Introduction: The objective of this experimental research was to evaluate the slot’s vertical dimension and profile of four different 0.018″ self-ligating brackets and to identify the level of tolerance accepted by manufacturers during the fabrication process. It was then possible to calculate and compare the torque play of those brackets using the measured values and the nominal values. Material and Methods: Twenty-five 0.018″ self-ligating brackets of upper left central incisors from the following manufacturers, Speed® (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada), InOvationR® (GAC, Bohemia, NY, USA), CarriereLX® (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and SmartClip® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), were evaluated using electron microscopy with 150X images. The height of each bracket was measured at every 100 microns of depth from the lingual wall at five different levels. A Student T test was then used to compare our results with the manufacturer’s stated value of 0.018″. To determine if there was a significant difference between the four manufacturers, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed at the significance level of p<0.05. The torque play was then calculated using geometrical formulas. Results: On average, Speed brackets were oversized by 2.7%[MV 0.0185″ (SD:0.002)], InOvationR by 3.7% [MV 0.0187″ (SD:0.002)], CarriereLX by 3.2% [MV 0.0186″ (SD:0.002)] and SmartClipSL by 5.0% [MV 0.0189″ (SD:0.002)]. The height of all brackets was significantly higher than the nominal value of 0.018″ (p<0.001). The slot of SmartClip brackets was significantly larger than those of the other three manufacturers (p<0.001). None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls; some were convergent and others divergent. These variations can induce a torque play up to 4.5 degrees with a 0.017″x0.025″ wire and 8.0 degrees with a 0.016″x0.022″ wire. Conclusion: All studied brackets were oversized. None of the brackets studied had parallel gingival and occlusal walls and there was no standard between manufacturers for the geometry of their slots. These variations can cause a slight increase of the torque play between the wire and the bracket compared with the nominal value. / Introduction : Cette recherche a été une étude expérimentale conduite en laboratoire visant à évaluer la dimension verticale ainsi que la géométrie de la lumière de différents boîtiers auto-ligaturants populaires de grandeur 0,018″. Par la suite, il a été possible de calculer mathématiquement la perte de torque engendrée par ces variations. Matériel et méthode : Vingt-cinq boîtiers auto-ligaturants d’incisive centrale supérieure gauche de quatre différents manufacturiers, Speed® (Strite Industries, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada), InOvationR® (GAC, Bohemia, NY, USA), CarriereLX® (Ortho Organizers, Carlsbad, CA, USA) et SmartClip SL® (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA), ont été évalués en utilisant un microscope à balayage électronique à un grossissement de 150X. La hauteur de la lumière a été mesurée à tous les 100 microns de profondeur à cinq différents niveaux, permettant ainsi d’établir sa hauteur moyenne et d’évaluer le parallélisme de ses parois. Le test T de Student a été utilisé pour déterminer si ces valeurs étaient statistiquement significatives comparativement à la valeur de référence de 0,018″. Un test de variance (ANOVA), avec un seuil de signification p<0,05, a été utilisé pour comparer les boîtiers des différents manufacturiers entre eux. La perte de torque a, par la suite, été calculée théoriquement à l’aide de formules géométriques en fonction d’un fil donné. Résultats : En moyenne, la lumière des boîtiers Speed était surdimensionnée de 2,7% [VM : 0,0185″ (DS : 0,002)], InOvationR de 3,7% [VM 0,0187″ (DS : 0,002)], CarriereLX de 3,2% [VM 0,0186″ (DS : 0,002)] et SmartClip SL de 5,0% [VM 0,0189″ (DS : 0,002)]. La hauteur moyenne des quatre types de boîtiers a démontré une différence statistiquement significative par rapport à la valeur de référence de 0,018″ (p<0,001). Il existe également une différence statistiquement significative entre la hauteur moyenne des boîtiers SmartClip et celle des trois autres manufacturiers (p<0,001). Aucun des boîtiers étudiés n’avait les parois gingivales et occlusales parallèles, certaines étaient divergentes, d’autres convergentes. Ces variations peuvent engendrer cliniquement une perte de torque jusqu’à 4,5 degrés avec un fil 0,017″x0,025″ et jusqu’à 8,0 degrés avec un fil 0,016″x0,022″. Conclusion : La lumière de tous les boîtiers étudiés était légèrement surdimensionnée. La géométrie de la lumière variait d’un manufacturier à l’autre, certains boîtiers étaient convergents et d’autres divergents. Ces variations causées par les méthodes de fabrication engendrent une perte de torque supplémentaire par rapport à la valeur nominale.

