschubspannung und axiale Umformgraddifferenz identifiziert, die einen Zusammenhang aufzeigten zwischen ihrer Änderung und der aufgetretenen Qualität im Strang. Für eine verbesserte Aussagequalität und bedingt durch die vielen Wechselwirkungen der beeinflussenden Parameter im Prozess wurde die Methode der statistischen Versuchsplanung (DoE) hinzugezogen. Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurde der Prozess optimiert, in dem die Matrizengeometrie als ein beeinflussender Parameter angepasst worden ist, so dass ein gleichmäßigerer Werkstofffluss gewährleistet und die Strangqualität verbessert werden konnte. Im Folgenden wurde ein integratives, empirisches Verbundstrangpressmodell entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, die Verbundqualität, die Verbundfestigkeit und die Dicke der sich ausbildenden Grenzschicht zu berechnen. / A compound made of aluminum (sleeve material) and magnesium (core material) was analyzed. The compound was built up in a hydrostatic co-extrusion process. First investigations showed damage (cracks) in the interface between the aluminum and the magnesium. Regarding the damage an optimization of the process was necessary. The FEM simulation was used to analyze the process. The focus of the analysis was the stresses and strains in the forming zone. A first result was that high contact shear stresses occurred in the interface. These stresses damaged the interface. Further investigations showed big strain differences between both of the materials. These differences caused in the different flow behaviour (yield stresses) of both materials. A better understanding was reached by a design of experiment (doe). This analysis showed the interactions between the different parameters and the influence of the parameters itself. Parameters with a big influence on the compound quality are the yield stresses, the die design, the friction and the billet design. The first result was an improvement of the compound quality by changing the die design. Therefore, an impeccable compound quality could be reached. Furthermore the results of analysis lead to an embracing empirical compound extrusion model. This consists of three single models. The first model was the quality model. This model allows to predict the compound quality with respect to the big influencing parameters. The second model was a bond strength model. This model gives the possibility to compute the strength of the interface. And at last the third model was the diffusion model. The embracing compound extrusion model allows to make a statement about the compound quality and strength before any real trials are carried out.

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência de diferentes tratamentos de superfície dentinária na resistência de união de cimentos resinosos convencionais e autoadesivos, bem como analisar a superfície de fratura. Metodologia: Foram elaborados quatro artigos científicos. No Capítulo 1 apresentou-se uma revisão de literatura acerca do selamento dentinário imediato, através de uma análise crítica sobre os materiais e métodos de aplicação clínica, baseado em estudos clínicos e in vitro. O Capítulo 2 descreve uma revisão da literatura sobre os cimentos resinosos autoadesivos, seu desempenho clínico e laboratorial na capacidade de união à dentina e diferentes substratos restauradores. Nos capítulos 3 e 4 estão descritos os trabalho in vitro, nos quais foram utilizados a metodologia de microtração e análise fractográfica para avaliação dos resultados de resistência de união. No capítulo 3 foi delineado um experimento com o objetivo de avaliar a resistência de união de um cimento resinoso autoadesivo (Rely X U200) utilizado para fixação de restaurações em dentina submetida a diferentes tratamentos de superfície: Grupo Controle nenhum tratamento; Grupo TC influência do cimento provisório antes da cimentação definitiva; Grupo PA condicionamento com ácido poliacrílico a 10%; Grupo DDS selamento dentinário tardio com adesivo universal (Single Bond Universal) aplicado antes da cimentação da restauração definitiva; Grupo IDS o mesmo adesivo aplicado imediatamente após a exposição dentinária. No capítulo 4 foi delineado outro estudo que avaliou diferentes formas (SE autocondicionante ou