The end of apartheid in South Africa in 1994 brought with it the task of redressing past discriminatory practices. The Employment Equity Act (No. 55 Of 1998) passed in 1998 stipulated that designated employers implement affirmative action in order to provide equal employment opportunities to all including the previously disadvantaged or designated groups who are primarily blacks, the disabled and women (Charlton and Niekerk, 1994:. xxii). Affirmative action is not something to be done for political expediency and fear of legislation alone. Shifting markets and consumer needs require demographic representation at all levels in the organization. Addressing the incredible shortage of available skills, compounded by the tendency not to grant equal employment to designated groups who already have skills, suggests the need for demographic considerations in terms of long-term employment needs. Bringing human resources up to world-class standards will mean addressing the deficiencies that have emanated from the apartheid system. This study focuses on the relationship between gender, equality and the concept of affirmative action. The purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of South African male broadcasters towards affirmative action especially where the policy is targeted towards women. Male broadcasters at SABC KwaZulu-Natal are used as case studies. South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) not only embraces affirmative action but also reports on it. Previous studies on affirmative action in media institutions tend to focus on women and thus this study uses men as case studies to make this area of research more complete. South African men are not a homogenous category. There are class, racial, religious, language, urban/rural, cultural and age lines of division among them (Nzimande and Sikhosana, 1996: 82). This being the case, the study investigates the different perceptions held by South African male broadcasters of different races concerning gender-based affirmative action. Issues discussed in this study include: • Understanding of the concept affirmative action • Need for the implementation of affirmative action • Perceptions ofmen towards work Men and power in organizations • Perceptions towards management • Perceptions towards female broadcasters • Perceived factors that hinder women from upward mobility • Possibilities for informal discrimination Studies on affirmative action have more frequently than not been examined in the context of feminist theories, for example, Susan Manhando's study (1994), 'Towards affirmative action: Issues of race, gender and equality at the SABC: Case studies of Natal women broadcasters' and Farhana Goga's (2000) 'Towards affirmative action issues of race and gender in media organizations: A study on South African media organizations,' to cite but two examples. This study moves beyond this rubric to include both patriarchy and masculinity theories as part of the theoretical framework upon which data analysis is interpreted and discussed. I see the findings of this research as the basis for further investigation into perceptions of South Africans from different races towards affirmative action policy. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

In 1971, radio station KGBS, Los Angeles, developed a format featuring a male host taking telephone calls from females only who discussed explicit sexual experiences over the air. Many other radio stations in the United States programmed this "sex-talk" format until 1973, when the Federal Communications Commission took steps to eliminate it. This study examines the origin, development, success, causes for eventual demise, and impact upon the broadcasting industry of the sex-talk format. The United States Congress pressured the FCC to act on the sex-talk format, and the study concludes that broadcasters would not have succumbed to government pressure if they had not feared governmental intrusion in programming and Congressional rejection of license renewal legislation.

The subject of this master thesis is the current development of the Hong Kong's news media in the period of 2005-2010 which is scrutinized through the prism of recent political and social changes of the region. The main object of this master thesis is to create a descriptive analysis of Hong Kong's mass media in the abovementioned period. This master thesis splits into three parts. First part is theoretical and examines the key media theories dealing with the concept of media systems. Furthermore, it uses the media theories to identify the Hong Kong's media system and embed it into the appropriate theoretical context. The second part presents the historical development of Hong Kong's press system and names Hong Kong's main newspapers of the last century. Third part, the main part of this master thesis, scrutinizes the development of the Hong Kong's media system after the political transition from the British to the Chinese "rule". Here, the main attention is paid to the current newspapers, broadcast stations and to the new trends in the Hong Kong's media environment. Finally, this master thesis evaluates whether the political pressure from China affects the Hong Kong's freedom of press and whether local journalists use methods of the self-censorship.

Thesis deals with product placement in Czech marketing practice in the light of existence of regulations given by EC directive 2007/65/EC. It arbitrates alternatives of product placement regulation ban as it works now or liberalization under restrictive conditions.