In this work we study properties of the higher-dimensional generally rotating black hole space-time so-called Kerr-NUT-(A)dS and the related spaces with the same explicit and hidden symetries as the Kerr-NUT-(A)dS spacetime. First, we search commuta- tivity conditions for classical (charged) observables and their operator analogues, then we investigate a fulfilment of these conditions in the metioned spaces. We calculate the curvature of these spaces and solve the charged Hamilton-Jacobi and Klein-Gordon equations by the separation of the variables for an electromagnetic field, which pre- serves integrability of motion of a charged particle and mutual commutativity of the corresponding operators.

Esse trabalho visa a investigar a estrutura bi-Hamiltoniana de uma classe de sistemas dinâmicos. Depois de introduzir as ferramentas necessárias, a saber, as noções de variedade de Poisson, de grupo de PoissonLieedenetworknodiscoenoanêl,introduziremosossistemasdinâmicos relevantes nessa dissertação, chamados de reticulados de Coxeter-Toda. Esses sistemas dinâmicos, cujo espaço de fase pode ser identicado com umoportunoquocientedeumacéluladupladeCoxeter-Bruhatdogrupo linear geral, são obtidos por redução do sistema de Toda em GLn. Na parte nal do presente trabalho apresentaremos alguns resultados relacionado à um sistema dinâmico discreto chamado de aplicação do pentagrama, o qual pode ser obtido através uma oportuna discretização do sistema dinâmico de Boussinesq. / This work aims to study the bi-Hamiltonian structure of a class of dynamical systems. After introducing the relevant tools, namely the notions of Poisson manifold, Poisson-Lie group and of network dened in a disc and in an annulus, we will introduce the dynamical systems of interest for this dissertation, i.e., the Coxeter-Toda lattices. These dynamical systems, whose phase-space can be identied with a suitable quotient of a Coxeter double Bruhat cell of the general linear group, are obtained by reduction starting from the Toda ow on GLn. In the nal part of the present work will be presented some results concerning a discrete integrable system close to the so called Pentagram map, which is a discretization of the Boussinesq dynamical system..

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os efeitos dos lacebacks ativos e passivos na biomecânica da fase de nivelamento, utilizando-se a técnica MBT. A amostra foi constituída de 29 sujeitos de pesquisa (22 do gênero feminino e 7 do gênero masculino), brasileiros, leucodermas e pardos, portadores de má oclusão de Classe I e com idade média de 15 anos e 5 meses. O tratamento ortodôntico foi planejado com as extrações dos primeiros pré-molares e, durante a fase estudada, foram empregados apenas fios de aço inoxidável (0.014", 0.016", 0.018", 0.020" e 0.019" x 0.025"). Os recursos de ancoragem utilizados para os arcos dentários superior e inferior foram, respectivamente, o aparelho extrabucal tipo IHG e o arco lingual fixo. De acordo com a indicação dos lacebacks, a amostra foi dividida em quatro grupos: grupo I – 14 sujeitos que utilizaram lacebacks ativos no arco dentário superior; grupo II – 9 sujeitos que utilizaram lacebacks passivos no arco dentário superior; grupo III – 19 sujeitos que utilizaram lacebacks ativos no arco dentário inferior e grupo IV – 10 sujeitos que utilizaram lacebacks passivos no arco dentário inferior. Para cada indivíduo da amostra foram tomadas duas telerradiografias laterais, uma ao início e outra ao término da fase de nivelamento, com um intervalo médio de 21 meses. Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se o método cefalométrico computadorizado. Para a análise de erros, o método cefalométrico foi repetido em todos os sujeitos da amostra, pelo mesmo operador, com um intervalo mínimo de 15 dias entre as medidas. Os resultados indicaram que as variações observadas foram compatíveis com as estimativas de erros operacionais em estudos cefalométricos. Após a análise estatística e a interpretação dos resultados, verificou-se que, no grupo I, apenas a coroa do primeiro molar superior sofreu um movimento mesial e que tanto a coroa como a raiz do incisivo central superior apresentaram um movimento em direção lingual. No entanto, as inclinações destes dentes não foram alteradas. No grupo II, o primeiro molar superior se manteve estável e somente a coroa do incisivo central superior se movimentou em direção lingual, produzindo uma rotação horária deste dente. No grupo III, observou-se uma mesialização, tanto da coroa como da raiz, e extrusão do primeiro molar inferior, enquanto a posição do incisivo central inferior permaneceu inalterada. As inclinações destes dentes também não foram alteradas. No grupo IV, verificou-se que nem o primeiro molar inferior nem o incisivo central inferior apresentaram variações no sentido ântero-posterior. Verticalmente, houve extrusão apenas do primeiro molar inferior. