Migration and the concomitant crossing of borders is a growing world wide theme in literature. This phenomenon can be attributed to growing mobility and globalisation which allow people to move freely across national borders. Mobility is a key concept for the 21st century and can be used as an umbrella term for the crossing of borders and migration, also connecting with concepts such as displacement, diaspora, nomad, travel, exile and (post)colonialism. Migration as demographic phenomenon does not only include the borders of countries but also social, cultural, psychological and language borders. Memory as border can be added to this since it acts as a link between time and space. The crossing of (national) borders also holds certain consequences, amongst others the problem of origin and identity, outsidership and/or marginalization as well as the experience of loss. Two novels which can be classified as migrant literature – Idil, een meisje (Yasmine Allas) and De reis van de lege flessen (Kader Abdolah), and one novel which explores the problem of migration thematically – Anderkant die stilte (André P. Brink) – are analysed in this dissertation. Idil, een meisje (Yasmine Allas) portrays a female perspective by a female migrant writer, while De reis van de lege flessen (Kader Abdolah) offers a male perspective by a male migrant writer. Anderkant die stilte (André P. Brink) adds an additional dimension to gender analysis since a female perspective is portrayed by a male writer. These three novels, one from Afrikaans and two from Dutch literature, will be analysed to determine the manifestation of migration and displacement and the outcome(s) thereof with emphasis on gendered experience in these literature texts. / Thesis (MA (Afrikaans en Nederlands))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

In this dissertation, research is aimed at the multifaceted concepts of tolerance and abjection, which are becoming increasingly relevant worldwide. The way in which these terms are integrated into literary works is analysed with reference to two novels, namely Santa Gamka (2009) by Eben Venter and Een schitterend gebrek (2003) by Arthur Japin. Both novels include tolerance and abjection as a significant part of their narratives, yet they originate from two different parts of the world, are set in two different periods of time and also differ at historical, social-political and individual levels. In this study, the most signification similarity between the novels is how tolerance and abjection take effect, both independently and together In both novels, tolerance and abjection are, for various reasons, problematised. These reasons include: skin colour, beauty, space and borders. When compared to reality, the manifestation of tolerance and abjection in the novels is also illuminating, because it reflects the actual situations in their respective countries, namely South Africa and The Netherlands. The history and views of tolerance in these two countries can be seen as opposite: South African intolerance is characterised by apartheid, while the praised tolerance of The Netherlands is known worldwide. The analysis of the novels focuses on the influence of tolerance and abjection on the main characters, with the emphasis on the body – not only in terms of physical appearance, but also sexual practises. The study demonstrates that specific spaces, as well as spatial displacement, can be linked directly to tolerance and abjection. In accordance with their spatial migration, the novels show that borders, boundaries and overstepping boundaries are of the utmost importance to the protagonists. Borders that are experienced as limiting and result in rejection and intolerance are often simultaneously a passage to acceptance and tolerance. / MA (Afrikaans en Nederlands), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014

The paper will describe one of David Miller’s arguments for limiting immigration by concluding that immigration is a threat to a successful democratic welfare state. There is a threat to a democratic welfare state when there is lack of trust in a heterogeneous society. Immigration contributes to heterogeneity. The paper will present flaws in Miller’s argument, which include the unacknowledged concepts of ignorance and fear that can lead to mistrust in cultural heterogeneous communities. I will then consider Miller’s response to the critiques. Lastly, I will mention some proposals for increasing trust and addressing the real issues in a multicultural society.