ER précondicionante) e momentos (IDS ou DDS) de aplicação do adesivo universal previamente à cimentação de restaurações utilizando cimento resinoso convencional (Rely X ARC). As formas de aplicação foram: pré-condicionamento e autocondicionamento, e os tempos de aplicação foram: selamento dentinário imediato (IDS) ou tardio (DDS). Os resultados de ambos os estudos laboratoriais foram submetidos à análise estatística (ANOVA e Tukey) com nível de significância de 5%. Conclusões: Foi possível concluir que os tratamentos da superfície dentinária promovem aumento dos valores de união de um cimento resinoso autoadesivo e que o selamento dentinário imediato aumenta de maneira significativa a resistência de união à dentina de um cimento resinoso convencional. / Objective: To evaluate the influence of different dentin surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of adhesive and self adhesive resin cements, and fracture analysis. Metodology: Four scientific articles were made. Chapter 1 presented a literature review about immediate dentin sealing (IDS). Techniques and materials were assessed based on clinical studies and in vitro data. Chapter 2 describes a literature review about self adhesive resin cements, its clinical and laboratorial performance on the ability to bond to dentin surfaces and different restorative materials. Chapters 3 and 4 describe in vitro studies by microtensile bond strength (μ-TBS) and fracture analysis. Chapter 3 evaluated the μ-TBS of a self adhesive resin cement on the fixation of composite restorations under different dentin conditions: Control Group without treatment; Group TC influence of temporary cement before definitive luting; Group PA surface conditioning with 10% polyacrylic acid; DDS Group delayed dentin sealing (DDS) with universal adhesive system (Single Bond Universal) applied before cementation of composite restoration; IDS Group same adhesive system applied immediately after dentin exposure. Chapter 4 evaluated different techniques to apply a universal adhesive system before adhesive luting with Rely X ARC. The adhesive was applied in etch-and-rinse and self-etch mode, in different times: IDS and DDS. Results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey complementary test at a significance of 5%. Conclusions: It was possible to conclude, among the limitations of an in vitro study, that dentin surface treatments are able to promote higher bond strength values when using a self adhesive resin cement (Rely X U200) and that IDS increases significantly the bond strength of Rely X ARC.

No description available.

Es wurde ein hydrostatischer Verbundstrangpressprozess analysiert, bei dem das Kernmaterial aus Magnesium und das Mantelmaterial aus Aluminium besteht. Ausgehend von der Problematik, dass die Verbunde eine starke Vorschädigung in Form von Rissen im Bereich der Grenzschicht zwischen den Verbundpartner aufwiesen, wurde der Prozess analysiert. Mit Hilfe der numerischen FEM-Simulation wurde ein Berechnungsmodell aufgebaut, anhand dessen der Prozess detailliert und maßgeblich hinsichtlich der wirkenden Spannungen und auftretenden Dehnungen untersucht wurde. Es wurden die Größen Kontaktschubspannung und axiale Umformgraddifferenz identifiziert, die einen Zusammenhang aufzeigten zwischen ihrer Änderung und der aufgetretenen Qualität im Strang. Für eine verbesserte Aussagequalität und bedingt durch die vielen Wechselwirkungen der beeinflussenden Parameter im Prozess wurde die Methode der statistischen Versuchsplanung (DoE) hinzugezogen. Auf Basis dieser Ergebnisse wurde der Prozess optimiert, in dem die Matrizengeometrie als ein beeinflussender Parameter angepasst worden ist, so dass ein gleichmäßigerer Werkstofffluss gewährleistet und die Strangqualität verbessert werden konnte. Im Folgenden wurde ein integratives, empirisches Verbundstrangpressmodell entwickelt, das es ermöglicht, die Verbundqualität, die Verbundfestigkeit und die Dicke der sich ausbildenden Grenzschicht zu berechnen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis V Vorwort VII Einleitung 1 1 Stand der Technik 3 1.1 Allgemeines, Historische Entwicklung und Einteilung des Strangpressens 3 1.