The challenges facing resource management, including transboundary river basins, have become increasingly complex, requiring more holistic readings of governance processes that encompass a range of formal and informal collaborations between diverse actors. Innovation and transformative governance changes hold potential for addressing the increased complexity and multi-scaled nature of the challenges facing the world’s shared rivers. However, significant research gaps exist around this application in practice. This dissertation asks the following questions: Is governance of transboundary waters changing to integrate a more diverse set of actors beyond centralized governments? If so, what is the role of non-central state actors in contributing to innovations and transformative changes to transboundary water governance processes? In working towards answering these questions, the study explores the case of the Columbia River Treaty (North America) and the Lesotho Highlands Water Project (Southern Africa). This study has the following objectives: first, to determine the type of power, albeit conceived from a Euro-western perspective, that non-central state actors mobilize to engage in transboundary water governance processes, and assess if the power these actors mobilize is contributing to changes in governance. Second, to conceptualize the on-going bordering processes for transboundary water governance, and evaluate whether non-central state actors are shaping these processes. And, third, to identify which non-central state actors are involved in transboundary water governance, and examine whether and how these governance systems are becoming more polycentric. This dissertation is composed of five chapters, three of which have been prepared as standalone articles for submission to academic journals. Broadly, the dissertation findings suggest that changes to governance of transboundary waters, away from state-centric processes, may be emerging in some areas, such as the ability of non-central state actors to exercise and mobilize different forms of power to shape water governance processes. Findings illustrate that a clear distinction between international and national processes is no longer sufficient to address transboundary water governance challenges and issues. Further, findings illustrate that some non-central state actors have power and influence in these transboundary water governance processes. However, these insights also highlight that centralized government authority for transboundary waters remains, and evidence of the emergence of polycentric governance systems at the international scale is limited. / Graduate / 2019-04-30

This project brings a poetic visual proposal aimed at creating hybrid objects by projecting digital images on the leather surface. Images of municipal waste were photographed and further processed in graphics software for projection on the leather surface. The premise of the study is the exploration of practical and theoretical concepts about the image superimposed forming a hybrid object consisting of photographs of urban waste-garbage projected into the leather. The tension generated between the image and the support act as borders ,they overlaps without aggregate. These represent the limit, as this membrane skin surrounding the body, border between interior and exterior through which we communicate with the world. The technology in the creative process, with proceedings scanning, processing and projection of images, rebuilds a new hybrid skin,a border, not associated with non artistic materials as the leather. These proceedings changing crossings between the formal and conceptual aspects, dissolving the specificities tensions and installing materials contamination in view of the disparity of physical evidence (natural) and imagery. The study is based on different authors, among them Couchot, Santaella, Venturelli, Certeau, Aumont. It addresses concepts of boundaries, hybridization, image, ownership, skin, consumption, art and technology and its problematization in the project developed. / O presente projeto traz uma proposta em poéticas visuais voltada à criação de objetos híbridos através da projeção de imagens digitais sobre superfície de couro. As imagens de resíduos urbanos - lixo - foram fotografas e posteriormente tratadas em softwares gráficos para projeção sobre a superfície de couro. A premissa do estudo consiste na exploração prática e teórica de conceitos acerca da imagem sobreposta formando um objeto híbrido composto de fotografias de resíduos urbanos-lixo- projetados sobre o couro. As tensões geradas entre a imagem e o suporte atuam como fronteiras na medida em que se sobrepõe sem agregar-se. Estas representam o limite, assim como a pele essa membrana que envolve o corpo, fronteira entre interior e exterior através da qual comunicamo-nos com o mundo. A tecnologia no processo criativo, com procedimentos de digitalização, tratamento e projeção das imagens, recria uma nova pele híbrida, uma fronteira, associada a materiais não artísticos como o couro. Estes procedimentos modificam os aspectos formais e conceituais, dissolvendo especificidades e instalando tensões e contaminações tendo em vista a disparidade dos elementos físico (natural) e imagético. O estudo tem como base diferentes autores, entre eles Couchot, Santaella, Venturelli, Certeau, Aumont. Abordam-se conceitos sobre fronteiras, hibridação, imagem, apropriação, pele, consumo, arte e tecnologia e suas problematizações no projeto desenvolvido.