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of active and passive lacebacks in the biomechanics of the leveling phase, using the MBT technique. The sample was composed of 29 Brazilian subjects (22 female and 7 male), Caucasian, with Class I malocclusion and mean age of 15 years and 5 months. The orthodontic treatment was planned with the extraction of the first premolars, and the leveling phase was performed with stainless steel wire only (0.014", 0.016", 0.018", 0.020" e 0.019" x 0.025"). The anchorage control devices used in the upper and lower arches were, respectively, the IHG extraoral appliance and the fixed lingual arch. According to the type of laceback prescription, the sample was divided into four groups: group I – 14 subjects in which active lacebacks were used in the upper arch; group II – 9 subjects in which passive lacebacks were used in the upper arch; group III – 19 subjects in which active lacebacks were used in the lower arch; group IV – 10 subjects in which passive lacebacks were used in the lower arch. For each subject of the sample two lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken: one at the beginning and another at the end of the leveling phase, with a mean interval of 21 months. The data were collected using the resources of computerized cephalometry. To perform the analysis of errors, the cephalometric method was repeated in all subjects of the sample, by the same operator, with a minimum interval of 15 days between the measurements. The results revealed that the observed variations were compatible with the estimates of operational errors in cephalometric studies. After statistical analysis and interpretation of the results, it was observed that in group I, only the crown of the upper first molar presented a mesial movement. As to the upper central incisor, both the crown and the root presented a lingual movement. However, the inclination of these teeth was not affected. In group II, the upper first molar remained stable and only the crown of the upper central incisor moved lingually, leading to a clockwise rotation of this tooth. In group III, a mesial movement of both the crown and the root of the lower first molar was observed, along with its extrusion, whereas the position of the lower central incisor remained unchanged. The inclination of these teeth was not affected either. In group IV, it was observed that neither the lower first molar nor the lower central incisor experienced variations in the anteroposterior sense. Vertically, there only was extrusion of the lower first molar.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas e adesivas do esmalte dental após radioterapia e colagem de bráquetes ortodônticos metálicos e cerâmicos. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, foram utilizados 10 molares permanentes humanos hígidos, que foram seccionados em fragmentos de esmalte de 1 mm² e divididos entre grupo irradiado e não irradiado, de forma pareada. O grupo irradiado foi submetido à radiação ionizante, com uma dose total de 60 Gy, 2 Gy/dia, durante seis semanas, com intervalo de dois dias entre às semana. Os fragmentos de esmalte dental foram submetidos a teste mecânicos de microcisalhamento para verificar se a radioterapia alterou a resistência coesiva do esmalte dental irradiado. A segunda etapa deste estudo utilizou-se de 90 pré-molares humanos hígidos e devidamente preparados, divididos em seis grupos/subgrupos (n=15): G1 - dentes não irradiados e não envelhecidos; G2 - dentes não irradiados e envelhecidos; G3 - dentes irradiados e envelhecidos; Subgrupos: bráquetes metálicos (M) e bráquetes cerâmicos (C). Os grupos G2 e G3 foram submetidos à envelhecimento artificial acelerado por meio de termociclagem, simulando o período aproximado de 1 a 2 anos, tempo esse indicado para o início de tratamento ortodôntico em pacientes pós radioterapia. Em seguida, os grupos G2 e G3 foram submetidos à radioterapia, conforme descrito. Finalizado o ciclo radioterápico, os bráquetes foram colados no esmalte dental dos espécimes com compósito Transbond XT, sendo o bráquete metálico Morelli e cerâmico Radiance. Após 24 horas, os corpos de prova foram submetidos à teste mecânico de cisalhamento e a superfície do esmalte avaliada em microscopia confocal de varredura à laser (MCVL) avaliando o índice de remanescente adesivo (IRA) e modo de fratura. Em seguida, quatro corpos de prova que apresentaram fratura do tipo coesiva de cada grupo/subgrupos