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet des Verbundstrangpressens, der Schädigung und der Haftfestigkeit 9 1.2.1 Prozess - Verbundstrangpressen 11 1.2.2 Schädigung 21 1.2.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodelle 28 1.3 Schlussfolgerung aus dem Stand der Technik 33 1.4 Zielsetzung und Struktur der Arbeit 35 2 Experimentelle Untersuchungen- Strangpressversuche 38 2.1 Ergebnisse der Pressversuche - Projektphase I 43 2.2 Ergebnisse der Projektphase II 52 2.3 Ergebnisse der Projektphase III 54 2.4 Besonderheiten, Oberflächenqualität, Verfahrenscharakteristika 56 3 Numerische Untersuchungen 64 3.1 Numerische Modellbildung 64 3.1.1 Materialbeschreibung/Fließkurven 66 3.1.2 Thermische Modellbildung 70 3.2 Ergebnisse der numerischen Analyse für das hydrostatische Strangpressen 81 3.2.1 Ermittlung einer indikativen Schädigungsgröße innerhalb der Simulation 91 3.2.2 Einfaktorielle Variationsrechnungen 95 3.3 Statistische Versuchsplanung und Analyse 103 3.3.1 Allgemeines und Versuchsplanung 103 3.3.2 Auswertung Versuchskern und erweiterter Versuchsplan 107 3.3.3 Fehleranalyse zu Versuchsplanergebnissen 113 3.4 Axiale Umformgraddifferenz als Indikatorgröße für die Schädigung 120 3.4.1 Volumenstromanalyse 128 3.4.2 Statistische Analyse hinsichtlich der Zielgröße axiale Dehnungsdifferenz 133 4 Integrativer Modellansatz zur Bestimmung qualitativer und quantitativer Merkmale des Verbundes 138 4.1 Allgemeines 138 4.2 Qualitätsmodell 139 4.2.1 Diskussion 139 4.2.2 Qualitätsmodell - Modellformulierung 145 4.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodell 155 4.4 Diffusionsmodell 163 5 Zusammenfassung 170 6 Ausblick 172 7 Quellen 174 Abbildungsverzeichnis IX Tabellenverzeichnis XV Kurzzeichenverzeichnis XVI Abkürzungsverzeichnis XIX / A compound made of aluminum (sleeve material) and magnesium (core material) was analyzed. The compound was built up in a hydrostatic co-extrusion process. First investigations showed damage (cracks) in the interface between the aluminum and the magnesium. Regarding the damage an optimization of the process was necessary. The FEM simulation was used to analyze the process. The focus of the analysis was the stresses and strains in the forming zone. A first result was that high contact shear stresses occurred in the interface. These stresses damaged the interface. Further investigations showed big strain differences between both of the materials. These differences caused in the different flow behaviour (yield stresses) of both materials. A better understanding was reached by a design of experiment (doe). This analysis showed the interactions between the different parameters and the influence of the parameters itself. Parameters with a big influence on the compound quality are the yield stresses, the die design, the friction and the billet design. The first result was an improvement of the compound quality by changing the die design. Therefore, an impeccable compound quality could be reached. Furthermore the results of analysis lead to an embracing empirical compound extrusion model. This consists of three single models. The first model was the quality model. This model allows to predict the compound quality with respect to the big influencing parameters. The second model was a bond strength model. This model gives the possibility to compute the strength of the interface. And at last the third model was the diffusion model. The embracing compound extrusion model allows to make a statement about the compound quality and strength before any real trials are carried out.:Inhaltsverzeichnis V Vorwort VII Einleitung 1 1 Stand der Technik 3 1.1 Allgemeines, Historische Entwicklung und Einteilung des Strangpressens 3 1.2 Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten auf dem Gebiet des Verbundstrangpressens, der Schädigung und der Haftfestigkeit 9 1.2.1 Prozess - Verbundstrangpressen 11 1.2.2 Schädigung 21 1.2.