A tese parte da hipótese central de que existe uma antinomia fundamental no pensamento político ocidental contemporâneo entre os Direitos Humanos e a Soberania. Observamos tal antinomia em dois campos distintos, porém interconectados: no campo propriamente teórico, no qual chegamos à antinomia do projeto universal-cosmopolita dos Direitos Humanos em relação ao Estadoemuralhado- nacional, e no campo do direito internacional, no qual a antinomia se faz presente em alguns instrumentos jurídicos internacionais do pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ao final da pesquisa, a hipótese central se confirmou, o que mostrou, portanto, a vigência de uma dupla matriz teórico-prática no pensamento político (duas filosofias) presentes no mundo contemporâneo. De um lado, os Direitos Humanos levados às últimas consequências (em sua extremidade lógica), remetem a um mundo sem fronteiras e o defendem: o do kosmopolites (cidadão do mundo). Por outro lado, a Soberania, de igual forma, em sua extremidade lógica, remete às fronteiras territoriais, aos territórios fechados e de jurisdição exclusiva. Vista por esse viés, a Soberania atém-se à lógica da muralha, da distinção e polaridade do eu e do outro enquanto o cidadão-nacional versus o estrangeiro. / This thesis argues from the central hypothesis that there is an essential antinomy in the contemporary Western political thought between human rights and Sovereignty. This antagonism can be observed in two fields (although interconnected): in the theorethical field itself, in which we arrive at a universal-cosmopolitan project antagonistic to the State-enclosed-national terrritory; and in the field of international law, where we encounter this paradox in some of the international post-Second World War legal instruments. At the end of the research, the hypothesis was confirmed, thus revealing the existence of a double theoretical-practical matrix in the political thought (two philosophies) of the contemporary world. On the one hand, human rights are taken to the very end (in its logical extreme), correlate and defend a world without borders, of the kosmopolites (world citizen). On the other hand, Sovereignty, equally taken in this logical extreme, refers back to territories frontiers, to the closed territories, and its exclusive jurisdiction. Seen from this point of view, Sovereignty ties itself to the logic of the wall, the distinction and polarity of I and the other, as the national-citizen versus the foreigner.

On 27 February 2020, Erdogan announced that he would open the Turkish border, allowing refugees to cross into Europe. Greece’s response was the deployment of military forces and the suspension of asylum applications. This study theoretically draws heavily upon Giorgio Agamben’s work on biopolitics by analyzing discourses conducted by three representatives of the Greek government. It illustrates how the New Democracy party represents the arrival of asylum seekers at the Greek-Turkish border and investigates the rationale it developed regarding the implementation of the exceptional measures. The portrayal of asylum seekers as an ‘asymmetrical threat’ activates the biopolitical machine and through the exception, the sovereign exposes its raw power over the bodies of refugees, and the management of death becomes sovereign’s absolute objective. Consequently, the exception becomes indistinguishable from the norm and expands beyond the Greek-Turkish border, rendering those who dispute the Greek government’s practices as a potential homo sacer.

During his presidential campaign and throughout his presidency Donald Trump’s dealings with illegal immigration have sparked global controversy. The election of Donald Trump has thus insinuated a debate within the academic field of International Relations and a reoccurring concept within said debate is populism. This thesis includes itself into said debate through considering the empirical case study of the Trump administration’s securitization of illegal immigration. More specifically, it investigates how Trump’s securitizing speech acts fuel populism in the US which challenges discourses of open borders and subsequently affects US-Mexico relations. The thesis analyzes polls to captivate the US’ general population as an audience and applies discourse analysis on speeches held by Donald Trump to grasp how the Trump administration’s securitization of illegal immigration fueled populism in the US. It studies the negative effects of the securitization on US-Mexico relations by examining the reactions of Mexican presidents, members of the Mexican Foreign Relations Department and members of the Mexican senate. It is found that Trump’s rhetoric employed throughout the securitization of illegal immigration fueled authoritarian populism and xenophobic populism in the US which captivates the negative sentiments of the predominantly conservative Republican voters towards illegal immigration. The employed rhetoric subsequently challenged discourses of open borders. The effects of said challenges had negative implications on US-Mexico relations as the investigations of the reactions of the Mexican presidents, the members of the Mexican Foreign Relations Department and the members of the Mexican senate have shown.

