This thesis is the first to study the history of champagne in nineteenth-century Britain, a period in which the usage and style of champagne changed fundamentally. From a sweet, lightly effervescent wine drunk on its own or with desserts, it became a fully dry and fully sparkling wine drunk throughout the meal. The central questions I address are why these changes occurred and what role the marketing and branding of champagne played in these changes. This analysis integrates production studies (including marketing and branding) and consumption studies by drawing on the rich vein of contemporary consumption data and the evidence of the day-to-day practice of the London agents of the French champagne houses. The thesis demonstrates that champagne was able to develop uniquely powerful brands that were managed in ways that closely prefigure the marketing practice of modern luxury brand owners. Historiography: Whilst there have been many books on the subject of consumption in the last three decades, very few of these have focused on drinkers and drinking. There have also been many different approaches to consumption studies from sociologists, anthropologists, literary scholars and historians and this work draws on all those traditions. My own interest lies in the changing daily habits of consumption and I have therefore drawn extensively not just on the historical scholarship but also on the writings of modern experts on branding and marketing to understand how consumer choice is currently understood and managed. The commercial importance of food and drink means much work has been done in these areas - not excluding wine. The history of drink in the last three centuries, however, has had relatively little interest until recently. Recent works by John Burnett, Charles Ludington and James Simpson illuminate the general history of wine in Britain but, though there are many general books on champagne, there has only been one history, that published by André Simon in 1905. Simon, agent for a champagne producer, was well placed to understand the trade and his work remains an important source. I have endeavoured to review all these works through the lens of the nineteenth-century British press and the archives of selected champagne producers and their British distributors.

Colour energy and wellbeing in the context of architecture and design are underestimated in terms of the value they bring to design, branding and real estate development in all sectors, ranging from residential to corporate projects, including the hospitality and luxury industry. Colour, with a particular focus on its latent energy, has not yet been sufficiently explored, researched or discussed, and remains one of the great mysteries of perception. Colour is essential for life and survival, and reaches far beyond art and the decoration of space. The sensation of colour, as an expression of the sense of sight, influences wellbeing and is connected to deeply embedded themes and patterns on emotional, cultural, or personal levels, through which it impacts on wellbeing, health, and decision-making in essential ways, not least because vision has replaced odour as the most essential sense for survival. The majority of all conscious and unconscious decisions are affected by notions of colour, a discipline of constant debate in both art and science. Architecture is somewhere in between, and practising architects are expected to provide the client with individual solutions based on informed decisions. When they do this, however, basing their decisions on experience, unspecified knowledge and intuition, they are often perceived as arrogant. Architecture and the design of space are a constant concern for everyone. The desire to build a home, a temple or a public building in a three dimensional environment is a fundamental urge and as old as mankind itself. Yet perhaps because of these strong impulses, the complexity of creating space is often underestimated. Our body records millions of impressions per minute across all five senses. The five senses keep us alive; they warn, nurture, and alert us, and human perception is based on receiving the vibrations caused by energy fields. These sensory vibrations are directly linked with the human body and it is through them that experiences like I am feeling good in this space and even unconscious memories are triggered. Clients may expect the architect to know everything about the perception of space. Architecture, however, is a very complex matter, and in most academic programs little or no time is allowed for the in-depth study of perception, psychology, colour energy, or wellbeing. Even architecture and interior design are often conflated, and treated as one combined subject rather than two complementary disciplines. What is most striking is that colour is often ignored in Western architecture. Furthermore, there is a bias in the literature and education of the West when compared to the holistic approach in the East. In the Orient, holistic means body, spirit and soul. In the Occident, in contrast, it means body, mind and brain. Spirit and soul are missing. And although the sense of something missing becomes more evident in the West, research fights shy of spirit and soul, and leaves unaddressed questions like: 1. What is the relation of colour energy, wellbeing and space in the Occident and Orient? 2. Why is colour not used more often and more instrumentally to improve wellbeing and influence perception? 3. Where do the inhibitions and obstacles come from that prevent occidental architecture and design from reflecting and applying ancient oriental knowledge and belief to colour healing, health, and wellbeing? As a colour theorist, architect and designer I propose that colour energy offers effective principles that provide an invaluable source for informed architectural decisions, which are genuinely independent of subjective taste or contemporary fashion trends, and that enable a truly holistic approach. This research proposes that wellbeing is both timeless and priceless and that wellbeing, health and perception can be stimulated by colour energy.

