Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação trata das alterações observadas na situação de saúde dos municípios de Bonfim e Pacaraima com a implementação do Projeto SIS-Fronteiras do Ministério da Saúde. Procurou-se levantar os instrumentos legais já produzidos sobre a questão da saúde nas fronteiras em geral e das fronteiras de Roraima em particular, estimaras pressões sofridas sobre a estrutura de saúde dos municípios de Bonfim e Pacaraima, a demanda efetiva de saúde desses municípios e as saídas encontradas (formal e informalmente) para financiar os sistemas e mantê-los operantes. A pesquisa, que utilizou dados primários e secundários, foi desenvolvida nos municípios fronteiriços de Bonfim e Pacaraima, no Brasil, no período de março a dezembro de 2013. Foram estudados os serviços de saúde do sistema público e privado disponível nos municípios, além de serem levantados os indicadores sociais e econômicos disponíveis. Foi realizado um levantamento junto às bases de dados do Ministério da Saúde, Secretarias de Estado e Municipais de Saúde, assim como outros órgãos oficiais para caracterizar as especificidades da assistência à saúde dos municípios de fronteira. Também foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chaves dos sistemas de saúde dos municípios para dimensionar a pressão sofrida pelo sistema pelo seu uso por estrangeiros. A partir dos dados levantados procurou-se demonstrar, que a demanda pelos serviços de saúde locais nas fronteiras brasileiras, por parte de estrangeiros, impacta diretamente no planejamento e financiamento das ações de saúde nos municípios estudados. Constatou-se que a demanda por serviços de atenção à saúde, por parte de estrangeiros e brasileiros residentes em países fronteiriços tem ocasionado aos responsáveis municipais pela gerência do Sistema Único de Saúde SUS, repercussões negativas sobre o financiamento das ações e serviços de saúde. Foram encontradas diversas iniciativas de cooperação entre os países na área da saúde, mas nenhuma obteve sucesso no sentido de integrar ações e serviços de saúde de forma contínua e organizada. A implantação do SIS-Fronteiras, ainda não é suficiente para mudar a realidade da estrutura pública de saúde dos municípios brasileiros e da integração entre os serviços de saúde dos municípios fronteiriços, particularmente com a Guiana. / This dissertation deals with the observed changes in health status in the municipalities of Bonfim and Pacaraima with the implementation of the SIS-Borders Project, Ministry of Health. It was found that the demand for health care services by foreigners and Brazilians living in neighboring countries has led to municipal responsible for management of the Unified Health System - SUS, negative impact on the financing of health activities and services. The research, which used primary and secondary data, was developed in the border towns of Bonfim and Pacaraima in Brazil, from March to December 2013. Health services in the public and private system have been performed in the cities were studied, and the social and economic indicators available arraised. We conducted a survey to databases of the Ministry of Health, State and Municipal Secretaries of Health, as well as other official agencies to characterize the specifics of health care in the municipalities border. Semi-structured interviews with key informants from the health systems of municipalities were also performed to size the strain experienced by the system for its use by foreigners. From the data collected we tried to show that the demand for local health services in Brazilian borders on the part of foreigners, directly impacts the planning and financing of health in the cities studied. It was found that the demand for health care services by foreigners and Brazilians living in neighboring countries has led to municipal responsible for management of the Unified Health System - SUS, negative impact on the financing of health activities and services. Various cooperation initiatives between countries were found in the area of health, but none succeeded to integrate health activities and services continuously and organized manner. The implementation of the SIS-Borders, is not enough to change the reality of public health structure of municipalities and integration between health services in border towns, particularly with Guyana.

This paper presents a syntactic analysis of the modal particles in Hausa. The research shows that modal particles may appear at all phrase and sentence borders but that they may not appear in initial position.

Engineers Without Borders New Zealand (EWBNZ) has recently reached a stage in its organisational growth where a new strategy is needed to ensure its future engineering development initiatives are more consistent with its guiding philosophy of delivering sustainable long term development projects. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the perceptions of the committee tasked with delivering projects revealed a preference for a strategy which enabled ‘placement’ type projects. To develop this strategy a qualitative analysis was conducted which focused on ascertaining what strategies and organisational structures are employed by comparable EWB organisations to deliver development projects. This process revealed EWB Australia to have a placement project process model which was deemed as the most acceptable to replicate. An implementation strategy and supporting set of recommendations were provided for this new placement project strategy. The most significant recommendation given to support this new strategy was to concentrate EWBNZ’s resources by prioritising projects in only two of the four countries EWBNZ currently operates. The countries deemed a strategic priority were Samoa and Tonga.