In response to the humanitarian crisis of 2015, Sweden introduced ‘temporary’ bordercontrols. The increasingly permanent controls warrant critical assessment and raise urgentquestions: How is border security exercised in practice? What is the relationship betweenintent and practices on the ground? Which logics drive the border control? This studyexplores these questions through in-depth interviews with border guards andethnographic field observations conducted at Hyllie station. Applying Foucault’s conceptof biopolitics and Walters’ image of the border-as-firewall, the study critically probes thepractices of border security and the logics that underpin it. The study argues that theSwedish border control acts as a (biopolitical) firewall. Yet, this conceptual frameworkalone cannot account for the multiple logics, rationalities, and objectives that intersectand drive the project of border control. The analysis suggests that biopolitics framessecurity as a rather monolithic, omnipotent performance of overarching state objectives.In reality, the exercise of border control is assembled ad hoc, constrained by the limits ofavailable resources of the Swedish police and mediated by the agency of individual borderguards. Finally, the study reflects on the exclusionary logic embedded in the practices ofborder control and stakes out paths for future research.

Uppsatsen analyserar EU:s allt mer komplexa gräns och gränsförvaltningar i en tid där migration och gränsen har blivit ett allt viktigare ämne inom politik och hos EU:s invånare. Uppsatsen syfte är att få en djupare förståelse för moderna gränser och gränspraktiker bortom den klassiska synen av territorialitet inom internationella relationer. Undersökningen är en diskursanalys av den europeiska gräns- och kustbevakningsbyrån Frontex årliga riskanalyser publicerade mellan 2014- 2018. En poststrukturalistisk analys inspirerad av ”Critical boarder studies” där Michel Foucaults förståelsen av makt och produktiv makt används. Undersökningen fokus är att synliggöra Frontex diskursiva makt och maktpraktiker relaterade till EU:s södra yttre gräns genom en applicering av Foucaults begrepp produktiv makt på Frontex diskursiva representation av EU:s södra yttre gräns. Undersökningen visar hur Frontex handlingar, sätt att analyser och granska gränsen och sin egen verksamhet tydligt fokuserar på den produktiva makten för att förändra beteenden, synsätt och möjligheter till att agera. / The thesis analyses EU’s evermore complex borders and border management in a time where migration and borders have become an increasingly important subject in politics and with EU´s citizens. The purpose of the thesis is to get a deeper understanding of the modern border and border-practises beyond the classic view of territoriality within international relations. The study is a discourse analysis of the European border and cost guard agency Frontex yearly risk analysis published between 2014- 2018. A post-structuralistic analysis inspired by ”Critical Border Studies” where Michel Foucaults understanding of power and productive power is used. The thesis focus is on exposing Frontex discursive power and power-practises related to EU’s southern outer border with the application of Foucaults concept of productive power on Frontex discursive representation of EU’s southern outer border. The study shows how Frontex actions, ways to analys and view the boarder, and there on operation clearly focuses on the productive power to change behaviour, outlook and the possibility to act.

This paper analyzed how living undocumented can be understood in a Swedish, political context. The study was examined through three semi structured interviews with Afghan citizens who came to Sweden during 2015 as unaccompanied minors. The respondents have former lived undocumented in Sweden after having gone through an asylum process resulting in rejection in all instances. The material from the interviews was analyzed through a theoretical perspective on everyday resistance based on James C. Scott’s theoretical framework on the subject. The conclusion of the study showed that living undocumented can be seen as a form of resistance that can be understood as a social and relational phenomenon connected to the concepts of dignity in relation to places and understanding and the ideology of hope.

