Studien som här sammanfattas är kvantitativ och börjar med en redogörelse av tidigare forskning inom ämnena, medarbetarskap, top-down – bottom-up, samt street level bureaucacy. Därefter redovisas den teoretiska referensramen som arbetet utgått från; Dochertys organisatoriska lärande. En svensk kommun bestående av omkring 10 000 medarbetare har använts som population till arbetet hos vilken en surveyundersökning genomförts. Syftet med studien var att undersöka relationen mellan lärande och medarbetarskap. Fokusområden har varit individens lärande inom organisationen liksom hur detta påverkat deras intryck av sitt medarbetarskap. Det resultat som framkommit visar att lärande är bidragande till ett välmående medarbetarskap. Slutligen skildras en analys av resultatet som sedan leder till en diskussion.

Submitted by Etelvina Domingos (etelvina.domingos@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-10T19:39:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DE DOUTORADO DE RICARDO SCHNEIDER Correções Banca 24-02-12 as 19 30 (2).pdf: 6805434 bytes, checksum: 4e1a4cf9c9351d215edfb5bd590bc6b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-10T19:39:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 VERSÃO FINAL DA TESE DE DOUTORADO DE RICARDO SCHNEIDER Correções Banca 24-02-12 as 19 30 (2).pdf: 6805434 bytes, checksum: 4e1a4cf9c9351d215edfb5bd590bc6b8 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01 / Foram desenvolvidos e estudados sistemas vítreos com a capacidade de formação de nanopartículas e filmes nanoestruturados, quando submetidos a tratamento térmico, para atuar como parte ativa de dispositivos. As composições dos sistemas desenvolvidos e avaliados mostraram-se adequadas para produção de fibras. O crescimento de nanofilmes foi monitorado em função das condições de tratamento térmico, em temperaturas características de cada sistema, através de microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Um dos sistemas desenvolvidos no presente trabalho resultou em aplicação como parte ativa de dispositivos sensores de gás hidrogênio. As temperaturas características dos sistemas estudados foram determinadas por análise térmica e utilizadas em simulações dos eventos térmicos observados. As simulações foram realizadas com rotinas desenvolvidas no programa Wolfram Mathematica®, possibilitando caracterização dos mecanismos associados aos processos de cristalização. As amostras vítreas em forma de fibras puxadas a partir dos sistemas baseados em compostos de chumbo, GAPAgF e GAPAgO, dopadas com íons prata, foram obtidas pela fusão dos reagentes de partida em forno resistivo, seguidas pelo tratamento térmico em torno da temperatura de transição vítrea (Tg) para produzir o filme de prata nanoestruturado na superfície das fibras. Um terceiro sistema, baseado em fosfato (NaPONG), apresentou crescimento de filme nanoestruturado apenas quando submetido a tratamento térmico em atmosfera redutora, diferenciando substancialmente do mecanismo envolvido nos sistemas anteriores (GAPAgF e GAPAgO). O sistema NaPONG apresenta uma capacidade de dissolução de vários óxidos e compostos, e permitiu a dopagem deste sistema também com íons Ni2+ e a obtenção de nanopartículas de níquel. O crescimento do filme nanoestruturado nos sistemas de compostos de chumbo apresenta forte dependência com a temperatura necessária para o crescimento do filme. Tal dependência não é observada no sistema baseado em fosfato, o que permite a obtenção de filmes em temperaturas em torno de 340 °C, abaixo da Tg do sistema. O crescimento das nanopartículas foi monitorado por AFM em ambos os sistemas, em função do tempo de tratamento térmico. Detectou-se crescimento de nanoestruturas de prata com 50 nm em apenas um minuto e cinco minutos de tratamento térmico, para os sistemas GAPAgO e NaPONG, respectivamente. Quanto às características elétricas, o filme nanoestruturado, que se apresenta como não-condutor quando obtido nos sistemas baseados em chumbo, mostrou-se condutor no sistema fosfato, obtido com tratamento térmico de trinta minutos a 350 °C sob atmosfera de H2. Imagens de MEV mostram que a condutividade é obtida quando se estabelece o “contato” entre as nanopartículas que formam o filme, ultrapassando um limiar de percolação, formando um caminho ininterrupto pelo qual fluirá a corrente elétrica. Fibras do sistema fosfato com filme condutor foram aplicadas no desenvolvimento de dispositivos sensores de gás. O dispositivo obtido mostra sensibilidade ao gás hidrogênio e não aos gases oxigênio e nitrogênio. Os resultados indicam que o dispositivo desenvolvido pode atuar como sensor seletivo, com aplicações nas áreas de processos e segurança.