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodelle 28 1.3 Schlussfolgerung aus dem Stand der Technik 33 1.4 Zielsetzung und Struktur der Arbeit 35 2 Experimentelle Untersuchungen- Strangpressversuche 38 2.1 Ergebnisse der Pressversuche - Projektphase I 43 2.2 Ergebnisse der Projektphase II 52 2.3 Ergebnisse der Projektphase III 54 2.4 Besonderheiten, Oberflächenqualität, Verfahrenscharakteristika 56 3 Numerische Untersuchungen 64 3.1 Numerische Modellbildung 64 3.1.1 Materialbeschreibung/Fließkurven 66 3.1.2 Thermische Modellbildung 70 3.2 Ergebnisse der numerischen Analyse für das hydrostatische Strangpressen 81 3.2.1 Ermittlung einer indikativen Schädigungsgröße innerhalb der Simulation 91 3.2.2 Einfaktorielle Variationsrechnungen 95 3.3 Statistische Versuchsplanung und Analyse 103 3.3.1 Allgemeines und Versuchsplanung 103 3.3.2 Auswertung Versuchskern und erweiterter Versuchsplan 107 3.3.3 Fehleranalyse zu Versuchsplanergebnissen 113 3.4 Axiale Umformgraddifferenz als Indikatorgröße für die Schädigung 120 3.4.1 Volumenstromanalyse 128 3.4.2 Statistische Analyse hinsichtlich der Zielgröße axiale Dehnungsdifferenz 133 4 Integrativer Modellansatz zur Bestimmung qualitativer und quantitativer Merkmale des Verbundes 138 4.1 Allgemeines 138 4.2 Qualitätsmodell 139 4.2.1 Diskussion 139 4.2.2 Qualitätsmodell - Modellformulierung 145 4.3 Haftfestigkeitsmodell 155 4.4 Diffusionsmodell 163 5 Zusammenfassung 170 6 Ausblick 172 7 Quellen 174 Abbildungsverzeichnis IX Tabellenverzeichnis XV Kurzzeichenverzeichnis XVI Abkürzungsverzeichnis XIX

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Repair is an alternative treatment option in many cases to replacement of resin matrix composite restoration. However, aged resin matrix composites have a limited number of carbon-carbon double bonds to adhere to a new layer of rein. Therefore, surface treatments of the aged resin matrix composite surface prior to repairing could improve the repair bond strength. The objectives of this study were to: 1) To evaluate various surface treatments on shear bond strength of repair between aged and new microhybrid resin matrix composite, and 2) To assess the influence of applying a silane coupling agent after surface treatments. Eighty disk-shaped resin matrix composite specimens were fabricated and thermocycled 5000 times prior to surface treatment. Specimens were randomly assigned to one of the three surface treatments (n = 20): 1) Airborne abrasion with 50 μm aluminum oxide, 2) Tribochemical silica coating (CoJet), or 3) Er,Cr:YSGG laser and control group (n = 20). Specimens were cleaned with 35-percent phosphoric acid, rinsed, and dried. Each group was assigned into two subgroups (n =10): a) no silanization, and b) with silanization. Adhesive agent was applied and new resin matrix composite was bonded to each conditioned surface. Bond strength was evaluated by shear test. Data were analyzed with a two-way ANOVA model. The interaction between conditioning and silanization was significant(p = 0.0163), indicating that comparisons of silanization must be evaluated for each conditioning method, and that comparisons of conditioning methods must be evaluated separately with and without silanization. Airborne particle abrasion showed significantly higher repair bond strength than Er,Cr:YSGG laser without silanization (p < 0.0001) and with silanization(p = 0.0002), and higher repair bond strength than the control without silanization (p < 0.00001) and with silanization (p < 0.00001). Airborne particle abrasion did not have significantly different in repair bond strength than Tribosilica coating without silanization (p = 0.70) or with silanization (p = 0.33). Tribosilica coating had significantly higher repair bond strength than Er,CR:YSGG laser without silanization (p < 0.0001) and with silanization (p < 0.0001), and significantly higher repair bond strength than control without silanization (p < 0.0001), but not with silanization (p =0.16). Er,CR:YSGG laser and control did not have significantly different repair bond strength without silanization (p = 1.00) or with silanization (p = 0.11). There was no effect of silanization on repair bond strength overall (p = 0.34) for any of the surface conditioning methods (p = 0.76 for airborne particle abrasion; p = 0.39 for tribosilica coating; p = 1.00 for Er,Cr:YSGG laser, or p = 0.39 for control). Airborne particle abrasion with 50-μm aluminum oxide particle and tribochemical silica coating followed by the application of bonding agent provided the highest shear bond strength values, suggesting that they might be adequate methods to improve the quality of the repairs of resin-matrix composites.