Migration and the concomitant crossing of borders is a growing world wide theme in literature. This phenomenon can be attributed to growing mobility and globalisation which allow people to move freely across national borders. Mobility is a key concept for the 21st century and can be used as an umbrella term for the crossing of borders and migration, also connecting with concepts such as displacement, diaspora, nomad, travel, exile and (post)colonialism. Migration as demographic phenomenon does not only include the borders of countries but also social, cultural, psychological and language borders. Memory as border can be added to this since it acts as a link between time and space. The crossing of (national) borders also holds certain consequences, amongst others the problem of origin and identity, outsidership and/or marginalization as well as the experience of loss. Two novels which can be classified as migrant literature – Idil, een meisje (Yasmine Allas) and De reis van de lege flessen (Kader Abdolah), and one novel which explores the problem of migration thematically – Anderkant die stilte (André P. Brink) – are analysed in this dissertation. Idil, een meisje (Yasmine Allas) portrays a female perspective by a female migrant writer, while De reis van de lege flessen (Kader Abdolah) offers a male perspective by a male migrant writer. Anderkant die stilte (André P. Brink) adds an additional dimension to gender analysis since a female perspective is portrayed by a male writer. These three novels, one from Afrikaans and two from Dutch literature, will be analysed to determine the manifestation of migration and displacement and the outcome(s) thereof with emphasis on gendered experience in these literature texts. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans en Nederlands))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

In this dissertation, research is aimed at the multifaceted concepts of tolerance and abjection, which are becoming increasingly relevant worldwide. The way in which these terms are integrated into literary works is analysed with reference to two novels, namely Santa Gamka (2009) by Eben Venter and Een schitterend gebrek (2003) by Arthur Japin. Both novels include tolerance and abjection as a significant part of their narratives, yet they originate from two different parts of the world, are set in two different periods of time and also differ at historical, social-political and individual levels. In this study, the most signification similarity between the novels is how tolerance and abjection take effect, both independently and together In both novels, tolerance and abjection are, for various reasons, problematised. These reasons include: skin colour, beauty, space and borders. When compared to reality, the manifestation of tolerance and abjection in the novels is also illuminating, because it reflects the actual situations in their respective countries, namely South Africa and The Netherlands. The history and views of tolerance in these two countries can be seen as opposite: South African intolerance is characterised by apartheid, while the praised tolerance of The Netherlands is known worldwide. The analysis of the novels focuses on the influence of tolerance and abjection on the main characters, with the emphasis on the body – not only in terms of physical appearance, but also sexual practises. The study demonstrates that specific spaces, as well as spatial displacement, can be linked directly to tolerance and abjection. In accordance with their spatial migration, the novels show that borders, boundaries and overstepping boundaries are of the utmost importance to the protagonists. Borders that are experienced as limiting and result in rejection and intolerance are often simultaneously a passage to acceptance and tolerance. / MA (Afrikaans en Nederlands), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

Since September 11, 2001 the U.S. Border Patrol has grown from 9,821 to 20,273 agents, more than doubling in size and in the process becoming the largest federal law enforcement agency in the United States. This dissertation queries the everyday geographies of the agency's practices; the ways that these geographies intersect with and affect circuits and practices of human migration; how the Border Patrol conceptualizes "threat" and maps this onto people and territory they may then police; the environmental conditions that limit or constrain the everyday reach and efficacy of Border Patrol operations in the remote Arizona desert; the discourses, anxieties and everyday conditions of encounter in rural border regions that drive some residents to call for an even greater increase in border policing; and finally, social movements in the City of Tucson, AZ that have sought to combat, resist and undermine immigration policing through the fabric of everyday life. The dissertation draws from two years of fieldwork in southern Arizona and southeast Michigan examining the complex interactions between residents, civil society actors and law enforcement personnel. Research methods included archival research; semi-structured interviews; and ethnographic observation alongside non-governmental organizations, non-status immigrants and at Homeland Security trade events. The research contributes to geographic literatures on security, migration and border policing in the United States, applying posthumanist theory and feminist methodologies to unpack how material conditions of encounter shape state security practice, how this security practice in turn affects people's everyday conditions of social reproduction, and how these everyday conditions of social reproduction may in turn shape or compel social movement practices that contest these outcomes.

The “I” speaks in each of the poems presented; but whose I? The collection explores the use of personae, and gives voice to “the other” I’s/las otras, women who came before us and those who walk among us. Sometimes in English, sometimes in Spanish, sometimes the voices cross between languages. Written primarily in free verse, the poems are ordered to allow the mingling of languages from the speakers on the page. Through other eyes, some of the characters revive the past, speak from the grave. They provide a glimpse into what lies beyond the “I.” We hear the women, their advice, their reflections, their stories. In taking on the different personae, the poet relinquishes her voice. However, some I’s leave us guessing as to who is speaking, and how much has the poet intertwined of her own voice.