La Cuenca del Madre de Dios, es una región que está plenamente inserta en el trópico húmedo y abarca una considerable superficie del oriente peruanoboliviano. Esta región con vastas áreas naturales, empieza a mostrar cambios fundamentales en la organización de su espacio. Su ocupación si bien se reconoce es desde muy antiguo, por parte de grupos etnicos; ha visto en el presente siglo, principalmente en las tres últimas décadas, el acontecer de diferentes fases en las relaciones del hombre con su medio. El estudio para el desarrollo integral de espacios definidos por cuencas hidrográficas multinacionales como la del Madre de Dios, supone problemas técnicos y políticos. El diseño del estudio, con un enfoque amplio, debe considerar factores de tipo físico, socio-económico, político e institucional.Estas notas, resultado de la experiencia de trabajo en la región, presentan una visión sintética de la realidad de la Cuenca y ponen el acento en: La Oferta Ambiental, la Ocupación del Territorio, la Caracterización de sus Unidades Político-Administrativas y la Estrategia para el Desarrollo Integral. El ecodesarrollo, la ordenación territorial y la integración son elementos claves de una estrategia de actuación que considere a la Cuenca como marco de la planificación regional que define un contexto espacial y ambiental adecuado para las tareas del desarrollo. Por todo lo anterior, el Ecodesarrollo como estilo y la Integración Territorial Multinacional como política-, son consideradas de suma importancia para el desarrollo integral y sostenido de espacios fronterizos en las regiones tropicales como lo es la Cuenca del Madre de Dios.  The Madre de Dios Basin is a region totally inserted in the humid tropic and covers a large section of the Peruvian and Bolivian Oriente. This region with extensive natural areas has already started to show changes in its spatial organisation. Though it was settled by different ethnic groups since ancient times, it has been in the last three decades that sorne important changes have occurred in the man-environment relationships. To study binational basins such as the one of Madre de Dios, brings about many technical and political difficulties. This is because the research project design must be broadly oriented to cover topics such as physical, socioeconomic, political, and institutional. In this paper 1 present the results of a fieldwork experience in the region. They give us a synthetic view of the Madre de Dios reality, placing special attention to the environmental realm, its characterization of the political and administrative units, and a strategy to integral development. Land management, ecodevelopment and integration are key elements toward a decision-making strategy that takes the basin as a framework to regional planning.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:55:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danusa_de_Lourdes_Guimaraes_da_Silva.pdf: 766332 bytes, checksum: c41c132402766d3aee051609bd1f5b87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-05 / This work is focused on transbordering experiences from Brazilian people that returned from migrations in Paraguay, known as Brasiguaios, in the city of Marechal Cândido Rondon, in the West of the Paraná State. These people, looking for large and cheap lands, went in big groups to Paraguay between the 1970s and 1980s. Although there is not an accurate number, it is estimated that there were about five hundred thousand migrants in the middle of the 1980s occupying the bordering regions of Paraguay with Brazil. However, in the 1990s, it started an intensive return of these migrants because of a set of economic and political situations that directly affected them in that country. Many of them joined the Landless Worker Movement - MST. The last few decades, in an expressive way, these migrants have returned to the Brazilian cities bordering the regions where they lived in Paraguay. The way how they experiment and relate to the urban context, as well as, the way how they deal and cross such geographic, social and cultural borders are issues approached by this work. The narratives about these experiences reveal trajectories that are being made by the fact of being here and being there , negotiating and coexisting with different social values, identifications and belongings. These men and women look for, in the urban context, new spaces for work, medical assistance, social security and education. The return is many times motivated by the women, whose expectations surpass the material necessities. Therefore they see in the city a possible field to review their position in front of the performance, customs and codes established between genders relations lived in the border situations. Their memories also expressed the existence of sociability nets constructed in a distant time in front of the many needs. Among the needs, there is the necessity of work that has currently been, in the case of the men, the occupation of masons and construction assistant and the women work as house servants / Este trabalho discute experiências transfronteiriças de brasileiros retornados de migrações no Paraguai, conhecidos como , na cidade de Marechal Cândido Rondon, na região Oeste do Paraná. Tais sujeitos, em busca de terra