Value co-creation enhances employers' branding through the engagement of organisations' corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities and employees' behaviours, such as performance, loyalty and satisfaction. Although a growing body of research has explored the notion of value co-creation, the current understanding of the interrelationship between value co-creation and corporate social responsibility is underdeveloped. There is fierce academic debate surrounding the concept of value co-creation, calling for further theoretical and empirical work on this field. Furthermore, the concept of employer branding is still a nascent area in management and marketing scholarships and requires further conceptual nourishment. Although significant studies have covered the role of organisations and consumers in value co-creation resulting in employer branding, there has been little research to address the role of employees in value co-creation, dictating further assessment of their role in the process of value co-creation and participation in employer branding in a CSR context. Therefore, this thesis seeks to identify and analyse how, and to what extent, efforts to become socially responsible can co-create value for internal stakeholders and contribute to employer branding. As such, part of the theoretical foundation for this research is built on CSR. Subsequently, relevant conceptual avenues pertaining to the co-creation of value, corporate branding and employer branding are explored and analysed. An extensive literature review is undertaken to inform the robust development of an initially proposed conceptual framework of the main factors that impact upon this process. The proposed conceptual framework has set a broad guide for the researcher regarding the empirical fieldwork involved. The context for the research explores the notion of value co-creation within employer branding in the Omani hotel sector. To analyse value co-creation in depth, a qualitative interpretive multi-case study approach is adopted. The research also considers aspects of managerial philosophies and employees' perceptions regarding their organisations' current and future CSR activities, and how these activities impact value co-creation for stakeholders. The findings indicate that value co-creation has three major elements - it is dynamic and iterative, it requires dialogical interactions among various parties, and it leads to dualistic outcomes. The adoption of CSR increases the employees' satisfaction, whereas a lack of understanding of the CSR activities leads to the co-destruction of value, which in return affects the organisational turn-over in the long run. Therefore, creating awareness about the importance of the implementation of CSR is considered crucial, as it will benefit the organisation and improve the level of performance and loyalty of the internal stakeholders. The researcher proposes an original conceptual model on this tripartite nature of value co-creation and an analysis of how value co-creation can lead to the development of sustainable and socially responsible employer branding. An employee-oriented perspective towards value co-creation is introduced as an endeavour to enrich the area of research and address current conceptual deficiencies. The research also advances scholarship by critically assessing the role of employees as an independent but integral entity in the value co-creation process, establishing clear and robust links between CSR, value cocreation and employer branding.

Aerospace and defense leaders need corporate image branding strategies to improve their attraction of engineering talent to the industry. The purpose of this single case study was to explore corporate image branding strategies leaders use at an aerospace and defense company to attract talent and increase competitive advantage. The framework for this study was the recruitment equity model. The sample population consisted of 5 marketing leaders and 5 talent acquisition leaders of an aerospace and defense company in the eastern region of the United States. The study participants had a minimum of 5 years of experience attracting engineering talent using branding strategies. Data were collected from semistructured interviews and a review of the company's talent attraction plan. The data analysis process included methodological triangulation, coding, and identifying themes. Four themes emerged: having an attractive place to work, using social media to attract talent, ensuring the mission is the basis for attracting talent, and attracting untapped talent. Findings from this study might assist aerospace and defense leaders in implementing corporate image branding strategies that close the gap of talent attraction to the aerospace and defense industry. The implications for positive social change include the potential to increase innovation and reduce national security vulnerabilities by attracting talent to the aerospace and defense industry. The business leaders of aerospace and defense will keep the industry viable by attracting top engineering talent to a workforce that is responsible for eliminating the advanced threats to the nation and its allies.

