Background and Objectives: Vascular variations appear as morphologically distinct patterns of blood diverging from the most commonly observed vessel patterns. The facial artery is considered to be the main vessel for supplying blood to the anterior part of the face. An anatomical understanding of the facial artery, its course, its topography, and its branches is important in medical and dental practice (especially in neck and face surgery), and is also essential for radiologists to be able to interpret vascular imaging in the face following angiography of the region. A profound knowledge of the arteries in the region will aid in minimizing the risks to the patient. Materials and Methods: In our publication a narrative literature review and a case report are presented. Results: A rare case of a facial artery pattern has been described anatomically for the first time with respect to its course and branching. This variation was found on the left side of a 60-year-old male corpse during anatomical dissection. The anterior branch of the facial artery arched in the direction of the labial angle, and there divided into the inferior and superior labial arteries. At the same time, the posterior branch coursed vertically and superficially to the masseter muscle. It here gave off the premasseteric branch, and continued towards the nose, where it ran below the levator labii superioris and the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles and terminated at the dorsum nasi. Conclusions: Our review of the literature and the case report add to knowledge on the facial artery with respect to its topographical anatomy and its branching and termination patterns, as well as the areas of supply. An exact knowledge of individual facial artery anatomy may play an important role in the planning of flaps or tumor excisions due to the differing vascularization and can also help to prevent artery injuries during aesthetic procedures such as filler and botulinum toxin injections.

No description available.

No description available.

This dissertation deals with the potential of thermal field-flow fractionation (ThFFF) for the multidetection-based analysis of polymers with complex topology to prove its capability in resolving polymer branching characteristics from measured thermophoretic properties. For that, not yet existent but necessary profound advances in the theory of ThFFF and as well, thermophoresis of branched polymers were generated to allow a full exploitation of the method in the elucidation of polymer topology. Exemplary, two different libraries of branched polymer model systems based on aliphatic-aromatic polyesters and on a new type of short chain branched polyethylene were investigated. On top, the potential of the optimized ThFFF theory was assessed in the context of crosslinked polymer architectures and shines light onto the so far controversially debated topic of electron beam irradiation effects on thermoplastic polyurethane.

Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt das biologische Phänomen der Dormanz mit Hilfe mathematischer Modellierung. Dormanz beschreibt dabei einen reversiblen Zustand von Individuen, in dem die metabolische Aktivität reduziert wird und die Resistenz gegen Natureinflüsse erhöht ist. Der erste Teil der Arbeit widmet sich den ökologischen Eigenschaften. Hier wird zunächst ein Moranmodell vorgestellt, welches verschiedene Modellierungsarten von Dormanz aus der Populationsgenetik vereint und unter verschiedenen Skalierungen den schwachen seed-bank Koaleszenten und den starken seed-bank Koaleszenten als anzestralen Prozess innehat. Dadurch werden die Parameter der Koaleszenten vergleichbar. Als Anwendung betrachten wir die sogenannte species abundance distribution, welche mithilfe von Koaleszenten beschrieben werden kann. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen von Dormanz auf evolutionäre Eigenschaften und beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Theorie von adaptive dynamics. Dort werden auch verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Modellierung von Dormanz in individuenbasierten Modellen besprochen. Danach befassen wir uns mit der Erweiterung eines Modells für sympatrische Speziation um den Aspekt der Dormanz. Die canonical equation of adaptive dynamics wird - motiviert durch ein Modell mit Dormanz - für schnellere Mutationsraten aus dem sogenannten power-law Mutationsregime für einen Grenzfall hergeleitet. Die Arbeit schließt mit dem dritten Teil, in welchem ein individuenbasiertes Modell für die Entwicklung von Krebs unter dem Einfluss von Chemotherapie und unter Berücksichtigung von Dormanz vorgestellt wird. In Simulationsstudien wird untersucht, inwiefern Dormanz zu Misserfolg einer Therapie beiträgt. Ein weiteres Ziel ist die Analyse von Kombinationsbehandlung mit einem Medikament welches mit dormanten Zellen interagieren kann insbesondere unter Betrachtung verschiedener Therapieansätze zur Behandlung von dormanten Krebszellen. / The present thesis uses mathematical modelling to investigate the consequences of dormancy. Dormancy describes a reversible and protected state of reduced metabolic activity which enhances an individual's resilience to hazardous conditions. In this sense, dormancy acts as a protection mechanism against habitats with unfavourable environments. The thesis considers the impact of dormancy on ecological, evolutionary and in its broadest sense pathogenic properties of microbial populations. The first part is concerned with studying the impact of dormancy on ecology. For this, a Moran model is presented which unifies different models of dormancy from population genetics and exhibits the weak seed-bank coalescent and the strong seed-bank coalescent as the scaling limit of the ancestral process. As an application we consider the species abundance distribution which can be described using coalescent theory. In the second part we consider the influence of dormancy on evolutionary properties. The modelling framework for this is the theory of adaptive dynamics. We then show that competition-induced dormancy may favour sympatric speciation. A key aspect in the derivation of this result is the canonical equation of adaptive dynamics. We extend this equation - motivated by a model including dormancy - to power-law mutations in a limiting case. We conclude the thesis with the third part where we provide an individual-based model for the treatment of cancer with chemotherapy under consideration of dormant cancer cells. Using simulation studies, we investigate how dormancy may contribute to treatment failure. Another goal of this chapter is to analyse combination treatment with a drug which directly targets dormant cancer cells and to formulate general observations regarding various strategies to counter cancer cell dormancy.