Wafer bonding is important in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) manufacturing, enabling wafer-level encapsulation and packaging. In this project, different pre-treatments of the polycrystalline silicon surface for eutectic gold-silicon (AuSi) bonding were studied with respect to the resulting bond strength. Native oxides or other surface layers can decrease the interaction between Au and Si, leading to weaker bonds. Different etching methods were investigated to remove native oxide. Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), water contact angle measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the surfaces. SE measurements showed that the oxide layer grew 5 Å the first 4 hours after HF etch, rinse and dry, but then grew less than this during the following 6 weeks. The measured oxide growth was similar for wafers with other pre-treatments. Through contact angle measurements, it was demonstrated that the different etching methods resulted in different outermost surface layers. None of the contact angles were changed much over several weeks, indicating subsequent oxide growth occurred below a stable outermost layer. For wafer bonding, wafers with bond frame structures were used. After wafer bonding, the bond frames were analyzed with infrared (IR) microscopy and the bonds were shear tested for bond strength. The shorter the exposure time to ambient air atmosphere before bond, the stronger the bond in general. Furthermore, the wafers stored in nitrogen atmosphere exhibited higher bond strengths than the wafers stored in air for the same amount of time, confirming that the growing oxide was the reason for the decreased bond quality during wafer storage. HF (wet/vapor) etched wafers in general had slightly stronger bonds than the other wafers and the wafers etched with HF vapor had the highest average bond strength of all. The IR images showed that white areas in the bond frames were related to decreased bond strength, and that wafers that had longer storage time on average had more white in the bond frames. As a conclusion, to achieve as strong bonds as possible, the waiting time between wafer pre-treatments and bonding should be minimized, and in the waiting time it is beneficial to store the wafers in nitrogen atmosphere. In this study most wafers stored 2 weeks in nitrogen had good bond quality and even wafers stored 3 days in air had acceptable bond strengths. However, using HF to etch away the oxide before bond is preferable compared to the other etching methods, not only to have larger average bond strength, but also to have less bond strength decrease during waiting time before bond. / I tillverkning av mikroelektromekaniska system (MEMS) är skivbondning viktigt för inkapsling och förpackning av mikrosystem på skivnivå. I detta projekt studerades olika förbehandlingar av polykristallina kiselytan, inför eutektisk AuSi-bondning, med avseende på resulterande bondstyrka. Nativoxid eller andra ytskikt kan minska interaktionen mellan guld (Au) och kisel (Si), vilket leder till svagare bond. Flera olika etsmetoder undersöktes för att ta bort nativoxid. Spektroskopisk ellipsometri (SE), mätningar av vattenkontaktvinkel och Fouriertransform infraröd spektroskopi (FTIR), användes för att analysera ytorna. Resultaten från SE-mätningarna visade att oxiden växte 5 Å under de 4 första timmarna efter HF-ets, skölj och tork, men växte sedan mindre än detta under de följande 6 veckorna. Den uppmätta oxidtillväxten var liknande för skivorna med andra förbehandlingar. Kontaktvinklarna var olika för olika förbehandlingsmetoder, vilket visar att de hade olika yttersta ytskikt. Ingen av kontaktvinklarna ändrades mycket under flera veckor, vilket indikerar att den följande oxidtillväxten skedde under ett stabilt yttersta lager. För skivbondning andvändes skivor med bondramar längs chip-kanterna. Dessa bondramar var gjorda av polykristallint Si respektive Au på skivorna som skulle bondas. Efter bondning analyserades bondramarna med infraröd (IR) mikroskopi och skjuvtester