foram devidamente preparados e a interface compósito/esmalte avaliada em MCVL e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os fragmentos de esmalte dental submetidos à radiação apresentaram menores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento do que o esmalte dental não irradiado (p<0,05). Levando em consideração a interação dos fatores dos espécimes submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento, os grupo/subgrupos submetidos à radiação e colados bráquetes cerâmicos, apresentaram menores valores de resistência. Os grupos não submetidos à irradiação, G1-M e G2-M, apresentaram com maior frequência IRA escore 0 (sem compósito na superfície), enquanto, os grupos G1-C, G2-C, G3-M e G3-C apresentaram mais de 50% de compósito aderido à superfície Quanto ao modo de fratura, os grupos controle apresentaram em sua maioria os tipos de fratura adesiva (Ad) e coesiva resina (CR), independente do tipo de bráquete Os bráquetes metálicos colados em esmalte dental submetidos à irradiação apresentaram fratura do tipo mista coesiva resina/adesiva (CR/Ad), enquanto os bráquetes cerâmicos resultaram em fraturas coesiva resina (CR) e coesiva resina/adesiva (CR/Ad). Nas imagens obtidas da região de interface compósito/esmalte, observou-se que os tags de resina foram mais extensos no esmalte dental irradiado, circundando os prismas de esmalte. Assim, conclui-se que a radiação diminuiu a resistência coesiva do esmalte dental e que os espécimes submetidos à radioterapia apresentaram maior falha adesiva entre bráquete/compósito e tags de resina mais extensos e profundos quando comparados ao grupo controle / The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and adhesive properties of the enamel after radiotherapy and bonding of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets. The study was divided into two stages. In the first one, 10 human permanent molars, which were cut into fragments of enamel 1 mm² and divided between irradiated and non-irradiated group, in a paired form. The irradiated group was subjected to ionizing radiation, with a total dose of 60 Gy, 2 Gy / day for six weeks, with an interval of two days between the weeks. The enamel fragments were subjected to mechanical testing to verify that microshear radiotherapy changed cohesive strength of the irradiated enamel. In The second phase of this study, was used 90 healthy and properly prepared human premolars,divided into six groups / subgroups (n = 15): G1 - non-irradiated teeth and not aged; G2 teeth unirradiated and aged; G3 - irradiated and aged teeth; Subgroups: metallic brackets (M) and ceramic brackets (C). G2 and G3 were subjected to accelerated artificial aging by thermal cycling, simulating period of approximately 1 to 2 years, this time indicated for the beginning of orthodontic treatment in post radiotherapy patients. Then the G2 and G3 groups underwent radiotherapy as described. After the radiotherapy cycle, the brackets were bonded on the enamel specimens with Transbond XT, and the metallic and Morelli ceramic bracket Radiance. After 24 hours, the specimens were subjected to mechanical shear test and evaluated the enamel surface in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluating the adhesive remnant index (ARI) and fracture mode. Then four specimens showed that the cohesive fracture type were properly prepared for each group / subgroup and the composite interface / enamel evaluated CLSM and scanning electron microscopy. Fragments enamel subjected to radiation had significantly lower shear strength than the non-irradiated enamel (p <0.05). Considering the interaction of the factors of the specimens subjected to shear stress, the group / subgroup undergoing radiation and bonded ceramic brackets showed lower resistance values. The two groups were subjected to irradiation, G1 and G2-M-M, showed more IRA frequency scores of 0 (no composite surface), while the C-G1, G2, C, G3 and G3-M-C groups had more 50% of adhesive left on the surface Concerning the fracture mode, the control groups showed mostly the types of adhesive fracture (Ad) and cohesive resin (CR), regardless of the bracket\'s metal brackets bonded submitted to enamel irradiation, that showed mixed type of cohesive resin / adhesive (CR / Ad) fracture, while ceramic brackets resulted in cohesive fractures resin (CR) and cohesive resin / adhesive (CR / Ad). In images obtained from the composite region / enamel interface, it was observed that the resin tags were more extensive in the irradiated tooth enamel surrounding the enamel prisms. Thus, it is concluded that radiation decreased the tensile strength of the enamel and the specimens treated with radiotherapy had higher adhesive failure between bracket / composite and tags of more extensive and deep resin, compared to the control group