We use satellite data on forest cover along national borders in order to study the determinants of deforestation differences across countries. We combine the forest cover information with data on homogeneous response units, which allow us to control for cross-country geoclimatic differences when assessing the drivers of deforestation. Income per capita appears to be the most robust determinant of differences in cross-border forest cover and our results present evidence of the existence of decreasing effects of income on forest cover as economic development progresses.(authors' abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

A tese privilegiou o estudo das trajetórias de famílias seringueiras, na entrefronteiras de áreas da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental: Estado do Acre (Brasil) e o Departamento de Pando (Bolívia). Os dados obtidos em quatro anos de pesquisa revelam um contexto de articulações entre culturas neste espaço constituindo identidades sob um eco silencioso da teia social de homens e mulheres nos interstícios latino-americanos dos Rios Abunã e Acre. Assim, a investigação sobre a experiência sociocultural destes sujeitos a partir da conjuntura do deslocamento de trabalhadores brasileiros para os seringais bolivianos como parte do processo de internacionalização dos conflitos sócio agrários do Brasil, em particular da Amazônia, mais evidente nas décadas de 1970 de 1980. Isto possibilitou uma leitura específica acerca das fronteiras brasileiras, nomeadamente, da zona fronteiriça interamericana e amazônica para além das dimensões jurídicas e políticas de Soberania Nacional, por entender que a região fronteiriça em estudo faz parte do/no universo da tradição do seringueiro, sem perder de vista que atravessar a fronteira nas condições vivenciadas por este trabalhador, resultou não apenas em ser um estrangeiro, mas, em um sem-direito. Desta forma, foi possível reconhecer as representações sobre cultura, fronteira e identidade elaboradas pelos próprios sujeitos amordaçados ou não pelos silêncios nas entre-condições do vivido em razão das implicações geopolíticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais. Para tanto, foi considerado a diversidade cultural e histórica como lócus que implicou pensar as diferenças, mas, também as trocas e negociações culturais. Isto conduziu a pesquisa aos postulados, especialmente, de Homi Bhabha que conclui a cultura como um lócus de um processo de ambiguidades histórico. Neste sentido, a tese aponta os entrelugares fronteiriços que localizam os chamados brasivianos na primeira década do século XXI como campos de possibilidades que permitiu analisar as temporalidades dos encontros e desencontros das experiências constituídas ao longo da história. Este processo é percebido no contexto do inicio do século XXI em razão do reconhecimento e da organização das comunidades de Arroyo Seco e Los Angeles, colocado em prática pelos governos: brasileiro e boliviano com a assinatura do Acodo Bilateral/2008. Portanto, estas traduzem sob o enfoque da dinâmica social, as divisões e interações de brasivianidade nas Amazônias e expõem que o Brasiviano é acima de tudo uma forma de expressar a entre-condição de homens e mulheres como sujeitos participantes de um processo de alteridade e hibridização representantes dos espaços interamericanos e amazônicos / The thesis focused the study of the trajectories of families rubber in between the borders of areas of Southwestern Amazonia: State of Acre (Brazil) and the Department of Pando (Bolivia). The data from four years of research reveal a context of connections between cultures in this space constituting identities under a silent echo of the social network of men and women in Latin American Rivers interstices of Abunã and Acre. Thus, research on the sociocultural experience of these subjects from the situation of Brazilian workers to shift Bolivian rubber as part of the internationalization of agrarian social conflicts of Brazil, particularly in the Amazon, most obvious process in the 1970s, 1980. this allowed specific about the borders of Brazil, namely, inter-American and Amazonian border area beyond the legal and political dimensions of National Sovereignty reading, understanding that the border region under study is part of the universe in the tradition of rubber, without losing view that cross the \"border\" conditions experienced by this worker, resulted not only in an alien, but a \"no-right\". Thus, it was possible to recognize the representations of culture, identity and border drawn by the subjects themselves or not muzzled by the \"silences\" in-between the living conditions because of geopolitical, economic, social and cultural implications. Therefore, it was considered the cultural and historical diversity as a locus which involved understanding the differences, but also cultural exchanges and negotiations. This research led to the postulates, especially Homi Bhabha concludes that culture as a locus of a process of historical ambiguities. In this sense, the thesis points out the border between places located so-called \"brasivianos\" in the first decade of this century as a field of possibilities that allowed us to analyze the temporalities of the comings and goings of the experiences recorded throughout history. This process is perceived in the context of the beginning of the XXI century due to recognition of the organization and the communities of Arroyo Seco and Los Angeles, put in place by governments: Brazilian and Bolivian with the signing of the Bilateral Acodo / 2008. Therefore, these translate from the standpoint of social dynamics, \"di-visions\" and interactions brasivianidade the Amazons and expose the Brasiviano is above all a way of expressing the condition between men and women as individuals participating in a process alterity of hybridization and representatives of inter-American and Amazonian areas