gjordes för att bestämma bondstyrkan. Ju kortare tid skivorna exponerades till omgivande luft, desto starkare bond i allmänhet. Dessutom uppvisade skivorna som lagrats i kväveatmosfär högre bondstyrkor än de skivor som lagrats i luft, vilket bekräftar att den växande oxiden var orsaken till den minskade bondkvaliteten under skivlagring. HF-etsade skivor (HF- dipp och HF-ånga) hade något starkare bond än de andra skivorna och de skivor som etsats med HF-ånga hade allra högst genomsnittlig bondstyrka. IR-bilderna visade att vita områden i bondramarna var relaterat till minskad bondstyrka och att skivor som hade längre lagringstid i genomsnitt hade mer vitt i bondramarna. Slutsatsen är att för att uppnå så hög bondstyrka som möjligt ska tiden mellan förbehandlingar och bond minmeras, och under väntetiden är det till fördel att skivorna förvaras i kväveatmosfär. I den här studien hade skivor som förvarats 2 veckor i kväve bra bondkvalitet och även skivor som stått 3 dagar i luft hade godtagbara bondstyrkor. Att använda HF för att etsa bort oxid är dock bättre än att använda någon av de andra etsmetoderna, inte bara för att få högre genomsnittliga bondstyrkor, utan också för att få mindre minskning av bondstyrkan under väntetiden inför bondning.

No description available.

This research aims to investigate the behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer bars (GFRP) reinforced continuous concrete deep beams. For this purpose, experimental, analytical and numerical studies were conducted. Nine continuous concrete deep beams reinforced with GFRP bars and one specimen reinforced with steel bars were experimentally tested to failure. The investigated parameters included shear span-to-overall depth ratio (𝑎/ℎ), size effect and web reinforcement ratio. Two 𝑎/ℎ ratios of 1.0 and 1.7 and three section heights of 300 mm, 600 mm and 800 mm as well as two web reinforcement ratios of 0% and 0.4% were used. The longitudinal reinforcement, compressive strength and beam width were kept constant at 1.2%, ≈55 MPa and 175 mm, respectively. The web reinforcement ratio achieved the minimum requirements of the CSA S806-12. The experimental results highlighted that the web reinforcement ratio improved the load capacities by about 10% and 18% for specimens having 𝑎/ℎ ratios of 1.0 and 1.7, respectively. For specimens with web reinforcement, the increase of 𝑎/ℎ ratio from 1.0 to 1.7 led to reductions in the load carrying capacity by about 33% and 29% for beams with overall depths of 300 mm and 600 mm, respectively. Additionally, a considerable reduction occurred in the shear strength due to the increase of the section depth from 300 mm to 600 mm. The experimental results confirmed the impacts of web reinforcement and size effect that were not considered by the strut-and-tie method (STM) of the only code provision, the Canadian S806-12, that addressed such elements. In this study, the STM was illustrated and simplified to be adopted for GFRP RC continuous deep beams, and then, the experimental results obtained from this study were employed to assess the performance of the effectiveness factors suggested by the STMs of the American (ACI 318-2014), European (EC2-04) and Canadian (S806-12) codes as well as those factors recommended by the previous studies to predict the load capacities. It was found that these methods were unable to reflect the influences of member size and/or web reinforcement reasonably, the impact of which has been confirmed by the current experimental investigation. Therefore, a new effectiveness factor was recommended to be used with the STM. Additionally, an upper bound analysis was developed to predict the load capacities of the tested specimens considering a reduced bond strength of GFRP bars after assessing the old version recommended for steel RC continuous deep beams. A good agreement between the predicted results and the measured ones was obtained with the mean and coefficient of variation values for experimental/calculated results of 1.02 and 5.9%, respectively, for the STM and 1.03 