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as propriedades físicas e adesivas do esmalte dental após radioterapia e colagem de bráquetes ortodônticos metálicos e cerâmicos. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, foram utilizados 10 molares permanentes humanos hígidos, que foram seccionados em fragmentos de esmalte de 1 mm² e divididos entre grupo irradiado e não irradiado, de forma pareada. O grupo irradiado foi submetido à radiação ionizante, com uma dose total de 60 Gy, 2 Gy/dia, durante seis semanas, com intervalo de dois dias entre às semana. Os fragmentos de esmalte dental foram submetidos a teste mecânicos de microcisalhamento para verificar se a radioterapia alterou a resistência coesiva do esmalte dental irradiado. A segunda etapa deste estudo utilizou-se de 90 pré-molares humanos hígidos e devidamente preparados, divididos em seis grupos/subgrupos (n=15): G1 - dentes não irradiados e não envelhecidos; G2 - dentes não irradiados e envelhecidos; G3 - dentes irradiados e envelhecidos; Subgrupos: bráquetes metálicos (M) e bráquetes cerâmicos (C). Os grupos G2 e G3 foram submetidos à envelhecimento artificial acelerado por meio de termociclagem, simulando o período aproximado de 1 a 2 anos, tempo esse indicado para o início de tratamento ortodôntico em pacientes pós radioterapia. Em seguida, os grupos G2 e G3 foram submetidos à radioterapia, conforme descrito. Finalizado o ciclo radioterápico, os bráquetes foram colados no esmalte dental dos espécimes com compósito Transbond XT, sendo o bráquete metálico Morelli e cerâmico Radiance. Após 24 horas, os corpos de prova foram submetidos à teste mecânico de cisalhamento e a superfície do esmalte avaliada em microscopia confocal de varredura à laser (MCVL) avaliando o índice de remanescente adesivo (IRA) e modo de fratura. Em seguida, quatro corpos de prova que apresentaram fratura do tipo coesiva de cada grupo/subgrupos foram devidamente preparados e a interface compósito/esmalte avaliada em MCVL e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os fragmentos de esmalte dental submetidos à radiação apresentaram menores valores de resistência ao cisalhamento do que o esmalte dental não irradiado (p<0,05). Levando em consideração a interação dos fatores dos espécimes submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento, os grupo/subgrupos submetidos à radiação e colados bráquetes cerâmicos, apresentaram menores valores de resistência. Os grupos não submetidos à irradiação, G1-M e G2-M, apresentaram com maior frequência IRA escore 0 (sem compósito na superfície), enquanto, os grupos G1-C, G2-C, G3-M e G3-C apresentaram mais de 50% de compósito aderido à superfície Quanto ao modo de fratura, os grupos controle apresentaram em sua maioria os tipos de fratura adesiva (Ad) e coesiva resina (CR), independente do tipo de bráquete Os bráquetes metálicos colados em esmalte dental submetidos à irradiação apresentaram fratura do tipo mista coesiva resina/adesiva (CR/Ad), enquanto os bráquetes cerâmicos resultaram em fraturas coesiva resina (CR) e coesiva resina/adesiva (CR/Ad). Nas imagens obtidas da região de interface compósito/esmalte, observou-se que os tags de resina foram mais extensos no esmalte dental irradiado, circundando os prismas de esmalte. Assim, conclui-se que a radiação diminuiu a resistência coesiva do esmalte dental e que os espécimes submetidos à radioterapia apresentaram maior falha adesiva entre bráquete/compósito e tags de resina mais extensos e profundos quando comparados ao grupo controle / The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and adhesive properties of the enamel after radiotherapy and bonding of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets. The study was divided into two stages. In the first one, 10 human permanent molars, which were cut into fragments of enamel 1 mm² and divided between irradiated and non-irradiated group, in a paired form. The irradiated group was subjected to ionizing radiation, with a total dose of 60 Gy, 2 Gy / day for six weeks, with an interval of two days between the weeks. The enamel fragments were subjected to mechanical testing to verify that microshear radiotherapy changed cohesive strength of the irradiated enamel. In The second phase of this study, was used 90 healthy and properly prepared human premolars,divided into six groups / subgroups (n = 15): G1 - non-irradiated teeth and not aged; G2 teeth unirradiated and aged; G3 - irradiated and aged teeth; Subgroups: metallic brackets (M) and ceramic brackets (C). G2 