Au tournant du XXIème siècle plusieurs nouveaux défis dans les domaines environnementales, économique et sociétal intéressent les villes. Nombreuses métropoles occidentales visent aujourdʼhui à devenir des «modèles» de développement durable, intelligeant et équitable, dans lʼaprès-Kyoto. Lors des consultations internationales sur lʼavenir des villes métropoles (Grand Paris en 2007 suivi par Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Grand Moscou 2050, etc.), politiciens, économistes et experts réfléchissent ensemble au rapport entre régénération et formes urbaines. Notamment les pratiques du recyclage, de la récupération et de la réparation deviennent centrales. Pour contrevenir lʼétalement urbain, la dispersion résidentielle et le manque dʼidentité de plusieurs zones, on parle à nouveau de concentration et intensification des aires urbaines, de densités minérales et végétales, de mixité et dʼhybridation fonctionnelle. Qualités indéniables de la ville durable mais dépourvues des réelles retombées à une échelle architecturale adéquate. Au moment que nouveaux regroupements dʼintercommunalités redessinent leurs limites urbains en envisageant de reconstruire leur identité sur des objectives communes, notre recherche réclame la nécessité de comprendre et maîtriser les différents dégrés de modifications possibles sur un tissu urbain déjà sédimenté. Réversibilité et flexibilité deviennent alors deux concepts opérationnelles et complémentaires dans le nouveau rôle que lʼarchitecture doit se donner à fin de sʼinsérer dans des situations déjà en cours. Architecture capable dʼintégrer la perspective et dʼaccueillir, au cours du temps, ses propres transformations et évolutions. / At the beginning of the 21st century, many new challenges have been proposed to the cities in the realms of ecology, economy and sociology. Several western metropolis aim at becoming nowadays a template for a sustainable, smart and fair development, particularly in the “after Kyoto” world. In recent international consultations on the future of cities (e.g. Grand Paris in 2007, followed by Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Big Moscow 2050 etc.) politicians, economists and urban experts discussed together the relationship between regeneration and urban forms. In particular the practices of recycling, rescue and repair became central themes. In order to contain urban expansion, sprawl and lack of identity, the consultations re‐propose the concepts of concentration and intensification of urban areas, of vegetal and artificial density, of mixing and of functional hybridization. These are undeniable qualities of a sustainable city, but unfortunately deprived of real repercussions at the proper human scale. At present, while new inter‐municipal groups redraw their urban limits and envisage to renovate their identity around common goals, our research claims the need to understand and master different degrees of possible modifications on the already established urban fabric. In order for architecture to play a role in situations that are already in progress, reversibility and flexibility become two operational and complementary concepts. Architecture must become capable of integrating in time mutating perspectives and accepting its own transformation and evolution.

This thesis contains two sections: a theoretical section, as well as a section featuring qualitative research with interviews with parents and analysis of children's speeches. The author's aim in the theoretical part, based on previously published academic papers, is to describe what bilingualism is, as well as to describe all its accompanying phenomena. The author briefly describes different types of bilingualism, the acquisition of a mother tongue, and different strategies for both raising children bilingually and bilingual education. In the second chapter the author presents the project Czech School without Borders and introduces the institution Czech School Manchester chaired by Pavla Matásková which follows the idea of the former. The third chapter contains case studies introducing individual preschool pupils' language biographies and their communicative competencies in Czech. The last chapter then sums up and evaluates what methods and materials are used in Czech School Manchester. Key words: Bilingualism, upbringing bilingual children, bilingual education, Czech School Manchester

This is a study of a local society and its interaction with central government observed through routine administrative systems. Although Northumberland has been the focus of detailed investigation during the late middle ages, a gap in scholarship remains for much of the first half of the fifteenth century. As England’s most northerly county, work on the relationship between provincial society, peripheries of the realm and the crown is critical to this study. This research tests assumptions that Northumberland was feudal, lawless, distant and difficult for the crown to administer. The research consists of two parts: the first is an evaluation of social structure; the second explores the administrative machine. It opens with a survey of feudal tenure. Chapter two examines the wealth of resident landholders. Chapter three outlines the genealogies of landed society and their relationship to one another as a ‘county community’. Chapter four expands on family connections to incorporate the bond of spiritual kinship. Chapter five charts the scope of social networks disclosed though the management of property, personal affairs and dispute. Chapter six considers the inquisitions post mortem (IPM) process and the impact of distance. Chapter seven discusses jurors and their place in county society. Original contributions to knowledge are made in a number of areas. The theme of spiritual kinship has not been developed in any county study of this period. Additional information concerning the county return for the 1435 subsidy on land is provided, which has previously been overlooked. The location of a copy of the escheator’s oath created in response to a statute of 1429, which has not been captured in recent studies, resolves the current ambiguity concerning the statutory requirement of an indented inquisition return.