Overbrowsing by ungulates decimates plant populations and reduces diversity in a variety of ecosystems, but the mechanisms by which changes to plant community composition influence other trophic levels are poorly understood. In addition to removal of avian nesting habitat, browsing is hypothesized to reduce bird density and diversity through reduction of insect prey on browse-tolerant hosts left behind by deer. In this study, we excluded birds from branches of six tree species to quantify differences in songbird prey removal across trees that vary in deer browse preference. Early in the breeding season, birds preyed on caterpillars at levels proportional to their abundance on each host. Combining these data with tree species composition data from stands exposed to experimentally controlled deer densities over 30 years ago, we tested whether overbrowsing by white-tailed deer reduces prey biomass long after deer densities are reduced. Our analysis predicts total prey availability in the canopy of regenerating forests is fairly robust to historic exposure to high deer densities, though distribution of prey available from host species changes dramatically. This predicted compensatory effect was unexpected and is driven by high prey abundance on a single host tree species avoided by browsing deer, Prunus serotina. Thus, while we confirm that prey abundance on host trees can act as a reliable predictor for relative prey availability, this study shows that quantifying prey abundance across host trees is essential to understanding how changes in tree species composition interact with ungulate browse preference to determine prey availability for songbirds.

In 2003 the Swedish Land Management Program (LAMP) initiated the Village Legal Workers (VLW) Training in the Babati District aiming at empowering local communities through raising awareness of legal rights among the villagers. A VLW is trained in legal rights and will then share his/her knowledge with other villagers through meetings and seminars. The aim of this thesis is to examine the effectiveness of Swedish aid on empowerment of local communities and empowerment of women. To meet these aims of the paper three questions were formulated: to what extent have the goals (empowering local communities) of LAMPs VLWs Training been achieved in Dareda Kati and Haysam, to what extent has the project used a Bottom-up approach and has LAMPs VLWs Training contributed to empowerment of women? To answer these questions a qualitative method was used through semistructured interviews with VLWs and participants of the education by VLWs. Bottom-up approach has been chosen to describe the methods for achieving empowerment and Gender theory has been chosen to describe the procedure of empowerment of women, which consider the social constructions of men and women. The results of this study indicate that VLWs and participants of the education thought that raising awareness of legal rights is of great importance. The expectations and the goals of the project have not quite been fulfilled due to lack of financial resources and support from the Babati District Council (BDC) and the Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC).

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to map out the top-down and bottom-up perspectives and investigate the information strategies on how it relates to daily operations in three case companies. To fulfill the purpose, the following three questions have been answered:   What approach do the organization have on information strategies and what  characterizes them? To what extent do the case organization use the information strategies?   What opportunities and difficulties do organizations see with the information strategies?   Method – To fulfill the purpose, a case study was carried out on three case companies. The empirical data has been collected through interviews and surveys. The theoretical framework together with the empirical data, has then contributed to achieving the purpose.   Findings – First the map out was conducted within three case companies and how the information strategies have been chosen in relation to the daily operations perspective. Based on the mapping, it has then been framed the potential possibilities and difficulties with the respective strategy choices and its implementation. Limitations – The definition of the information strategies within the study is defined as Top-down and Bottom-up and how the choice in how companies choose to coordinate and be responsible for tasks. The authors do not know whether the study can be adapted to the business of other organisations when mapping information strategies.   Keywords – information strategies, top-down, bottom-up, information flow, communication.