and G3 were subjected to accelerated artificial aging by thermal cycling, simulating period of approximately 1 to 2 years, this time indicated for the beginning of orthodontic treatment in post radiotherapy patients. Then the G2 and G3 groups underwent radiotherapy as described. After the radiotherapy cycle, the brackets were bonded on the enamel specimens with Transbond XT, and the metallic and Morelli ceramic bracket Radiance. After 24 hours, the specimens were subjected to mechanical shear test and evaluated the enamel surface in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluating the adhesive remnant index (ARI) and fracture mode. Then four specimens showed that the cohesive fracture type were properly prepared for each group / subgroup and the composite interface / enamel evaluated CLSM and scanning electron microscopy. Fragments enamel subjected to radiation had significantly lower shear strength than the non-irradiated enamel (p <0.05). Considering the interaction of the factors of the specimens subjected to shear stress, the group / subgroup undergoing radiation and bonded ceramic brackets showed lower resistance values. The two groups were subjected to irradiation, G1 and G2-M-M, showed more IRA frequency scores of 0 (no composite surface), while the C-G1, G2, C, G3 and G3-M-C groups had more 50% of adhesive left on the surface Concerning the fracture mode, the control groups showed mostly the types of adhesive fracture (Ad) and cohesive resin (CR), regardless of the bracket\'s metal brackets bonded submitted to enamel irradiation, that showed mixed type of cohesive resin / adhesive (CR / Ad) fracture, while ceramic brackets resulted in cohesive fractures resin (CR) and cohesive resin / adhesive (CR / Ad). In images obtained from the composite region / enamel interface, it was observed that the resin tags were more extensive in the irradiated tooth enamel surrounding the enamel prisms. Thus, it is concluded that radiation decreased the tensile strength of the enamel and the specimens treated with radiotherapy had higher adhesive failure between bracket / composite and tags of more extensive and deep resin, compared to the control group

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) (Orthodontics) / Orthodontic treatment has the ability to improve the aesthetics and the function of patients. In order to create space, orthodontic treatment often requires removal of teeth. The most common teeth removed for orthodontic treatment are the premolars. It has become popular to remove second premolars in certain cases where the soft tissue profile should not be altered. The Damon self-ligating orthodontic system is renowned for not requiring dental extractions in the majority of cases. The effect of extractions on the soft tissue profile of patients, in conjunction with using the Damon system, has therefore not been researched. It is important to understand the effect that orthodontic treatment and extractions can have on the soft tissue profile of patients. This effect can accurately be determined by making use of the soft tissue cephalometric analysis, developed by Dr Reed A. Holdaway in 1983.

Esse trabalho visa a investigar a estrutura bi-Hamiltoniana de uma classe de sistemas dinâmicos. Depois de introduzir as ferramentas necessárias, a saber, as noções de variedade de Poisson, de grupo de PoissonLieedenetworknodiscoenoanêl,introduziremosossistemasdinâmicos relevantes nessa dissertação, chamados de reticulados de Coxeter-Toda. Esses sistemas dinâmicos, cujo espaço de fase pode ser identicado com umoportunoquocientedeumacéluladupladeCoxeter-Bruhatdogrupo linear geral, são obtidos por redução do sistema de Toda em GLn. Na parte nal do presente trabalho apresentaremos alguns resultados relacionado à um sistema dinâmico discreto chamado de aplicação do pentagrama, o qual pode ser obtido através uma oportuna discretização do sistema dinâmico de Boussinesq. / This work aims to study the bi-Hamiltonian structure of a class of dynamical systems. After introducing the relevant tools, namely the notions of Poisson manifold, Poisson-Lie group and of network dened in a disc and in an annulus, we will introduce the dynamical systems of interest for this dissertation, i.e., the Coxeter-Toda lattices. These dynamical systems, whose phase-space can be identied with a suitable quotient of a Coxeter double Bruhat cell of the general linear group, are obtained by reduction starting from the Toda ow on GLn. In the nal part of the present work will be presented some results concerning a discrete integrable system close to the so called Pentagram map, which is a discretization of the Boussinesq dynamical system..