For the past three centuries, historians have speculated and argued over the dating, patronage and provenance of the Bayeux Tapestry. Researchers have pondered the Latin inscriptions; reflected on the techniques of production and the use of narrative devices; mined the Tapestry for information on a number of subjects, including architectural styles, costumes, modes of navigation, nascent heraldry, and weaponry; and focused on areas of special interest, especially on scenes such as the so-called "Aelfgyva episode." Additionally, the Tapestry has been described as an epic and/or a panegyric; it has even been compared to a chanson de geste, a Shakespearian play, a film, and a cartoon; it has been "deconstructed," and finally turned into a "hypertext" accessible via the internet. Yet, in spite of many promises, the borders of the Bayeux Tapestry remain largely unexplored to date. This apparent neglect may be due to the difficulty one encounters when attempting to retrieve the symbolism and the meanings of the pictographs, which, even at the time of production, may have been multiple and may have depended on the cultural level, social awareness and political leanings of the beholders. The purpose of this dissertation is to acquaint the reader with a novel approach to the reading of the Bayeux Tapestry, based on the premise that the border pictographs are charged with symbolic meaning; that their meaning(s) inflect(s), reflect(s) and even alter(s) the images in the center field; and that this synergic interplay helps in the discovery, and stimulates the generation of a new understanding and integrated interpretation of the Bayeux Tapestry. For my research to be comprehensive and in order to uncover and decode some of the latent symbolic meanings, it was fundamental to take into account the social, cultural and political history of eleventh-century Northwestern Europe, and to acquire an appreciable knowledge of the lives of the important individuals illustrated in the Bayeux Tapestry. It was also necessary to be aware that, since the shaping of minds and the rewriting of history was already practiced in the eleventh century, the possibility existed that the Bayeux Tapestry was more than objective history recorded on cloth, but was someone's -- perhaps the patron's -- interpretation of historical events. Thus, this dissertation takes the reader on a journey inside and outside the frame to achieve an integrated reading of the Bayeux Tapestry and its borders.

South Tyrol, which is situated on the border between Austria and Italy, has been considered a 'peace model' by many nation-states since the creation of the province's autonomy statutes. The objective of these statutes was to allow for minority protection of the German- and Ladin-speaking communities while also permitting Austria to be the 'protector' of South Tyrol even though the province is situated in Italy. Another bi-product of these statutes was the creation of the 'separate but equal' education system, which allowed the German-, Italian- and Ladin-speaking communities to have individual schools in order to protect their culture and language identity. In the past several decades, there has been an increase in 'mixed' marriages with members of differing language groups producing bilingual children. Additionally, civil service positions now require that all applicants have a mandatory comprehension of the L2, or in some cases L3, in order to apply for certain posts. As the education system tries to adjust to local concerns regarding the insufficient teaching of the L2 in monolingual education, the concept of South Tyrol as a 'peace model' is brought into question. In this thesis, I examine how the South Tyrolean school system is reflective of society at large as its divided education mirrors the current fissures existent amongst the language communities. With parents looking for alternative measures to instruct their children in the L2, some residents would prefer a bilingual schooling option to encourage inter-group assimilation. Furthermore, I discuss, outside of education, external social factors in the region which impact L2 learning creating language learning 'blocks' and 'victim' versus 'conqueror' mentalities. The objective of this research is to try and understand how South Tyrol continues to be in transition as the province adjusts to more bilingualism despite the historical need to preserve the language minorities.

There has been great scholarly interest in examining the management, proliferation, and dynamic articulations of borders through an actor-network lens in recent years. In tracing the networks of Mohamed Harkat, the irregular arrival of a particular group of Tamil migrants, and Deepan Budlakoti, I demonstrate how the border is a fluid entity composed of socio-technical actors dispersed across time and space capable of producing varying degrees of membership statuses. In exploring the cases of these non-citizens, this thesis aims to understand what each of these multi-level networks tells us about the notion of borders and bordering practices alike. This study contributes to the expanding literature that situates the border as a fluid and malleable entity that is made up of interwoven socio-technical practices, discourses, symbols, institutions, and networks through which power is dispersed and the binary distinctions between membership and non-membership increasingly become layered concepts.