This thesis deals with the introduction of participatory research methods to programming staff working at Radio KC, a South African community radio station based in Paarl, in the Western Cape province. The focus is on a series of workshops conducted at the station, dealing with research tools developed to enable station workers to undertake research of their community. The aim was to determine, by means ofa case study, whether the introduction of participatory research methods could improve the ability of community broadcasters to facilitate democratic participation among the communities in which they operate. More particularly, the thesis assesses whether the application of such methods has improved the ability of the programming staff that were involved in this case study to identify a wider range of stories and voices within their target community, for inclusion in programming content. The participatory research techniques that are applied at the radio station are based on ideas in 'civic mapping' developed by Harwood and McCrehan (1996) under the auspices of The Pew Center for Civic Journalism, and supplemented by insights from Friedland (2001) and Downs and Stea (1977) about the cognitive, normative and imagined dimensions of community. All of the ideas and techniques were adapted for the South African situation. The findings of the research project illustrate that for community stations, the key concepts of 'community' and 'participation' are highly complex ones and that stations need assistance to apply these concepts in their everyday practice. The account of the intervention at Radio KC shows that the process did indeed assist the individual research participants to better deal with the application of these concepts. It did not, however, make much impact on the station as a whole. Reasons for this are believed to lie in the organisational dynamics of the station, and the fact that the model as applied in this case did not provide a means for tackling the agendas, investments and power relations that define the activities of individuals at a given community radio station - what Hochheimer (1993) talks about as the entrenchment of power and personalities. In order to address these shortcomings, an attempt is made to develop a model for future application, which places the mapping process within the context of a broader strategic planning process, focussed on a station's programming schedule.

A participação feminina no trabalho se deu de forma assimétrica, marcada por lutas e conquistas no ambiente organizacional. No Brasil, passou por transformações, a partir das décadas de 1960 e 1970, provocadas pelo período de industrialização e segunda onda do movimento feminista. Com esta pesquisa, objetivou-se analisar a condição de trabalho das mulheres jornalistas nas emissoras de TV de Uberlândia-MG, bem como as transformações vividas neste ambiente organizacional, do final da década de 1970 aos dias atuais, por meio das opiniões e experiências das jornalistas e estudantes de Jornalismo. Para tal, procedeu-se a revisão teórica que aborda a perspectiva histórica da inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho, perpassando por questões como segregação e precarização, feminilidade e masculinidade, assédio, aparência, remuneração, barreiras no ambiente organizacional, empoderamento feminino, além do contexto das empresas de comunicação e profissão de jornalista. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a pesquisa ancorou-se no paradigma interpretativista, com base nos estudos da abordagem do feminismo socialista, uso do método estudo de caso e abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de 27 entrevistas semiestruturadas e 1 estruturada com jornalistas que atuam e atuaram nos departamentos de jornalismo e 2 grupos focais com estudantes de Jornalismo, de 2 instituições de ensino superior. Foram elaborados 3 roteiros distintos para cada grupo de respondentes, todos ancorados em 3 dimensões identificadas a partir do referencial teórico-empírico: experiência profissional; ambiente organizacional e ascensão profissional. As entrevistas e grupos focais foram gravados, posteriormente transcritos e os dados interpretados, por meio de análise de conteúdo e identificadas 8 categorias de análise: competências, áreas de atuação (agrupadas na dimensão experiência profissional); gênero, aparência, assédio, remuneração (na dimensão ambiente organizacional); barreiras e empoderamento (na dimensão ascensão profissional). Como resultados, apontou-se que, diferente dos ambientes das décadas de 1970 e 1980, período que as redações eram em sua maioria masculinas, nos dias atuais existe equilíbrio entre o número de homens e mulheres. Se no passado elas eram preteridas em determinados temas de reportagens, hoje transitam por todos os assuntos. A disparidade dos salários de homens e mulheres, se comparada ao passado, mostrou-se menor conforme resultados desta pesquisa. A conquista do espaço organizacional se deu por meio de atitudes baseadas na iniciativa e persistência, caracterizando-se o empoderamento psicológico ou, por meio da capacitação, identificando-se o empoderamento educacional. Com relação à aparência se, no passado, manuais definiam os padrões de maquiagem e vestuário, atualmente foram abolidos, mas as cobranças ainda incomodam profissionais e estudantes. O assédio, principalmente por parte dos entrevistados, ocorre com frequência. Apesar dos avanços e com as mulheres ocupando diversos cargos, elas não estão nas posições de direção de jornalismo. Por sua vez, as estudantes sentem-se inseguras para atuar no mercado pela formação que receberam e a maioria diz estar desencantada com a profissão. Desta forma, o estudo aponta mudanças nas 4 últimas décadas, no entanto, ainda há resquícios de um ambiente organizacional que cobra a aparência, carrega preconceitos