The purpose of this study is to achieve an understanding of how a CE- marking process is conducted and to identify the relevant factors that must be considered in such a process. We have conducted our study at Lövhults Svets &amp; Smide AB (Lövhults) in Skruv, Småland Sweden, which are manufacturing brackets for small covering constructions. To understand how a CE-marking process is conducted several documents and provisions have been reviewed to achieve a basic understanding and insight of the subject. It thus led to that guideline ETAG 015 were studied and the factors to be considered in the CE-marking of brackets were identified. Together with Jan-Åke Johansson at Lövhults we agreed on four different brackets to investigate for a potential CE-marking. When these brackets had been selected a thorough investigation of these products was conducted, which then were compared with the provisions contained within ETAG 015. It states factors regarding the mechanical resistance, fire safety, environment, health, safety and usefulness that are to be considered. These factors should be specified and given a value / explanation which can be determined by European standards, calculation, calculation and testing, or only through testing. These calculations and tests shall be performed by the company or by a notified body. For a CE-marking to be possible to conduct it is mandatory to examine the manufacturing process of the products. Lövhults products are made of steel (Ymagine D1), which is processed in a punching machine, a bending machine, and finally a welding machine. After this processing, the products are sent for galvanizing and after which they are delivered back to Lövhults for dispatch to the customer. A production control procedure must be established and documented to ensure the quality of the manufactured products. The production control that we propose is simple in nature and is based on visual inspection of incoming materials, visual inspection of the work performed at each processing station and finally a visual check of incoming galvanized products. The manufacturing control needs to be approved by a notified body before it can be considered valid. The result of this study is that several correcting actions must be performed and that contact must be taken with a notified body to ensure that Lövhults products meet all the requirements that are demanded and thereby enable the products to receive a CE-marking. We have a discussion at the end of the report, resulting in the final conclusions and recommendations on whether the CE marking of Lövhults products is something that is worth investing in or not. / Denna studies syfte är att uppnå förståelse kring hur en CE-märkningsprocess går till och att kartlägga de faktorer som måste beaktas i en sådan process. Vi har utfört vår studie på Lövhults Svets &amp; Smide AB (Lövhults) i Skruv, Småland, som producerar vinkelbeslag för täckande konstruktioner av mindre storlek. För att ta reda på hur en CE-märkningsprocess går till har ett flertal dokument och bestämmelser studerats för att skapa en grundläggande förståelse och insikt kring ämnet. Det ledde således till att riktlinje ETAG 015 studerades och att de faktorer som skall beaktas vid en CE-märkning av vinkelbeslag identifierades. Vi kom tillsammans med Jan-Åke Johansson på Lövhults överens om att undersöka fyra olika vinkelbeslag för en potentiell CE- märkning. När vinkelbeslagen valts ut genomfördes en noggrann produktgranskning som sedan ställdes mot de bestämmelser som återfinns i ETAG 015. Där utpekas faktorer gällande mekanisk motståndskraft, brandsäkerhet, miljö, hygien, säkerhet och användbarhet som skall beaktas. Dessa faktorer skall specificeras och ges ett värde/förklaring vilket kan fastställas via europeiska standarder, beräkning, beräkning och provning eller enbart via provning. Dessa beräkningar och provningar utförs av företaget eller av ett anmält organ. För att en CE-märkning ska vara möjlig måste även den tillverkningsprocess som produkterna i fråga genomgår granskas. Lövhults produkter tillverkas av stål (Ymagine D1) vilket bearbetas i en stansmaskin, bockningsmaskin och slutligen en svetsmaskin. Efter denna bearbetning skickas produkterna iväg för galvanisering och återkommer sedan till Lövhults för utleverans till kund. En plan för tillverkningskontroll ska upprättas och dokumenteras för att säkerställa kvalitén på de tillverkade produkterna. Den tillverkningskontroll som vi föreslår är av enkel natur och grundar sig på visuell kontroll av inkommande material, visuell kontroll av utfört arbete vid varje bearbetningsstation och slutligen en visuell kontroll inkomna av galvaniserade produkter. En tillverkningskontrollplan ska godkännas av ett anmält organ innan den kan anses giltig. Resultatet av denna undersökning är att ett flertal åtgärder måste vidtas och att kontakt med ett anmält organ måste tas för att Lövhults produkter ska uppfylla kraven som efterfrågas och därmed gå att CE-märka. Vi för en diskussion i slutet av rapporten vilket resulterar i slutsatser och rekommendationer gällande huruvida en CE-märkning av Lövhults produkter är något som är värt att satsa på eller inte. / Detta arbete är utfört som en fallstudie på Lövhults Svets &amp; Smide AB (Lövhults) med intentionen att försöka skapa ett underlag för CE-märkning av de vinkelbeslag som företaget tillverkar. Tillsammans med företaget pekades fyra vinkelbeslag ut som lämpliga kandidater för en potentiell CE-märkning. För att erhålla kunskap och förståelse kring hur en CE-märkning av vinkelbeslag går till studerades dokument, standarder och bestämmelser från Europeiska Unionen vilket slutligen ledde oss till riktlinje ETAG 015. Denna riktlinje innefattar de bestämmelser som man skall förhålla sig till vid en CE- märkning av vinkelbeslag och den fungerar därmed som en teoretisk grundplattform. Utifrån detta dokument identifierades de faktorer som är relevanta att beakta för de fyra utvalda vinkelbeslagen hos Lövhults. En noggrann undersökning och granskning av produkterna genomfördes för att erhålla önskade specifikationer som sedan ställdes sedan mot de utpekade krav som återfinns i ETAG 015 för att kontrolla produkternas överensstämmelse. Analysen av denna jämförelse resulterar i slutsatsen att ett flertal åtgärder måste vidtas på produkterna och att en tillverkningskontroll behöver implementeras. Vidare förs en diskussion kring de för- och nackdelar en CE- märkning innebär av Lövhults vinkelbeslag. Rapporten avslutas med våra rekommendationer som baseras på de presenterade slutsatser som genererats.

