Mäklarbranschen har varit omskriven i media de senaste åren och förra året presenterades det nya lagförslaget på en ny fastighetsmäklarlag. I dag finns det ingen lag som reglerar mäklarens skyldighet att uppvisa budgivningslista efter avslutad budgivning. Dock säger det nya lagförslaget: ”En fastighetsmäklare ska vara skyldig att dokumentera budgivningsprocessen och att överlämna dokumentationen till köparen och säljaren när överlåtelseavtalet är slutet, den ska också syfta till att hindra mäklaren att presentera luftbud och därigenom pressa upp priset.” Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på om lagförslaget kommer att resultera i tryggare budgivningar. Vi vill även ta reda på hur mäklarna ställer sig till budgivningsförfarandet i den nya lagen samt om deras förtroende kommer att stiga hos presumtiva köpare. Avslutningsvis vill vi även ta reda på om köparnas syn på budgivningar kommer att förändras med den nya lagen. Vi har arbetet med artiklar, studerat lagtext, utredningar, remissvar, mailkontakter samt genomfört djupintervjuer med fastighetsmäklare, köpare och en jurist. Mottagandet av den nya mäklarlagen är positivt från nästan alla håll. Man tror på ökat förtroende och en tryggare budgivning i samband med denna lagändring. Vår åsikt är att köparnas syn på budgivningar i framtiden kommer att förändras när de känner en ökad säkerhet med kommande lagstiftning. / The real estate industry have been well publicized in the media the recent years and last year a new draft law of the new real estate agent law were presented. Today there is now law governing the broker’s obligation to present the bidding list upon completion of bidding. However, the new draft law says: ”The broker should be obligated to document the bidding process and when the agreement is met, give the information to the seller and buyer, it should also aim to prevent the broker to present fake bids and thereby push up the price.” The purpose with this essay is to find out if the new law will result in safer auctions. We also want to find out how the real estate agents’ attitude to the bidding procedure in the new and if their trust will rise in potential buyers. Finally, we also want to find out whether the new law will change the buyers’ view on the bidding process. We have been working with articles, studied the text, inquiries, responses, email contacts, and conducted interviews with real estate agents, buyers and a lawyer. The reception of the new law is positive from almost all quarters. Due to the legislative change the, belief is that the trust will rise. The buyers’ view of the bidding process in the future will change when they feel greater safety in future legislation.