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Messung der Wirkungsquerschnitte fuer die Reaktion e+e- -> W+W- -> qqqq und die Bestimmung der W-Masse mit dem L3-Detektor am LEP. In einem Datensample gesammelt bei den Schwerpunktsenergien zwischen 183 GeV und 189 GeV, das einer Gesamtluminositaet von 232 1/pb entspricht, sind 1957 Vier-Fermion-Ereignisse mit hadronischen Jetpaaren selektiert worden. Auf diese Ereignisse basierend wurden die Wirkungsquerschnitte fuer die Reaktion e+e- -> W+W- -> qqqq gemessen, jeweils 7.94 +/- 0.45 (stat) +/- 0.21 (syst) pb und 7.53 +/- 0.25 (stat) +/- 0.17 (syst) pb entsprechend 183 GeV und 189 GeV. Unter der Benutzung der selektierten Ereignisse der anderen Endzustaende der Reaktion e+e- -> W+W- und der Kombination aller Endzustaende wurden die Gesamtwirkungsquerschnitte und hadronische Verzweigungsverhaeltnisse (Br) des W-Zerfalls gemessen: WW-Wirkungsquerschnitt (183 GeV) = 16.10 +/- 0.66 (stat) +/- 0.26 (syst) pb, WW-Wirkungsquerschnitt (189 GeV) = 16.36 +/- 0.37 (stat) +/- 0.22 (syst) pb, Br(W -> qq) = 68.36 +/- 0.69 (stat) +/- 0.33 (syst) %, wobei die Lepton-Universalitaet angenommen ist. Die Ergebnisse sind konsistent mit der Standardmodelerwartung. Das gemessene hadronisches Verzweigungsverhaeltnis erlaubt eine Bestimmung des CKM-Matrixelement |V_cs| = 1.035 +/- 0.032 (stat) +/- 0.016 (syst). Die Masse des W-Bosons ist bei der direkten Rekonstruktion des W-Zerfalls in W+W- -> qqqq und W+W- -> qqln Ereignisse bestimmt worden. Das kombinierte Ergebnis von allen Endzustaenden ist M_W = 80.325 +/- 0.081 (stat) +/- 0.060 (syst) GeV. Eine Teilung der Daten in positiv und negativ geladene W-Bosonen ergibt M_W+ - M_W- = +0.28 +/- 0.42 GeV, wobei nur qqen-, qqmn- und qqqq-Ereignisse benutzt wurden. Dieses Ergebnis ist konsistent mit der CPT-Erhaltung. In 1999, W-Paarereignisse wurden zwischen 192 GeV- und 202 GeV- Schwerpunktsenergien produziert. Diese Daten entsprechen eine integrierte Luminositaet von 234 1/pb. Die hadronische Wirkungsquerschnitte wurden gemessen, und die vorlaeufigen Ergebnisse sind berichtet. Alle Endzustaende der W-Paar-Produktion und alle selektierten Ereignisse zwischen den Schwerpunktsenergien von 183 GeV and 202 GeV wurden kombiniert, und die Masse des W-Bosons ist gemessen. Das vorlaeufigen Ergebnis ist M_W = 80.312 +/- 0.060 (stat) +/- 0.058 (syst) GeV. / This thesis describes a measurement of the cross section for the process e+e- -> W+W- -> qqqq and the determination of the W mass with the L3 detector at LEP. In a data sample corresponding to a total luminosity of 232 1/pb collected at center-of-mass energy between 183 GeV and 189 GeV, 1957 four-fermion events with pairs of hadronic jets are selected. Based on these events, the cross sections for the doubly resonant process e+e- -> W+W- -> qqqq have been measured to be 7.94 +/- 0.45 (stat) +/- 0.21 (syst) pb and 7.53 +/- 0.25 (stat) +/- 0.17 (syst) pb at 183 GeV and 189 GeV respectively. Using the selected events of the other final states of the process e+e- -> W+W- and combining all the final states, the total cross sections and the hadronic branching fraction of the W decays are measured: WW cross section (183 GeV) = 16.10 +/- 0.66 (stat) +/- 0.26 (syst) pb, WW cross section (189 GeV) = 16.36 +/- 0.37 (stat) +/- 0.22 (syst) pb, Br(W -> qq) = 68.36 +/- 0.69 (stat) +/- 0.33 (syst) %, where the lepton universality is assumed. These results are consistent with Standard Model expectations. The measured hadronic branching fraction allows a determination of the CKM matrix element |V_cs| = 1.035 +/- 0.032 (stat) +/- 0.016 (syst). The mass of the W boson is determined by the direct reconstruction of the W decays in W+W- -> qqqq and W+W- -> qqln events. The combined result from all final states is M_W = 80.325 +/- 0.081 (stat) +/- 0.060 (syst) GeV. A division of the data into positively and negatively charged W bosons yields M_W+ - M_W- = +0.28 +/- 0.42 GeV, where only qqen, qqmn and qqqq events have been used. This result is consistent with CPT invariance. In 1999, W-pair events were produced between 192 GeV and 202 GeV center-of-mass energy. These data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 234 1/pb. The hadronic cross sections are measured, and the preliminary results are reported. Combining all final states in W-pair production and all the selected events between 183 GeV and 202 GeV center-of-mass energy, the mass of the W boson is measured. The preliminary result obtained is M_W = 80.312 +/- 0.060 (stat) +/- 0.058 (syst) GeV.