farta e barata, se lançaram em massa pelo Paraguai entre as décadas de 1970 e 1980. Embora não se tenha um número preciso, estima-se que em meados da década de 1980 havia cerca de quinhentos mil brasileiros ocupando as regiões fronteiriças do Paraguai com o Brasil. No entanto, com mais intensidade a partir da década de 1990, iniciou-se o retorno desses sujeitos em razão de um conjunto de situações econômicas e políticas que os afetaram diretamente naquele país. Muitos dos quais se incorporaram ao Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra MST. Nas últimas décadas, de forma expressiva, esses migrantes têm regressado aos municípios brasileiros fronteiriços com as regiões em que viviam no Paraguai. O modo como experimentam e se relacionam no meio urbano, assim como, o modo como lidam e atravessam tais fronteiras geográficas, sociais e culturais são questões abordadas neste trabalho. As narrativas sobre esses percursos revelaram trajetórias que vem se fazendo no estando aqui e no estando lá , negociando e convivendo com valores, identificações e pertencimentos sociais. Tais homens e mulheres buscam no urbano novos espaços de trabalho, assistência médica, previdenciária e escolarização. O retorno muitas vezes é motivado pelas mulheres, cujas expectativas ultrapassam as necessidades materiais. Desse modo vêem na cidade um campo de possibilidades de reverem suas posições frente às práticas, costumes e códigos estabelecidos entre as relações de gênero vividas em situações de fronteira. Suas memórias também expressam a existência de redes de sociabilidades construídas no tempo diante das muitas carências enfrentadas. Entre as quais, a necessidade de trabalho, que atualmente tem sido, no caso dos homens, como pedreiros e ajudantes de construção, e, das mulheres, como empregadas domésticas

A tese privilegiou o estudo das trajetórias de famílias seringueiras, na entrefronteiras de áreas da Amazônia Sul-Ocidental: Estado do Acre (Brasil) e o Departamento de Pando (Bolívia). Os dados obtidos em quatro anos de pesquisa revelam um contexto de articulações entre culturas neste espaço constituindo identidades sob um eco silencioso da teia social de homens e mulheres nos interstícios latino-americanos dos Rios Abunã e Acre. Assim, a investigação sobre a experiência sociocultural destes sujeitos a partir da conjuntura do deslocamento de trabalhadores brasileiros para os seringais bolivianos como parte do processo de internacionalização dos conflitos sócio agrários do Brasil, em particular da Amazônia, mais evidente nas décadas de 1970 de 1980. Isto possibilitou uma leitura específica acerca das fronteiras brasileiras, nomeadamente, da zona fronteiriça interamericana e amazônica para além das dimensões jurídicas e políticas de Soberania Nacional, por entender que a região fronteiriça em estudo faz parte do/no universo da tradição do seringueiro, sem perder de vista que atravessar a fronteira nas condições vivenciadas por este trabalhador, resultou não apenas em ser um estrangeiro, mas, em um sem-direito. Desta forma, foi possível reconhecer as representações sobre cultura, fronteira e identidade elaboradas pelos próprios sujeitos amordaçados ou não pelos silêncios nas entre-condições do vivido em razão das implicações geopolíticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais. Para tanto, foi considerado a diversidade cultural e histórica como lócus que implicou pensar as diferenças, mas, também as trocas e negociações culturais. Isto conduziu a pesquisa aos postulados, especialmente, de Homi Bhabha que conclui a cultura como um lócus de um processo de ambiguidades histórico. Neste sentido, a tese aponta os entrelugares fronteiriços que localizam os chamados brasivianos na primeira década do século XXI como campos de possibilidades que permitiu analisar as temporalidades dos encontros e desencontros das experiências constituídas ao longo da história. Este processo é percebido no contexto do inicio do século XXI em razão do reconhecimento e da organização das comunidades de Arroyo Seco e Los Angeles, colocado em prática pelos governos: brasileiro e boliviano com a assinatura do Acodo Bilateral/2008. Portanto, estas traduzem sob o enfoque da dinâmica social, as divisões e interações de brasivianidade nas Amazônias e expõem que o Brasiviano é acima de tudo uma forma de expressar a entre-condição de homens e mulheres como sujeitos participantes de um processo de alteridade e hibridização representantes dos espaços interamericanos e amazônicos / The thesis focused the study of the trajectories of families rubber in between the borders of areas of Southwestern Amazonia: State of Acre (Brazil) and the Department of Pando (Bolivia). The data from four years of research reveal a context of connections between cultures in this space constituting identities under a silent echo of the social network of men and women in Latin American Rivers interstices of Abunã and Acre. Thus, research on the sociocultural experience of these subjects from the situation of Brazilian workers to shift Bolivian rubber as part of the internationalization of agrarian social conflicts of Brazil, particularly in the Amazon, most obvious process in the 1970s, 1980. this allowed specific about the borders of Brazil, namely, inter-American and