and 8.6%, respectively, for the upper-bound analysis. A 2D finite element analysis using ABAQUS/Explicit approach was carried out to introduce a model able to estimate the response of GFRP RC continuous deep beams. Based on the experimental results extracted from the pullout tests, the interface between the longitudinal reinforcement and concrete surface was modelled using a cohesive element (COH2D4) tool available in ABAQUS. Furthermore, a perfect bond between the longitudinal reinforcement and surrounding concrete was also modelled to evaluate the validity of this assumption introduced by many previous FE studies. To achieve a reasonable agreement with the test results, a sensitivity analysis was implemented to select the proper mesh size and concrete model variables. The suitability and capability of the developed FE model were demonstrated by comparing its predictions with the test results of beams tested experimentally. Model validation showed a reasonable agreement with the experiments in terms of the failure mode, total failure load and the load-deflection responses. The perfect bond model has overestimated the predicted results in terms of stiffness behaviour and failure load, while the cohesive element model was more suitable to reflect the behaviour of those specimens. The validated FE model was then employed to implement a parametric study for the key parameters that govern the behaviour of beams tested and to achieve an in depth understanding of such elements. The parametric study showed that the higher the 𝑎/ℎ ratio the more pronounced the effect of web and the longitudinal reinforcements and the lower the effect of concrete compressive strength; and vice versa when 𝑎/ℎ ratio reduces.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-24T19:22:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FELIPE GUTIERREZ REYES.pdf: 2973646 bytes, checksum: 0e8c702449c97c861e9f0314e3b69e2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of addition of copper nanoparticles at different concentrations into a simplified etch-and-rinse (ER) adhesive system (Ambar [AM]) on antimicrobial activity (AMA), degree of conversion of adhesives discs (DC-d) and dentin-resin interface (DC-i), the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), 28-day cumulative water sorption (WS), solubility (So) and copper release (CR) as well as immediate (IM) and 1-year (1Y) resin–dentine bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL). Methods: Seven experimental adhesive systems were formulated according to the addition of copper nanoparticles (0 [control], 0.0075, 0.015, 0.06, 0.1, 0.5 and 1%) in AM adhesive system. We tested the antimicrobial activity of synthesized adhesives against Streptococcus mutans using agar diffusion assays. For DC-d, specimens were constructed and tested after 24 h for FTIR and micro-Raman spectroscopy. For UTS, specimens were tested after 24 h and 28 days. For WS and So, after specimens build-up, they were stored in water and the properties measured for 28 days. For CR, specimens were stored in 2% nitric acid solution and the properties were measured for 28 days. The occlusal enamel of thirty-five molars was removed and adhesives were applied to dentine surface after 37% phosphoric acid etching. After composite resin build-ups, specimens were longitudinally sectioned to obtain resin–dentine bonded sticks (0.8 mm2). Specimens were tested in tension at 0.5 mm/min in IM or 1Y (μTBS). For NL, 2 bonded sticks from each tooth were prepared and analyzed under SEM in IM or 1Y. For DC-i, 2 bonded sticks were prepared and analyzed under micro-Raman spectroscopy. The μTBS and NL data of each adhesive were subjected to two-way repeated measures ANOVA. For UTS, WS, So, copper release, DC-d and DC-i data of each adhesive were subjected to a one-way ANOVA. Tukey’s post hoc test was used for pair-wise comparisons (α = 0.05). Results: The addition of copper nanoparticles provided antimicrobial properties to the adhesives at all concentrations (p < 0,05), and did not influence UTS, WS