Information and communication systems enter an increasing number of areas of daily lives. Our reliance and dependence on the functioning of such systems is rapidly growing together with the costs and the impact of system failures. At the same time the complexity of hardware and software systems extends to new limits as modern hardware architectures become more and more parallel, dynamic and heterogenous. These trends demand for a closer integration of formal methods and system engineering to show the correctness of complex systems within the design phase of large projects. The goal of this thesis is to introduce a formal holistic approach for modeling, analysis and synthesis of parallel systems that potentially addresses complex system behavior at any layer of the hardware/software stack. Due to the complexity of modern hardware and software systems, we aim to have a hierarchical modeling framework that allows to specify the behavior of a parallel system at various levels of abstraction and that facilitates designing complex systems in an iterative refinement procedure, in which more detailed behavior is added successively to the system description. In this context, the major challenge is to provide modeling formalisms that are expressive enough to address all of the above issues and are at the same time amenable to the application of formal methods for proving that the system behavior conforms to its specification. In particular, we are interested in specification formalisms that allow to apply formal verification techniques such that the underlying model checking problems are still decidable within reasonable time and space bounds. The presented work relies on an exogenous modeling approach that allows a clear separation of coordination and computation and provides an operational semantic model where formal methods such as model checking are well suited and applicable. The channel-based exogenous coordination language Reo is used as modeling formalism as it supports hierarchical modeling in an iterative top-down refinement procedure. It facilitates reusability, exchangeability, and heterogeneity of components and forms the basis to apply formal verification methods. At the same time Reo has a clear formal semantics based on automata, which serve as foundation to apply formal methods such as model checking. In this thesis new modeling languages are presented that allow specifying complex systems in terms of Reo and automata models which yield the basis for a holistic approach on modeling, verification and synthesis of parallel systems. The second main contribution of this thesis are tailored branching-time and alternating time temporal logics as well as corresponding model checking algorithms. The thesis includes results on the theoretical complexity of the underlying model checking problems as well as practical results. For the latter the presented approach has been implemented in the symbolic verification tool set Vereofy. The implementation within Vereofy and evaluation of the branching-time and alternating-time model checker is the third main contribution of this thesis.