Previous research regarding the effectiveness of signalling via brand name has focused on when and how any brand-building cost incurred, will be rewarded by future profit. In contrast to this seller-incentive perspective, this study examines how the buyer interprets the signal via brand name, the effectiveness of signalling via brand name in terms of buyer value perspective, and how the buyer's reaction toward the signal impacts on the seller's decision to adopt the signalling strategy. Signalling theory and concepts from consumer-based branding research are used to suggest how to evaluate the effectiveness of signalling via brand name in the context of the consumer market, wherein information is asymmetric. Findings from online trading experiments, using the methodology of experimental economics, demonstrate that the function of brand fluctuates according to which market conditions prevail for brand and price, the extent of brand differentiation, and the magnitude of brand-building cost. This suggests an alternative way to measure the value of a brand to the buyer.

The battle of the brands is being waged in an ever increasingly competitive and global business environment, a battle which generates the largest body of academic and professional literature in the field of marketing communication. Although much of the ground has been repeatedly ploughed, the literature conveys an impression that the &quotBrand" is perceived to lack clarity and agreement on its definition, strategic deployment and evaluation measures and that the overall concept of the brand is fraught with complexity and confusion. This thesis attempts to categorize and frame these impressions using content analysis to systematically unpack and analyze the layers of meaning embedded in the literature. The output from this study will inform the development of a simplified brand schema representing both sides of the brand equation, consumer and manager, recognition of which holds significant implications for the custodial guidance of this most vital business asset.

Firms frequently use brand extension strategies to enter new product categories. Another type of entry strategy is co-branding by effectively exploiting the equity of both constituent brands. Co-branding may effectively drive consumer preferences if consumers believe the combination of two brands offers a better solution than either one separately. However, there is also the risk that consumers may get confused with the combination, or have perceptions of strengths regarding one of the brands diluted, leading to the failure of this strategy. While much has been written on brand-category extension, despite its prevalence, the use of co-brands to enter a new category has attracted relatively little attention. In this study, the author models the effects on consumer perceptions and preferences of combining two brand names for a new product. The proposed model provides a mechanism to represent how consumers’ prior attribute beliefs about constituent brands, the extendibility of the brands into the extension category, the compatibility between the constituent brands, and the uncertainty associated with them can jointly determine their preferences for the co-branded product. The contribution that this model enables is a means to study co-branding and new category entry simultaneously, by assessing the drivers of consumer preference for a co-brand in a new product category. An empirical study is designed to test the model, using real brands and hypothetical extensions and co-brands. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications of this study are discussed.

<p>The following thesis aim to describe the design process when creating a music video. How does it differ from designing other digital artefacts? And what are the similarities. Our focus has been to work with the band and their song as a brand with a specific market. The conclusion is that the design process is not as regulated when working with a band compared to a company. This made it possible to create a more artistic design. The effects of the video depends on how the fans will react on it. A well-produced video is not necessarily equal to a successful one. In this aspect it does not differ from making a commercial for a brand.</p>

<p>Konkurrensen om talangfull och skicklig personal har hårdnat i framförallt kunskapsintensiva branscher där de anställda ses som företagens viktigaste tillgång. Den ökade konkurrensen om arbetskraft har lett till att företagen måste fokusera betydligt hårdare på att inte bara rekrytera talangfull och skicklig personal, utan även få dem att vilja stanna kvar och arbeta inom organisationen. En strategi som växt fram det senaste decenniet är employer branding, vilket är ett verktyg företag kan och bör arbeta med för att uppfattas som en attraktiv arbetsgivare bland nuvarande och potentiell personal. Företag kan uppnå målet med att bli en attraktiv arbetsgivare genom att vara framgångsrika i arbetet med att skapa ett starkt arbetsgivarvarumärke.</p><p>I den här studien undersöker vi hur revisionsföretaget Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers arbetar med sitt arbetsgivarvarumärke. Det huvudsakliga syftet med studien är att skapa en ökad förståelse för processen employer branding. Detta gör vi genom att identifiera hur Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers arbetsgivarvarumärke uppfattas av anställda på olika nivåer inom företaget, genom att se hur de vill uppfattas som arbetsgivare och hur de förmedlar den bilden till arbetsmarknaden. Eftersom vårt syfte är att öka vår förståelse antar vi ett hermeneutiskt synsätt och ett deduktivt angreppssätt. Utifrån det använder vi oss av en kvalitativ ansats där intervjuer genomförs i syfte att få del av uppfattningar från medarbetare på olika positioner i Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers om hur arbetet går till och hur arbetsgivarvarumärket uppfattas internt.</p><p>Vår studie baseras på forskning kring hur ett företag kan förstå, positionera, kommunicera samt sköta om och utveckla sitt arbetsgivarvarumärke. De teorier vi presenterar kommer från traditionell forskning om varumärken och kunskapsbildningar om hur företag kan stärka sina arbetsgivarvarumärken. Den empiriska datainsamlingen sker till största del genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem anställda på olika nivåer inom Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers organisation varav fyra på företagets kontor i Umeå. Därefter kopplas det insamlade datamaterialet ihop med teorin i en analys för att få en djupare förståelse för arbetet med att stärka ett arbetsgivarvarumärke.</p><p>Vi drar slutsatserna att Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers försöker arbeta aktivt för att förstå hur deras arbetsgivarvarumärke uppfattas av de anställda genom interna personalundersökningar. De vill förmedla en bild till arbetsmarknaden som stämmer överens med den bild som finns internt bland de anställda, vilket är att Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers är ett tryggt företag fyllt med utmaningar. Vi konstaterar att informationen kring personalundersökningarnas betydelse och företagets visioner är bristfällig från företagets sida till de anställda på Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers kontor i Umeå. Slutligen konstaterar vi även att ”hemligheten” bakom Öhrlings PricewaterhouseCoopers starka arbetsgivarvarumärke härleds till de utvecklingsmöjligheter som finns i företaget, att de är ett stort och framgångsrikt företag samt att de har talangfull och skicklig personal som sprider ett gott rykte om företaget.</p>