Objectif : il a été rapporté que l’utilisation d’agents prophylactiques fluorés pouvait favoriser la corrosion galvanique au sein des alliages de titane. L’objectif de la présente étude était d’évaluer l’effet d’un rince-bouche fluoré sur les propriétés mécaniques de fils en nickel-titane (NiTi) et de fils en cuivre-nickel-titane (CuNiTi) lorsque ces derniers sont couplés à des boîtiers de compositions différentes (boîtiers de marques Smartclip, Clarity, et Sprint). Matériels et Méthodes : 90 segments de fils en NiTi et 90 segments de fils en CuNiTi ont été chacun couplés à 2 boîtiers de chaque marque. Chaque assemblage fil-boîtiers a été par la suite incubé pendant 3 heures à 37°C, soit dans une solution de fluore neutre (Fluorinse™ 0,05% NaF), soit dans une solution de salive artificielle (solution contrôle). Suite à l’incubation, les échantillons étaient nettoyés avec de l’eau déshydrogénée, les fils séparés des boîtiers et montés sur un support pour subir un test de pliage en trois points en milieu humide (salive artificielle) à 37°C. Les modules d’élasticité ainsi que les limites conventionnelles d’élasticité en activation et en désactivation ont été mesurés et comparés. Des analyses de Variance (ANOVA) et des comparaisons post-hoc avec la correction de Bonferronni ont été utilisées pour comparer les groupes entre eux (α = 0,05). Résultats : L’utilisation d’un rince-bouche fluoré a produit une réduction du module d’élasticité et de la limite conventionnelle d’élasticité en activation et en désactivation pour les fils en NiTi ; cependant, cet effet a été modulé par le type de boîtier auquel le fil a été couplé. Les propriétés mécaniques de fils en CuNiTi n’ont pas été affectées par le fluor, ou par le type de boîtier utilisé. Conclusions : L’utilisation d’un rince-bouche fluoré modifie les propriétés mécaniques des fils en NiTi seulement. Cet effet est modulé par le boîtier auquel le fil en NiTi est couplé. A la différence des autres études publiées dans la littérature, nos résultats ne nous permettent pas de conclure que la modification des propriétés mécaniques des fils en NiTi entrainerait obligatoirement un allongement de la durée du traitement orthodontique. Mots clés : Fluor, fils nickel-titane, boîtiers orthodontiques, corrosion galvanique, propriétés mécaniques. / Aim: it has been reported that the use of fluoride prophylactic agents can cause galvanic corrosion of the titanium based alloys used in orthodontics. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a fluoride mouthrinse on the mechanical properties of nickel-titanium (NiTi) and copper–nickel-titanium (CuNiTi) orthodontic archwires that have been coupled with different types of orthodontic brackets (Smartclip, Clarity, and Sprint brackets). Materials and Methods: 90 segments of NiTi and 90 segments of CuNiTi archwires were tested. Every segment was coupled with 2 brackets of each brand. The wire–bracket assembly obtained was incubated, at 37°C for three hours either in a solution of a commercially available mouthwash (Fluorinse™ 0,05% NaF), or in a solution of artificial saliva (control). Following the incubation, the wires were separated from the brackets, rinsed, mounted on a stainless steel support and placed in a waterbath of artificial saliva at 37°C. A 3-point bending test was made to calculate the loading and unloading elastic modulus and yield strength of the wires. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc comparisons were made using Bonferronni’s correction to identify the statistically significant differences (α = 0,05). Results: The use of a fluoridated mouthrinse reduced the loading and unloading elastic modulus and yield strength of the NiTi wires. This reduction, however, varies with the type of bracket that was coupled with the wire. The mechanical properties of the CuNiTi wires were not modified by the use of the fluoride rinse or by the type of bracket to which they were coupled. Conclusions : The use of a fluoride mouthrinse alters the mechanical properties of NiTi wires only. This effect varies with the type of bracket that was in contact with the wire. However our results do not allow us to conclude that the alteration of the mechanical properties of the wires would necessarily imply a prolongation of the orthodontic treatment time. Key words: Fluoride, nickel-titanium archwires, galvanic corrosion, mechanical properties,orthodontic brackets.