Raman spectroscopy is among the most widely employed methods to investigate the properties of materials in several fields of study. Evolution in materials science allowed us to fabricate suitable substrates, at the nanoscale, capable to enhance the electromagnetic field of the signals coming from the samples which at this range turn out to be in most cases singles or a few molecules. This particular variation of the classical technique is called SERS (Surface Enanched Raman Spectroscopy). In this work, the enhancement of the electromagnetic field is obtained by manipulation of the optical properties of metals with respect to their size. By using electroless deposition (bottom up technique), gold and silver nanoparticles were deposited in nanostructured patterns obtained on silicon wafers by means of electron beam lithography (top down technique). Rhodamine 6G in aqueous solution at extremely low concentration (10-8 M) was absorbed on the resultant dimers and the collection of the Raman spectra demonstrated the high efficiency of the substrates.

In general an ontology is created by following a top-down, or so called genus-species approach, where the species are differentiated from the genus and from each other by means of differentiae [8]. The superconcept is the genus, every subconcept is a species, and the differentiae correspond to roles. To complete it a user organizes data into a proper structure, accompanied with the instances in that domain in order to complete the construction of an ontology. It is a concept learning procedure in a school, for example. Students first learn the general knowledge and apply it to their exercise and homework for practice. After they are more familiar with the knowledge, they can use what they have learned to solve the problems in their daily life. The deductive learning approach is based on the fundamental knowledge that a student has acquired already. By contrast, a more intuitive way of learning is the bottom-up approach, which is based on atomism. That is also a frequently used way for humans to acquire knowledge. From sensing the world by vision, hearing, and touching, people learn information about actual objects, i.e., instances, in the world. After an instance has been collected, a relationship between it and existing knowledge will be created and an ontology will be formed automatically. The primary goal of this thesis is to make a better instance input interface for the ontology development tool Protégé to simplify the procedure of ontology construction. The second goal is to show the feasibility of a bottom-up approach for the building of an ontology. Without setting up the organization of classes and properties (slots) first, a user simply inputs all the information from an instance and the program will form an ontology automatically. It means after an instance has been entered, the system will find a proper location inside of the ontology to store it.

Single-Cell Proteomics (SCP) can provide unique insights into biological processes by resolving heterogeneity that is obscured by bulk measurements. Gains in the overall sensitivity and proteome coverage through improvements in sample processing and analysis increase the information content obtained from each cell, particularly for less abundant proteins. In addition to achieving in-depth proteome coverage from single cells, higher throughput measurements enable large-scale and statistically significant features within single cell populations. This dissertation focuses on method development to improve the sensitivity and throughput of SCP based on the nanoPOTS (nanodroplet Processing in One pot for Trace Samples) platform. The methods discussed here include miniaturization of bottom-up proteome sample preparation and liquid chromatography (LC) separations, implementation of an ultrasensitive latest-generation mass spectrometer, development of automated sample handling workflow, and combination of isotopic and isobaric labeling for higher order multiplexing. The miniaturization of sample preparation largely reduced protein loss during sample preparation and enabled in-depth single-cell proteomics. The sensitivity was further improved using a 20-μm-i.d. in-house-packed nanoLC column and the latest generation Orbitrap Eclipse Tribrid mass spectrometer. A >70% increase in proteome coverage was observed for single cells relative to previous efforts using a 30-μm-i.d. LC columns coupled to a previous-generation Orbitrap Fusion Lumos mass spectrometer. To make SCP and low-input proteome profiling accessible to more proteomics laboratories, a fully automated platform termed autoPOTS (automated Preparation in One pot for Trace Samples) was developed using only commercially available instrumentation for sample processing and analysis. AutoPOTS can be used to analyze 1–500 cells with a modest reduction in peptide coverage for 150 cells and a 24% reduction in coverage for single cells compared to the nanoliter preparation. To improve the throughput of SCP, a hyperplexing sample preparation and analysis method for Single-Cell Proteomics (hyperSCP) was developed using a combination of isotopic and isobaric labeling. This method can improve the throughput by at least 28 times with the same gradient compared to the label-free proteomics and can double or triple the throughput of standard tandem mass tag multiplexing.

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