En 1992, la Cour suprême du Canada souligne l'importance de faire la distinction entre l'obligation principale de conseil qui est l'objet principal du contrat et l'obligation d'information qui est accessoire. L'obligation principale de conseil est reconnue à l'égard des professionnels des professions dites libérales à l'époque, comme les avocats et notaires dans un contrat de mandat. Par contre, l'évolution jurisprudentielle récente démontre que l'obligation de conseil ne se limite plus à l'objet principal du contrat, et que la notion de «professionnel» n'a plus le sens restrictif d'autrefois. Au Québec, l'obligation principale de conseil est reconnue dans un premier temps à l'égard des professionnels soumis au Code des professions, notamment avocats et notaires. On reconnaît aussi une telle obligation accessoire de conseil à l'égard d'autres personnes qui, bien qu'elles ne soient pas des «professionnels» au sens du Code des professions, exercent tout de même des activités de nature professionnelle. C'est le cas, par exemple, des courtiers en valeurs mobilières, des courtiers en assurances ou des institutions financières. D'ailleurs, une controverse semble régner dans le domaine bancaire sur l'étendue de l'obligation de conseil et d'information des institutions financières envers un client dans le cadre d'un contrat de prestation de services. Plus particulièrement, les tribunaux semblent partagés sur la reconnaissance ou non d'une obligation de conseil de la banque dans le cadre d'un emprunt. Certaines décisions sont à l'effet que seule une obligation d'information s'impose alors que d'autres préconisent le conseil. Afin d'élucider la confusion qui règne présentement en jurisprudence dans le domaine bancaire ainsi que dans le contrat de services et d'entreprise en général, il faut faire une étude jumelée de l'évolution de l'obligation de conseil accessoire et de l'obligation de conseil principale. Notre étude porte sur l'évolution jurisprudentielle qui tend vers une théorisation dans le contrat de services ou d'entreprise, de l'obligation de conseil qui devient alors une variante ou une intensité de l'obligation accessoire d'information. Par le fait même, on constate qu'une obligation de conseil principale semble également s'étendre à une catégorie plus large de professionnels. Dans ce cas, l'obligation de conseil est similaire, dans son fondement, au devoir de conseil du «professionnel» traditionnel, au sens du Code des professions. On constate alors que l'obligation principale de conseil n'est plus restreinte aux professionnels au sens classique du terme. / In 1992, the Supreme Court of Canada advised against confusing the obligation to counsel, a main obligation in a contract with the obligation to inform, that remains a secondary obligation. The main obligation to counsel is recognized in contracts with the customary professionals, such as mandates given to notaries and lawyers. However, recent evolution of the case law has revealed that the main obligation to counsel is extending in scope and that the notion of "professional" has moved towards a less restrictive meaning. In Quebec, the main obligation to counsel is imposed primarily on professionals subject to the Professional Code, in particular lawyers and notaries. A secondary obligation to counsel is recognized in contracts with other individuals who practice professional activities but are not professionals as defined by the Professional Code. It is the case, for example, of securities brokers or securities dealers, insurance brokers or bankers. Moreover, a controversy has arisen in the field of banking regarding the scope of the obligation of bankers to counsel and to inform a client in a contract for services. More specifically, the courts are divided over recognition of the obligation to counsel of bankers in loans. Some decisions only sustain the obligation to inform whereas others expand it to the obligation to counsel. To get a clear understanding of the confusion surrounding case laws in the field of banking and in the contract of enterprise or for services generally, we must proceed with a study combining the evolution of the secondary obligation to inform and the main obligation to counsel. Our analysis is based on the evolution of the case law towards the theorization of the obligation to counsel which thus constitutes a variation in intensity of a secondary obligation to inform. Furthermore, we show that an obligation to counsel is imposed upon a larger category of professionals. In this case, the obligation to counsel is similar in its essence to the duty to counsel of the customarily professional subject to the Professional Code. It becomes apparent that the main obligation to counsel is not restricted to professionals in the conventional sense.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojamas tarptautinis logistikos kanalas, jo elementai bei jų sąveika, apžvelgtas muitinės formalumų reglamentavimas ir atlikimas, įvertintas prekių deklaravimas muitinės formalumų kontekste. Palygintas bei apžvelgtas tiesioginis ir netiesioginis atstovavimas muitinėje, pateikta ir išanalizuota atstovavimo muitinėje deklaruojant prekes samprata, apžvelgti atstovavimo ypatumai deklaruojant eksportuojamas, importuojamas bei tranzitu gabenamas prekes, įvertinta muitinės tarpininkų vieta bei vaidmuo atliekant muitinės formalumus visuose tarptautinio logistikos kanalo etapuose. / Master's thesis identified international logistics channel, its elements and the interaction between them, reviewed customs formalities application and implementation, assesed goods declaring in the context of customs formalities. Moreover direct and indirect representation of customs was reviewed and compared, presented and analyzed the concept of representation of customs when declaring goods, reviewed representation peculiarities when declaring export, import and transit goods as well as evaluated customs brokers significance in all three of logistics channels.

我國在2002年正式成為WTO 之成員，為開放保險市場與國際金融保險市場接軌，同年我國開始實施三階段的產險市場費率自由化。 然而，費率自由化實施，市場競爭更甚以往，時有所聞產險業者的惡性價格競爭與保險經紀人影響商業保險市場價格。 而本文以「台灣產險市場費率自由化下之市場競爭研究」為題，試圖瞭解我國產險公司在市場激烈競爭下卻未如國外市場(例如日本)大規模進行同業合併以降低營運成本，壯大經營規模以增加競爭力的原因，並分析保險經紀人如何影響市場價格造成市場競爭加劇的原因與實務上保險經紀人對商業保險安排承保能量架構的費率操作說明；最後就現行相關監理法條之可行改進方案做一建議與結論，希望對國內產險業有所助益。 / In 2002, Taiwan became a member of the World Trade Organization. In keeping with the spirit of this organization the government has devoted itself to building an open financial and insurance market which implemented deregulation of non-life insurance rates by three phases in the same year. Under deregulation, the rates reduction of Non-life insurance creates more competition within the industry; we often hear that non-life insurers do destructive competition and non-life insurance brokers influence commercial insurance market price deeply. The title of this paper “A study of under deregulation, market competition of Taiwan non-life insurance” is aimed to understand the reason why under deregulation, there is no series of mergers or alliances among Taiwan non-life insurance industry for reducing cost, enlarging scale to enhance competitiveness like those taking place overseas such as Japan. This thesis also analyzed how non-life insurance brokers use influence on market premium rates which caused market competition even severely and illustrated non-life insurance brokers using capacities to control commercial property insurance rates by practice experiences. Lastly, conclusive remarks and recommendations are made to the related regulation. Hopefully these suggestions would be helpful to the industry.

No description available.