Information and communication systems enter an increasing number of areas of daily lives. Our reliance and dependence on the functioning of such systems is rapidly growing together with the costs and the impact of system failures. At the same time the complexity of hardware and software systems extends to new limits as modern hardware architectures become more and more parallel, dynamic and heterogenous. These trends demand for a closer integration of formal methods and system engineering to show the correctness of complex systems within the design phase of large projects. The goal of this thesis is to introduce a formal holistic approach for modeling, analysis and synthesis of parallel systems that potentially addresses complex system behavior at any layer of the hardware/software stack. Due to the complexity of modern hardware and software systems, we aim to have a hierarchical modeling framework that allows to specify the behavior of a parallel system at various levels of abstraction and that facilitates designing complex systems in an iterative refinement procedure, in which more detailed behavior is added successively to the system description. In this context, the major challenge is to provide modeling formalisms that are expressive enough to address all of the above issues and are at the same time amenable to the application of formal methods for proving that the system behavior conforms to its specification. In particular, we are interested in specification formalisms that allow to apply formal verification techniques such that the underlying model checking problems are still decidable within reasonable time and space bounds. The presented work relies on an exogenous modeling approach that allows a clear separation of coordination and computation and provides an operational semantic model where formal methods such as model checking are well suited and applicable. The channel-based exogenous coordination language Reo is used as modeling formalism as it supports hierarchical modeling in an iterative top-down refinement procedure. It facilitates reusability, exchangeability, and heterogeneity of components and forms the basis to apply formal verification methods. At the same time Reo has a clear formal semantics based on automata, which serve as foundation to apply formal methods such as model checking. In this thesis new modeling languages are presented that allow specifying complex systems in terms of Reo and automata models which yield the basis for a holistic approach on modeling, verification and synthesis of parallel systems. The second main contribution of this thesis are tailored branching-time and alternating time temporal logics as well as corresponding model checking algorithms. The thesis includes results on the theoretical complexity of the underlying model checking problems as well as practical results. For the latter the presented approach has been implemented in the symbolic verification tool set Vereofy. The implementation within Vereofy and evaluation of the branching-time and alternating-time model checker is the third main contribution of this thesis.

We introduce a simple tree growth process that gives rise to a new two-parameter family of discrete fragmentation trees that extends Ford's alpha model to multifurcating trees and includes the trees obtained by uniform sampling from Duquesne and Le Gall's stable continuum random tree. We call these new trees the alpha-gamma trees. In this thesis, we obtain their splitting rules, dislocation measures both in ranked order and in sized-biased order, and we study their limiting behaviour. We further extend the underlying exchangeable fragmentation processes of such trees into partly exchangeable fragmentation processes by weakening the exchangeability. We obtain the integral representations for the measures associated with partly exchangeable fragmentation processes and subordinator of the tagged fragments. We also embed the trees associated with such processes into continuum random trees and study their limiting behaviour. In the end, we generate a three-parameter family of partly exchangeable trees which contains the family of the alpha-gamma trees and another important two-parameter family based on Poisson-Dirichlet distributions.

Voir la bibliographie du mémoire pour les références du résumé. See the thesis`s bibliography for the references in the summary. / Ce mémoire étudie le comportement du maximum et des hauts points de la marche aléatoire branchante et du champ libre gaussien discret en dimension deux lorsque la variance de leurs accroissements est inhomogène dans le temps. Nous regardons le cas où il y a un nombre fini d'échelles $0 = \lambda_0 < \lambda_1 < ... < \lambda_M = 1$ et des paramètres de variance $\sigma_i > 0$ associés aux intervalles de temps $[\lambda_{i-1},\lambda_i]$. La marche aléatoire branchante inhomogène généralise le modèle considéré dans [23] et le champ libre gaussien inhomogène généralise le modèle introduit dans [4]. Le but du mémoire est d'étendre les résultats connus sur la convergence du maximum [5,6,23] et le nombre de hauts points [16] à ces deux nouveaux champs gaussiens. Les résultats aident à mieux comprendre comment la perturbation des corrélations dans l'un ou l'autre des modèles de base influence l'ordre de grandeur du maximum et l'ordre du nombre de hauts points. / This thesis studies the behavior of the maximum and high points of the branching random walk and the Gaussian free field when the variance of their increments is time-inhomogeneous. We look at the case where there are a finite number of scales $0 = \lambda_0 < \lambda_1 < ... < \lambda_M = 1$ and variance parameters $\sigma_i > 0$ associated with the time intervals $[\lambda_{i-1},\lambda_i]$. The inhomogeneous branching random walk generalizes the model considered in [23] and the inhomogeneous Gaussian free field generalizes the model introduced in [4]. The purpose of the thesis is to extend known results on the convergence of the maximum [5,6,23] and the number of high points [16] to these new Gaussian fields. The results help to better understand how perturbations of the correlations in one or the other basic models influence the order of magnitude of the maximum and the order of the number of high points.