Amazonian border area beyond the legal and political dimensions of National Sovereignty reading, understanding that the border region under study is part of the universe in the tradition of rubber, without losing view that cross the \"border\" conditions experienced by this worker, resulted not only in an alien, but a \"no-right\". Thus, it was possible to recognize the representations of culture, identity and border drawn by the subjects themselves or not muzzled by the \"silences\" in-between the living conditions because of geopolitical, economic, social and cultural implications. Therefore, it was considered the cultural and historical diversity as a locus which involved understanding the differences, but also cultural exchanges and negotiations. This research led to the postulates, especially Homi Bhabha concludes that culture as a locus of a process of historical ambiguities. In this sense, the thesis points out the border between places located so-called \"brasivianos\" in the first decade of this century as a field of possibilities that allowed us to analyze the temporalities of the comings and goings of the experiences recorded throughout history. This process is perceived in the context of the beginning of the XXI century due to recognition of the organization and the communities of Arroyo Seco and Los Angeles, put in place by governments: Brazilian and Bolivian with the signing of the Bilateral Acodo / 2008. Therefore, these translate from the standpoint of social dynamics, \"di-visions\" and interactions brasivianidade the Amazons and expose the Brasiviano is above all a way of expressing the condition between men and women as individuals participating in a process alterity of hybridization and representatives of inter-American and Amazonian areas

O presente trabalho tem, como objetivo principal, apresentar uma proposta metodológica para a delimitação territorial de municípios. A questão fronteiriça, aparentemente irrelevante em um mundo cada vez mais integrado, classificado por muitos como um mundo sem fronteiras, mostra-se, na verdade, cada vez mais presente, dentro de uma fragmentação permanente do espaço geográfico em diversas unidades políticas. Dentro disto, os limites territoriais internos, primordialmente os de caráter municipal, apresentam grande importância na vida cotidiana de todos os indivíduos. São estas linhas que determinam a localização de eleitores, a implantação de escolas, atendimentos em postos de saúde, entregas de correspondências, implantação de linhas telefônicas, cadastramentos pra fins escolares, recolhimento de lixo, pesquisa para censos demográficos, abastecimento de água e luz, melhoramentos em vias de acesso, entre outros. Dada tamanha importância, espera-se que os mesmos tenham suas definições baseadas em critérios concretos e coerentes. A análise dos limites municipais brasileiros demonstra, entretanto, uma situação distante da ideal. Enquanto parâmetros populacionais, econômicos e eleitorais são discutidos como requisitos mínimos para a criação de municípios, elementos territoriais acabam sendo relegados. O evidente contraste entre territórios demasiadamente extensos ao lado de pequenas áreas municipais em conjunto com formas das mais variadas possíveis, permite afirmar que, em meio a total permissibilidade de atuação técnica e política, não há critérios consistentes estabelecidos para a definição das linhas limítrofes. Dentre os inúmeros problemas gerados pelas delimitações inconsistentes, destaca-se a questão da posição do limite em relação às sedes municipais dos municípios confrontantes. O posicionamento desequilibrado da referida linha pode gerar situações em que determinada população, apesar de residir oficialmente em um município, usufrui dos serviços públicos de outro. Nestes casos, podemos considerar duas áreas territoriais municipais distintas a jurídica, definida por lei, e a real, efetivada na realidade. Neste contexto, propõe-se a consideração da distância como elemento central para a análise territorial. Levando em consideração que um indivíduo, localizado entre duas sedes municipais, ao necessitar de algum serviço público oferecido em ambas, tende a se deslocar para a mais próxima e, que o referido deslocamento se dá primordialmente através das vias de acesso (rodovias, estradas, caminhos, etc.), conclui-se que a adoção da simples distância euclidiana não é satisfatória, devendo ser substituída pela distância viária, primordialmente medida pelo tempo de viagem. Desta forma, eis a premissa da pesquisa: o território municipal deve corresponder a sua respectiva área de influência, definida pelo conjunto dos pontos mais próximos (considerando o menor tempo de viagem necessário) de sua sede em relação às sedes do entorno. / This work has as main objective to present a methodology for territorial delimitation of municipalities. The border issue, apparently irrelevant in an increasingly integrated world, rated by many as a \"borderless world\", it is shown, in fact, increasingly present, in a permanent fragmentation of geographic space in various political units. Within this, the internal boundaries, primarily the municipal boundaries, have major importance in everyday life of all individuals. These are lines that determine the location of voters, the