Cette thèse d'histoire politique, à cheval sur le XVIIIe siècle et le XIXe siècle vise à mettre en évidence les mutations de la vie politique locale et les ruptures opérées par la Révolution française dans la vallée du Rhône, un espace de forte conflictualité politique ayant une longue tradition municipale. L’objectif principal de notre travail est d’observer à différentes échelles géographiques les bouleversements sociopolitiques rhodaniens à l’aune de la Révolution française et leurs ramifications au cours du premier XIXe siècle. Il s’agit de comprendre comment l’élargissement de la sphère politique et la nationalisation de la vie politique locale changent considérablement les règles des jeux politiques au village ou dans la petite ville en intégrant de nouveaux protagonistes tout en relançant les conflits politiques anciens qui trouvent une nouvelle caisse de résonnance à partir de 1789, ou en créant de nouveaux. L’intérêt majeur du sujet réside dans la démarche adoptée, mêlant à la fois micro-histoire, prosopographie et jeux d’échelles. En menant nos investigations au ras du sol, au plus proche des acteurs politiques, notre enquête ambitionne également d’appréhender, à l’aune des mutations de la conflictualité politique locale, les mécanismes qui conduisent les populations rhodaniennes à adapter des pratiques politiques d’Ancien Régime, avec ses codes et ses gestes, aux nouveaux contextes institutionnels se succédant à partir de 1789. / This thesis of political history, astride the XVIII and the XIX centuries, aims to study the mutations of the local politics and the consequences of the Frenc revolution in the rhodanian furrow, an area with a great municipal tradition plagued by political conflicts. The main objective is to follow the political evolution of the rhodanian furrow from the Old regime to the first decades of the XIX century by multiplying geographical scales. It’s important to understand how widening the political sphere and nationalizing the local political life considerably changes the rules of the political games in villages or small towns by accepting new protagonists while reopening old political conflicts that find a new echo from 1789, or by creating aboves. The main interest of the subject resides in its approach, intertwining micro-history, prosopography and geographical scales. While conducting our local investigations, closer as can to political actors, we aim to study, in the light of the changes of the local political conflicts, the mecanics that lead the populations to adapt political culture of the Old regime, with its codes and gestures, to the new institutional contexts that take over from 1789.

Traditional historiographic research is challenged by the very nature of post-modernism which, in terms of one of its less radical viewpoints, views history not so much as truth-seeking, nor objective activity, but rather re-interpreting it as story-telling and as history reflective of itself -an approach which have determined the nature and style of this study. The study was prompted firstly by my exposure to the legacy of apartheid with regards to land and past planning policies while working at the Department of Land Affairs, and secondly by my personal involvement in Hammanskraai/Temba. The latter straddles the border of a former homeland, formed part of the previous governments' border industry programme, suffers tenure problems on land-ownership issues and is bisected by two present provincial boundaries. For a long time to come Hammanskraai/Temba will struggle to overcome results of modernistic grand apartheid policies as reflected in gross inequalities, uncertainty and the like. The aim of this study was therefore to form an understanding of the grand generalising and local narratives regarding borders, boundaries and barriers in the Hammanskraai/Temba area, as well as the influence of the discourses of development intent on the area and its people. In order to address the issues it was necessary to deconstruct the discourses in development intent that affected the Hammanskraai/Temba area, and to tell the respective role players' stories of the shaping of borders, boundaries and barriers in the area, as well as to play off the various discourses in grand, local and expressive narratives, as it is still unfolding. Instead of giving an 'all encompassing truth' or deliberately simplifying the 'story' in order to fit into a logical, chronological structure (arguing 'modernisticly', so that the reader cannot do otherwise than to agree with the argument), I rather opted towards telling some of the stories reflecting on various experiences regarding borders, boundaries and barriers in the area. There are stories of artificial boundaries, of racists and capitalists, of land and tenure, of division, separation, independence and later integration, of reserves and their underdevelopment, of people suffering and struggling, and of unviable towns and demarcations. In these stories the immense influence and effect of policies and development intent on peoples lives, as well as on the physical, social and economical environment, are illustrated. However, the stories illustrate that not only were complicated barriers created, but also how in some cases, they were perpetuated and enhanced. The value of this historical narrative, lies in the way it makes sense of events, actions and experiences, bringing forward stories that 'deserve to be told', thus opening up a new way of looking at planning and planning history. It illustrates the complexity and intriguing relationships and problems of an area influenced by a magnitude of modernistic planning policies and actions, casting a glimpse on the effect of borders, boundaries and barriers on the lives of those who have to live with it, cross it, or in the worst instances, struggle against it - somehow always with a glimmer of hope. / Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 1997. / gm2014 / Town and Regional Planning / unrestricted