and SO (p > 0.05). Higher CR was observed in adhesives with higher concentration of copper nanoparticles (p < 0.05). The addition of 1% of copper nanoparticles decreased the DC-d and DC-i significantly. After 1Y, significant reductions of μTBS and increases of NL were observed in the control group (p < 0.05). Reductions of μTBS and increase of NL over time were not observed for copper-containing adhesives.Conclusions: The addition of copper nanoparticles in concentrations up to 0.5% in the simplified ER Ambar adhesive system may be an alternative to provide antimicrobial properties, increase the long-term stability of resin–dentine interfaces, 12 without reducing adhesives’ mechanical properties evaluated. / Objetivos: Este estudo avaliou o efeito da adição de nanopartículas de cobre, em diferentes concentrações, em um sistema adesivo convencional (CON) simplificado Ambar [FGM] sobre a atividade antimicrobiana (AAM), grau de conversão de corpos de prova de adesivos (GC-c) e na interface de união a dentina (GC-i), resistência máxima à tração (RT), sorção cumulativa de água (SO), solubilidade (SB) e liberação de cobre (LC) durante 28 dias, bem como a resistência de união (RU) e nanoinfiltração (NI) na interface de união à dentina nos tempos imediatos (IM) e após 1 ano (1A). Material e métodos: Sete sistemas adesivos experimentais foram formulados de acordo com a adição de nanopartículas de cobre (0 [controle], 0,0075, 0,015, 0,06, 0,1, 0,5 e 1%) no sistema adesivo Ambar. Foi testada a atividade antimicrobiana dos adesivos formulados contra Streptococcus mutans por meio de ensaios de difusão em ágar. Para GC-c, as amostras foram construídas e testadas após 24 h por meio de espectrofotometria no infravermelho com Transformação de Fourier (FTIR) e espectroscopia de micro-Raman. Para RT, as amostras foram testadas depois de 24 horas e 28 dias. Para SO e SB, depois de confeccionados os espécimes, eles foram armazenados em água e as propriedades medidas por 28 dias. Para LC, as amostras foram armazenadas em solução de ácido nítrico a 2% e as propriedades medidas durante 28 dias. O esmalte oclusal de trinta e cinco molares foi removido e os adesivos foram aplicados na superfície da dentina depois de condicionamento com ácido fosfórico a 37%. Depois de restaurações de resina composta, os espécimes foram seccionados longitudinalmente para se obter espécimes (palitos) de resina-dentina (0,8 mm2). Os espécimes foram testados em tensão a 0,5 mm/min no IM ou 1A (RU). Para NI, 2 espécimes de cada dente foram preparadas e analisadas em MEV e testados no IM ou 1A. Para GC-i, 2 espécimes foram preparados e analisados sob espectroscopia de micro-Raman. Os dados do RT foram analisados por uma análise de variância de 2 fatores. Para AAM, SO, SB, e liberação de cobre, os dados foram analisados por análise de variância de fator único, e para RU e NI os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância de 2 fatores para medidas repetidas. Também foi feito o teste post hoc de Tukey para múltiplas comparações. A significância estatística foi predefinida em α = 0,05.Resultados: A adição de nanopartículas de cobre adicionou propriedades antimicrobianas aos adesivos em todas as concentrações (p < 0,05), e não influenciou a RT, SO e SB (p > 0,05). LC elevadas foram observadas em adesivos com maior concentração de nanopartículas de cobre (p < 0,05). A adição de 1% de 10 nanopartículas de cobre diminuiu significativamente o GC-c e GC-i. Após 1 ano, decréscimos significativos de RU e aumentos de NI foram observados no grupo controle (p < 0,05). Decréscimos significativos de RU e aumentos de NI não foram observados nos adesivos contendo cobre (p > 0,05). Conclusões: A adição de nanopartículas de cobre em concentrações de até 0,5% no sistema adesivo convencional simplificado Ambar pode ser uma alternativa para adicionar atividade antimicrobiana e aumentar a estabilidade a longo prazo das interfaces resina-dentina, sem comprometer as propriedades mecânicas dos adesivos.

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