Orientador: Reginaldo Palazzo Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pereira_DiogoGuilherme_M.pdf: 2278721 bytes, checksum: d52e9ddea8e27d992073c5cf8ba3674f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: É evidente os benefícios proporcionados pela aplicação da teoria da informação nas análises dos processos de codificação genética. Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de algoritmos, e sua implementação computacional, para a realização de análises em sequências de DNA por meio dos códigos BCH. O primeiro programa irá calcular diversos polinômios geradores que serão utilizados pelos outros programas. O segundo programa se utiliza destes polinômios geradores para realizar análises em sequências de DNA e identificar palavras-código na forma de novas sequências de DNA. Já o terceiro programa, de iniciativa inédita, se utiliza tanto dos polinômios geradores quanto as palavras-código e realiza um processo de decodificação com o intuito de rastrear as mutações passiveis de ocorrer em sequências de DNA / Abstract: The benefits provided by the application of information theory in the analyses of genetic coding processes are evident. In this work the development of algorithms and their computational implementations are proposed, with the aim at performing analyses of DNA sequences by use of BCH codes. The first program calculates several generator polynomials which are used by other programs. The second program uses generator polynomials to perform DNA sequence analyses and to identify the codewords in the form of new DNA sequences. The third program by using both the generator polynomials as well as the codewords to perform a decoding process in order to predict mutations that may occur in DNA sequences / Mestrado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil

L’émergence des organisations paysannes en milieu périurbain et rural en République du Congo en particulier à Brazzaville et dans les Plateaux, s’inscrit dans une dualité de logiques : des logiques paysannes propres aux paysans eux-mêmes et, en même temps, des logiques institutionnelles sous l’impulsion des acteurs extérieurs, l’Etat, les ONG, les agences de coopération bilatérales et multilatérales. On voit donc apparaître de nouvelles dynamiques organisationnelles, ouvrant de nouveaux espaces à l’éruption d’acteurs sociaux qui, à travers des stratégies de positionnement et de promotion s’improvisent comme intermédiaires entre les flux financiers circulant dans ces milieux. Ces nouveaux acteurs se distinguent par leurs charisme, leurs compétences, leur connaissance endogène du milieu, leur appartenance sociale, et leur position dans l’arène locale. Elite, jeune, femme, religieuse, notable du village, etc., acquièrent ainsi une légitimité dans leur milieu, deviennent de véritables courtiers contrôlant les canaux de communication entre les donateurs et les paysans. Positionnement ou promotion, ces nouveaux acteurs jouent un rôle central dans l’arène des possibles. Quelles que soient leur origine, ces dynamiques n’enrayent pas les clivages qui ont existé et apparaissent actuellement sous des nouvelles formes, responsables de conflits entre les acteurs. Par ailleurs, l’aide au développement dont bénéficient les paysans et leurs groupements n’est assurément pas neutre. Elle véhicule l’idéologie des donateurs, et créée inévitablement des comportements d’adaptation des paysans aux exigences des structures d’appui et peut entraîner une perte au moins partielle de leur autonomie. / The emergence of peasant organizations in peri-urban and rural areas in Republic of Congo in particular with Brazzaville and in the Plateau, has a dual logical understanding; peasant farmers view and at the same time, institutional view influenced by external actors, the state, NGOs, bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies. We see the emergence of new organizational dynamics, which lead to the creation of new spaces and the coming in of social actors who position themselves as intermediaries between financial flows circulating in these environments. These new players are distinguished by their charisma, their skills, their endogenous knowledge of the environment, social affiliation, and their position in the local arena. Elite, young, woman, religious, village elder, etc., they acquire legitimacy in their communities, become real brokers controlling the communication channels between donors and farmers. Whether self imposed or promoted, these new actors play a central role in the arena of possibilities. Whatever their origin, these dynamics do not wipe out the cleavages that have existed and still appear in new forms, the cause of conflicts between actors. In addition, development aid enjoyed by farmers and their associations is certainly not neutral. It conveys the ideology of donors, and influences the behavior of farmers to cope with the requirements of support structures and may result in different degrees of loss of their autonomy.

The presented work deals with analysis and implementation of algorithmic trading applications based on client requirements. Applications developed in this work are supposed to be used to collect and manage data from the stock exchange, to view information about active trading orders, and to send trading orders to the exchange via the API from Interactive Brokers. The first chapter gives an overview of selected books focused on developing applications for C # and analysis. Then the concepts of UML, OOAD, and UP are introduced. In the next chapter, requirements of the customer are defined. In the following chapter, based on the results of literature research and defined client requirements, the initial architectural design is created and cases of use with subsequent specifications are presented. This section is followed by finding analytical classes, creating a domain model, implementation of some use cases using sequence diagrams. The last two chapters describe the implementation details - the language used, the libraries, database schema, and user manual.

This thesis is devoted to a detailed treatment functioning realtor, it´s marketing mix, with special focus on service and especially the marketing communication of selected estate agents. This work is not only for learning purposes, but also as a potential aid in communication for the real estate agency.