e machismo e exige mais da mulher que não consegue chegar ao topo da organização. / The female participation in the work occurred in an asymmetric way, marked by struggles and achievements in the organizational environment. In Brazil, it underwent transformations, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, caused by the period of industrialization and the second wave of the feminist movement. This research aimed to analyze the work conditions of women journalists in TV stations in Uberlândia-MG, as well as the changes experienced in this organizational environment, from the late 1970s to the present day, through the opinions and experiences of women journalists. journalists and journalism students. To that end, a theoretical review was carried out that addresses the historical perspective of the insertion of women in the labor market, through issues such as segregation and precariousness, femininity and masculinity, harassment, appearance, remuneration, barriers in the organizational environment, the context of media companies and the profession of journalist. From the methodological point of view, the research was anchored in the interpretative paradigm, based on the studies of the approach of socialist feminism, use of the case study method and qualitative approach. The data collection was done through 27 semi-structured interviews and 1 structured with journalists who work and worked in the journalism departments and 2 focus groups with Journalism students from 2 higher education institutions. Three different scripts were prepared for each group of respondents, all anchored in 3 dimensions identified from the theoretical-empirical referential: professional experience; organizational environment and professional growth. The interviews and focus groups were recorded, later transcribed and the data interpreted, through content analysis and identified 8 categories of analysis: competencies, areas of action (grouped in the professional experience dimension); gender, appearance, harassment, compensation (in the organizational environment dimension); barriers and empowerment (in the professional ascension dimension). As results, it was pointed out that, unlike the environments of the 1970s and 1980s, when the newsrooms were mostly male, today there is a balance between the number of men and women. If in the past they were deprived of certain subjects of news reports, today they go through all the subjects. The disparity in the salaries of men and women, when compared to the past, was smaller according to the results of this research. The conquest of the organizational space took place through attitudes based on initiative and persistence, characterizing the psychological empowerment or, through the training, identifying the educational empowerment. Regarding the appearance, if in the past, manuals defined the patterns of makeup and clothing, they have now been abolished, but collections still bother professionals and students. Harassment, especially by respondents, often occurs. Despite the advances and with the women occupying different positions, they are not in the positions of direction of journalism. In turn, students feel insecure to act in the market for the training they have received and most say they are disenchanted with the profession. In this way, the study points to changes in the last four decades, however, there are still remnants of an organizational environment that takes on the appearance, carries prejudices and machismo and demands more from the woman who can not reach the top of the organization. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-12T19:20:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Laginestra Junior.pdf: 2585366 bytes, checksum: 64311f0ae81d222e4bf706ee0a01fb64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T19:20:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nelson Laginestra Junior.pdf: 2585366 bytes, checksum: 64311f0ae81d222e4bf706ee0a01fb64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / The purpose of this project is examine the chapter of the Federal Constitution of 1988 about the Brazilian Social Communication, focusing into structure and mechanics of the radio broadcast into the country, which is, into this study, the groups of radio stations and open television channels, explored as commercial product by the dealers of the respective public services. The main objective is to search answers for the following inquiring: Are the constitutionals guidelines for means of communication who broadcast image and sound by electromagnetic waves into the national territory effective? The project will be exposed as an essay presented into the legal studies master`s degree project of the Universidade Nove de Julho, associated to the research line called Justice and the efficiency paradigm. Focusing into the sequence of the objectives - both general and specific – will be examined how the big groups owners of the radio and open television public concessions were formed, since the first radio broadcasts into Brazil. Will be persecuted the origins of the formation of the called national radio and television networks, to next, examine the Brazilian option for the private model into the construction and expansion of this media corporations, over the influence of the 1964 putsch, and into the time period between the last military government the end of the National Constituent Assembly of 1987 -1988. The Comparative Law will support the analysis focusing into the constitutional treatment given to the system of broadcast into Brazil and into the United States of America. Next, will be contemplated the decision of the Federal Supreme Court who culminated into the “Media law” into homeland legal framework, and the respective consequences of the decision into the Right of Reply. The exposed investigation will contemplate