O presente trabalho tem, como objetivo principal, apresentar uma proposta metodológica para a delimitação territorial de municípios. A questão fronteiriça, aparentemente irrelevante em um mundo cada vez mais integrado, classificado por muitos como um mundo sem fronteiras, mostra-se, na verdade, cada vez mais presente, dentro de uma fragmentação permanente do espaço geográfico em diversas unidades políticas. Dentro disto, os limites territoriais internos, primordialmente os de caráter municipal, apresentam grande importância na vida cotidiana de todos os indivíduos. São estas linhas que determinam a localização de eleitores, a implantação de escolas, atendimentos em postos de saúde, entregas de correspondências, implantação de linhas telefônicas, cadastramentos pra fins escolares, recolhimento de lixo, pesquisa para censos demográficos, abastecimento de água e luz, melhoramentos em vias de acesso, entre outros. Dada tamanha importância, espera-se que os mesmos tenham suas definições baseadas em critérios concretos e coerentes. A análise dos limites municipais brasileiros demonstra, entretanto, uma situação distante da ideal. Enquanto parâmetros populacionais, econômicos e eleitorais são discutidos como requisitos mínimos para a criação de municípios, elementos territoriais acabam sendo relegados. O evidente contraste entre territórios demasiadamente extensos ao lado de pequenas áreas municipais em conjunto com formas das mais variadas possíveis, permite afirmar que, em meio a total permissibilidade de atuação técnica e política, não há critérios consistentes estabelecidos para a definição das linhas limítrofes. Dentre os inúmeros problemas gerados pelas delimitações inconsistentes, destaca-se a questão da posição do limite em relação às sedes municipais dos municípios confrontantes. O posicionamento desequilibrado da referida linha pode gerar situações em que determinada população, apesar de residir oficialmente em um município, usufrui dos serviços públicos de outro. Nestes casos, podemos considerar duas áreas territoriais municipais distintas a jurídica, definida por lei, e a real, efetivada na realidade. Neste contexto, propõe-se a consideração da distância como elemento central para a análise territorial. Levando em consideração que um indivíduo, localizado entre duas sedes municipais, ao necessitar de algum serviço público oferecido em ambas, tende a se deslocar para a mais próxima e, que o referido deslocamento se dá primordialmente através das vias de acesso (rodovias, estradas, caminhos, etc.), conclui-se que a adoção da simples distância euclidiana não é satisfatória, devendo ser substituída pela distância viária, primordialmente medida pelo tempo de viagem. Desta forma, eis a premissa da pesquisa: o território municipal deve corresponder a sua respectiva área de influência, definida pelo conjunto dos pontos mais próximos (considerando o menor tempo de viagem necessário) de sua sede em relação às sedes do entorno. / This work has as main objective to present a methodology for territorial delimitation of municipalities. The border issue, apparently irrelevant in an increasingly integrated world, rated by many as a \"borderless world\", it is shown, in fact, increasingly present, in a permanent fragmentation of geographic space in various political units. Within this, the internal boundaries, primarily the municipal boundaries, have major importance in everyday life of all individuals. These are lines that determine the location of voters, the deployment of schools, attendance at public health clinics, delivery of correspondence, implementation of telephone lines, registrations for school purposes, garbage collection, search for demographic censuses, supply water and light, improvements in access roads, among others. Given such importance, it is expected that they have their settings based on specific and consistent criteria. The analysis of the Brazilian municipal boundaries demonstrates, however, a distant ideal situation. While population, economic and electoral parameters are discussed as minimum requirements for the creation of municipalities, territorial elements end up being relegated. The stark contrast between too extensive territories side of small municipal areas together with the most diverse forms, have shown that, amid all permissibility of technical expertise and policy, there is no consistent criteria for defining the boundary line. Among the numerous problems caused by inconsistent boundaries, there is the issue of position limits in relation to the municipal headquarters of the bordering municipalities. The \"unbalanced\" position of that line can lead to situations where certain population, although living officially in municipality, enjoys the public services of another. In these cases, we can consider two different municipal territorial areas - legal, defined by law, and the real, effective in reality. In this context, it is proposed to consider the distance as a central element for territorial analysis. Assuming an individual, located between two municipal centers, to require some public service offered in both, tends to move to the closest and that displacement occurs primarily through the access roads (highways, streets, paths, etc.), it is concluded that the adoption of simple Euclidean distance is not satisfactory and should be replaced by the road distance, primarily measured by travel time. Thus, this is the premise of the research: the municipality must correspond to their respective area of influence defined by the set of closest points (considering the lowest travel time required) from its headquarters in relation to the surrounding headquarters.