<p>In a world that gets more and more competitive as we speak, it is suggested that the future of marketing will be a battle of brands. Destinations are the travel industry’s biggest brands and the process of branding a place brings challenges different from those of traditional product-branding. This study investigates the challenges that the Swedish mountain destination Åre is facing as the village and the company responsible for destination marketing, Åreföretagarna AB, are working towards their vision – that Åre in 2020 will be Europe’s most attractive year-round destination. A qualitative study from the view of some of the stakeholders’ shows that the defiances are indeed there and that one of Åre’s biggest challenges in creating a strong destination brand will be to tackle both public and private interests in the branding process.</p> / <p>Det påstås att i en allt mer tävlingsinriktad värld så kommer framtidens marknadsföring vara en strid mellan olika varumärken där endast de starkaste överlever. Rese- och turistbranschens största varumärken är destinationerna och processen att skapa ett varumärke av en plats innebär andra utmaningar än traditionellt varumärkesskapande. I egenskap av en person med stark platsanknytning till den svenska fjälldestinationen Åre har jag funnit intresse i vilka problem som följer med försöken att varumärkesföra Åre och alltså i processen att gå från by till brand. Diskussionerna utmynnade i problemformuleringen,</p><p><em>Vilka utmaningar står destinationsvarumärket Åre främst inför idag?</em></p><p>Destinationsbolaget Åreföretagarna AB har fått ansvaret för destinationsmarknadsföringen och arbetar mot en vision att Åre år 2020 skall vara Europas mest attraktiva åretruntdestination. Kvantitativa intervjuer med utvalda intressenter i destinationsvarumärket har genomförts med syfte att skapa en bild av Åre ur ett varumärkesperspektiv och hur utmaningarna för detta varumärke ser ut. Målsättningen har varit att kunna presentera en aktuell bild av varumärkessituationen och på detta sätt inspirera destinationsbolaget till fortsatt utveckling inom problemområdena.</p><p>Genom att anta ett hermeneutiskt angreppssätt är det mina egna värderingar och tolkningar som ligger till grund för dels studiens sammanställande och dels de tolkningar som lett till det resultat jag presenterar. Studiens slutsats är att destinationen Åre, i arbetet med det platsspecifika varumärket, idag främst står inför följande tre utmaningar,</p><p>- <em>Att lösa begynnande intressekonflikter mellan destinationens och lokalbefolkningens intressen.</em></p><p>- <em>Att etablera starka, säsongsoberoende attribut och implementera dessa hos både stora och små intressenter.</em></p><p>- <em>Att definiera en tydlig målgrupp för åretruntdestinationens varumärke och att satsa på att skapa fördelar för den marknaden snarare än att maximera volymen. </em></p>