the analysis of the constitutionals precepts related to the seal of monopoly and oligopoly into the Social Communication sector, to the relativism of editorial liberty and to the prevision of the complementariness of the communication systems public, private and state. The method that will be used is the hypothetical – deductive, supported by the comparative and historical methods. The results gained will show: the dissonance between the guidelines of the Federal Constitution of 1988 and the fateful reality about the structure and mechanics of radio and open television broadcasters; the perception that those mass media vehicles have the main vectors of the debate of public concern; the economic power of the big radio and television networks is corollary of the public concern debate control; the internet, despite it mitigates the control of information received from media corporations, still have real efficacy about the effective pluralism desired into the information vortex and cultural productions; the self regulation of the sector is the base for the ideal attempt of lend effectiveness to the constitutional guidelines for the Social Communication, under the guarantee of the freedom of speech, into the actuation of the radio and open signal television broadcasters. / O objetivo desta análise é examinar o Capítulo da Constituição Federal de 1988 dedicado à Comunicação Social no Brasil, com especial foco à estrutura e ao funcionamento do sistema de radiodifusão no País, compreendido, para efeitos deste estudo, como o conjunto de emissoras de rádio e de televisão de sinal aberto, exploradas comercialmente pelos concessionários dos respectivos serviços públicos. O objetivo específico é buscar respostas à indagação: são efetivas as diretrizes constitucionais destinadas aos meios de comunicação que transmitem imagem e som através de ondas eletromagnéticas no território nacional? O trabalho será exposto na forma de dissertação apresentada no âmbito do Programa de Mestrado em Direito da Universidade Nove de Julho, aderente à linha de pesquisa denominada Justiça e o paradigma da eficiência. Para a consecução dos objetivos - geral e específico - examinar-se-á como se formaram os grandes grupos detentores das concessões públicas de rádio e de televisão de sinal aberto, desde os primórdios das primeiras transmissões radiofônicas no Brasil. Perseguir-se-á a gênese da formação das chamadas redes nacionais de rádio e de televisão para, a seguir, investigar a opção brasileira pelo modelo privado na construção e expansão dessas corporações midiáticas, sob a influência do Golpe de 1964, e no período compreendido entre o término do último governo militar e o final da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987-1988. A análise buscará auxílio no Direito Comparado com foco no tratamento constitucional dispensado ao sistema de radiodifusão no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos da América. Contemplar-se-á na sequência do estudo observação a recair sobre a decisão do Supremo Tribunal Federal que expurgou a chamada “Lei de Imprensa” do Ordenamento Jurídico pátrio, e as respectivas consequências do referido decisório acerca do Direito de Resposta. A investigação proposta marchará no campo da análise dos preceitos constitucionais relativos à vedação de monopólios e oligopólios no setor da Comunicação Social, à relativização da liberdade editorial e à previsão da complementariedade dos sistemas de comunicação público, privado e estatal. O método utilizado será o hipotético-dedutivo, auxiliado pelo método comparativo e pelo método histórico. Os resultados colhidos apontarão: a dissonância entre as diretrizes da Constituição Federal de 1988 e a realidade fática quanto à estrutura e às formas de atuação das emissoras de rádio e de televisão de sinal aberto; a percepção de que os referidos veículos de comunicação de massas constituem os principais vetores do debate de interesse público; o poderio econômico das grandes redes de rádio e de televisão é corolário do controle do debate de interesse público; a internet, apesar de mitigar o controle da informação proveniente das corporações midiáticas, ainda constitui meio de eficácia restrita quanto ao efetivo pluralismo desejado no âmbito fluxo de informações e produções culturais; a autorregulação do setor desponta como tentantiva idônea de emprestar efetividade às diretrizes constitucionais destinadas à Comunicação Social, sob a garantia da liberdade de expressão, no âmbito de atuação das emissoras de rádio e de televisão de sinal aberto.

We are currently witnessing the transformation of media landscape since transmedia contents affect the strategy of distributors, producers, and television broadcasters. This new phenomenon has multidisciplinary overlap, so we encounter with different interpretations and terminology in this discourse. The master thesis Transformation of distribution of audiovisual content in transmedia context has two main objectives. Its primary aim is to unify the basic terminology for media, audiovisual, and distribution discourse based on academic literature. The secondary aim is to explore the strategies of 3 largest domestic terrestrial TV broadcasters through formal analysis. The practical part is divided in 2 sections. The first one is focused on how TV stations have implemented transmedia extensions in the context of audience immersion and broadcasters branding in their distribution strategies. The second examines whether there is true transmedia content for original shows and storyworlds in their production. It is just a matter of time before these changes in distribution strategies will affect TV broadcasters. Transmedia extentions are associated with a creative process since ancient times but we could not realize their existence. Keywords transmedia, crossmedia, transmedia storytelling, convergence,...