Globalisation is increasing and influences the families that emigrate as well as those that stay behind. In South Africa the left behind aged parents of adult children who emigrated experience a sense of helplessness as they feel that they have raised children who abandoned them when they relocated to other parts of the world due to push and pull factors. They also feel that they are missing the experiences of being part of their grandchildren’s lives. Emigration of adult children disrupts the normal functioning of the family for the emigrants as well as those left behind. The reciprocal caring becomes difficult and complicated. The aim of the study was to explore and describe reciprocal transnational caring as it was experienced by aged parents in a selected retirement village in South Africa and their emigrated children. Descriptive phenomenological research was done where scheduled interviews were used with informed consent to obtain data from the 23 selected participants in a retirement village and their emigrated children abroad. Interviews were carefully recorded and transcribed where after the gathered data was used to identify the essence and supporting constituents of the phenomenon. The essence and constituents were thoroughly described and a literature study was done of existing material to integrate the findings of the phenomenon. The findings revealed the essence as “We do love and care, but we can’t touch and hug”, and the supporting constituents: “We are as involved as we can”, “We live a dual life”, “The grandchildren outgrow the grandparents”, “Technology makes it much easier”, “They have a future as ‘world citizens’” and “Financially we are independent” were identified. / Dissertation (MCur)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Nursing Science / MCur / Unrestricted

Le rapport des Métamorphoses d'Ovide à l'espace est analysé sous les trois angles du concept (espace géométrique), de l'expérience (espace pratique) et des représentations (espace métaphorique). Le mythe cosmogonique, premier récit de l’œuvre, pose la question des frontières entre les éléments, la naissance de l'homme pose celle de leur transgression. Le texte se construit dans une tension dont l'espace est le moteur. Les Métamorphoses proposent un trajet de lecture vers Rome, jalonné d'indices d'une romanisation progressive. L'espace de prédilection du texte est alors l'espace terrestre et sa géographie. Or, cette linéarité n'est qu'illusoire. La crainte d'un retour au chaos initial est forte et l’œuvre se construit autour de l'expression programmatique de la « discors concordia » (1,433). Les êtres qui peuplent le mundus participent de cette tension. Le mythe cosmogonique a posé une ontologie spatiale. Les espaces sont des seuils où se joue l'identité des êtres, dans une ontologie en mouvement qui lie changement d'espace et changement de nature. / The relationship between Ovid's Metamorphoses and the notion of space is analyzed in the three different directions of the concept (geometrical space), of the experience (practical space) and of representations (metaphorical space). The cosmogony, the first tale in the Metamorphoses, poses the question of the boundaries between the elements, while the birth of human beings poses that of their transgression. The text is constructed upon a tension within which space is the driving force. The Metamorphoses offer the reader a journey to Rome punctuated by indications of a progressive romanization. The chosen space of the text thus becomes the terrestrial space and its geography. But this is only an illusory kind of linearity. There is a strong sense of fear of a return to the initial chaos and the book is constructed around the programmatic expression of the «discors concordia» (1,433). The beings who inhabit the mundus take part in this tension. The cosmogony has laid the foundations for a spatial ontology. Spaces are thresholds where the identity of all beings is played out and questioned, in an ontology in movement that unites the transformations of space and nature.