deployment of schools, attendance at public health clinics, delivery of correspondence, implementation of telephone lines, registrations for school purposes, garbage collection, search for demographic censuses, supply water and light, improvements in access roads, among others. Given such importance, it is expected that they have their settings based on specific and consistent criteria. The analysis of the Brazilian municipal boundaries demonstrates, however, a distant ideal situation. While population, economic and electoral parameters are discussed as minimum requirements for the creation of municipalities, territorial elements end up being relegated. The stark contrast between too extensive territories side of small municipal areas together with the most diverse forms, have shown that, amid all permissibility of technical expertise and policy, there is no consistent criteria for defining the boundary line. Among the numerous problems caused by inconsistent boundaries, there is the issue of position limits in relation to the municipal headquarters of the bordering municipalities. The \"unbalanced\" position of that line can lead to situations where certain population, although living officially in municipality, enjoys the public services of another. In these cases, we can consider two different municipal territorial areas - legal, defined by law, and the real, effective in reality. In this context, it is proposed to consider the distance as a central element for territorial analysis. Assuming an individual, located between two municipal centers, to require some public service offered in both, tends to move to the closest and that displacement occurs primarily through the access roads (highways, streets, paths, etc.), it is concluded that the adoption of simple Euclidean distance is not satisfactory and should be replaced by the road distance, primarily measured by travel time. Thus, this is the premise of the research: the municipality must correspond to their respective area of influence defined by the set of closest points (considering the lowest travel time required) from its headquarters in relation to the surrounding headquarters.

Peter Coleman's (2011) Attractor Landscape Model (ALM) is a promising new framework for analysing and tackling intractable conflicts: conflicts that are highly destructive and highly resistant to conflict resolution. However, this thesis suggests that Coleman's ALM may be based on unreliable assumptions about homogenous group psychology. The aim is to test the reliability of the ALM from this perspective, and to suggest ways to successfully operationalise the ALM. The reliability of the ALM is tested using the case study of professional negotiators in the Israel- Palestine Track-I peace process 2007-2011. 12 interviews are conducted with negotiators from four key actors: the EU, the US, Israel and the Negotiation Support Unit (NSU). The transcripts of these interviews are coded for patterns of 'behaving' and 'thinking', and tested against five hypotheses derived from negotiation theories and the Conceptual Integrative Complexity Scoring Manual (Baker- Brown et al., 1992). It is concluded that the case study of the Israel-Palestine Track-I peace process 2007-2011 generally provides support for the attractor landscape model. However, negotiators from the NSU stood out as a significant exception. This suggests that future studies using the ALM should investigate potentially significant differences in...

Understanding identities as socially and collectively constructed, this study aims to show how FRONTEX, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, takes part in the construction of a collective EU-identity. Through practises of bordering, differentiation, as well as the construction of the Other, FRONTEX plays an important and previously neglected role in the construction of a common EU-identity shared among the member states. By promoting theimportance of the EU’s external borders and the dangers of the outside world, FRONTEX reproduces the narrative where the EU is seen as a community of common values and ideas in need of protection.

This master’s thesis in the realm of cultural heritage deals with the changes in identity, memory and interactions with heritage and culture among the Estonian Seto community in relation to the control line, wishing to evaluate what sort of everyday changes have taken place, as well as changes in cultural celebrations and traditions. It also seeks to analyse how the Setos on the Estonian side perceive the Seto culture across the border, and how they view their own situation in a changing landscape. In addition to this, the participants’ views on how they wish to see the situation with the control line mitigated are investigated. All these changes are framed by theories on cultural memory and border-making. The thesis uses qualitative interviews to gather the necessary data. The results reveal that many changes the Seto community face are connected to loss and restricted access, affecting the cultural memory of the community. The restrictive border is also a tool used in identity creation, using "lost ancestral lands" to create a view of the past that supports the existence of a strong and unified Seto community mitigating a loss.