In an effort to define which country will succeed in being the first of the two, I have given much attention to the East India Trade Company (EIC) and its influence on both India and China and the impact it has had on the social, political and economic change in both countries. While both countries have started off the same in the first half of the 20th century, their economic difference began with Xiaopings' rule in the late 70's of the 20th century. He is the one responsible for the opening of China, allowing it to have a steady takeoff and accelerate post-Cold War. India on the other hand has been in fear of foreign exploitation due to the EIC, making their development substantially slower. Religious and regional issues are a reason for India to not have enough focus on their human capital and their multi-party government, resulting in an inability to focus on the necessary reformation of the 'red tapes'. Another domestic policy missing in India, but strong in China is human capital, which is a private matter in India, while China has highly invested in it since The Great Leap Forward. Understanding the governance and economic policies of both countries provides an insight to both countries and supports my reasoning as to why I believe that China will - despite its' slowdown, be ahead of the race.

Orientador: Shiguenoli Miyamoto / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scherma_MarcioAugusto1983-_D.pdf: 1539408 bytes, checksum: 9263d02121ff89d67436ec89d5dad1f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: As fronteiras são regiões geográficas que se distinguem das demais especialmente devido ao fato de que nelas, as interações internacionais são uma realidade cotidiana. Essa interação comporta fluxos de pessoas, mercadorias, recursos financeiros, culturais, dentre outros, podendo ter impacto positivo ou negativo para os países, dependendo do investimento e atuação de ambos na região. O Brasil é o maior país da América do Sul, apresentando 15.719km de fronteiras terrestres com nove países mais a Guiana francesa. A "faixa de fronteira" brasileira abarca 11 Unidades da Federação, 588 municípios e mais de 10 milhões de habitantes. A extensão de suas fronteiras e o número de países com os quais faz divisa conferem à região papel central na integração regional com os vizinhos sul-americanos e também no desenvolvimento do país. Apesar dessa importância, o tema foi até hoje pouco explorado no país sob o enfoque das relações internacionais. O tratamento dado na academia foi eminentemente de caráter geográfico ou geopolítico, abordando a questão das fronteiras eminentemente do ponto de vista estratégico-militar, com maior foco em temas relativos à segurança nacional e defesa da soberania. Esta tese pretende explorar o tema das fronteiras brasileiras do ponto de vista das relações internacionais ¿ notadamente, a partir de uma perspectiva construtivista. Far-se-á uma análise das linhas de atuação da política brasileira para a faixa de fronteira, com ênfase nos períodos militar e pós-redemocratização. A hipótese central do trabalho é que a partir da redemocratização há uma ruptura com o padrão anterior de atuação nas fronteiras ¿ vigente ainda durante o período militar (1964-1985). Vale dizer, tanto na doutrina como na ação, predominava, a segurança como o foco nacional para a faixa de fronteira ¿ as fronteiras seriam áreas prioritárias de vigilância pela vulnerabilidade que apresentariam. Já a partir de meados dos anos 80, o foco principal de atuação vai-se alterando e passaria a estar no potencial de integração das fronteiras e no fomento ao desenvolvimento sócio-econômico destas áreas, até como forma de garantir a segurança / Abstract: Borders are geographical regions which are distinguished from others especially due to the fact that in them, international interactions are an everyday reality. This interaction involves flows of people, goods, money, cultural resources, among others, and may have positive or negative effects on the countries, depending on the investment and operation of them in that region. Brazil is the largest country in South America, with 15.719km of land borders with nine countries plus the French Guiana. The brazilian "border strip" includes 11 units of the Federation, 588 cities and more than 10 million inhabitants. The extent of its borders and the number of neighbor countries gives the region a central role in the South American regional integration and also in the development of the country. Despite this importance, the subject has ever been little explored in the country from the standpoint of international relations. The academic treatment had an eminently geographical or geopolitical character, addressing the question of the borders eminently from the strategic-military point of view, with a greater focus on issues related to national security and defense of sovereignty . This thesis aims to explore the issue of Brazilian borders from the point of view of international relations - notably, from a constructivist perspective. It makes an analysis of Brazilian politics for the border region, with emphasis on military and post- democratization periods. The central hypothesis of this work is that from the return of the democracy in Brazil is a break with the previous pattern of activity at the borders - specially during the military period (1964-1985). That is, both in doctrine and in action, security prevailed as the national focus to the border area - the borders would be priority areas for surveillance for its intrinsic vulnerability. Starting in the mid-80s, the main focus goes changing and became the potential for integration of borders and the promotion of socio-economic development of these areas, even as a way to ensure safety / Doutorado / Política Externa / Doutor em Relações Internacionais