The purpose of this thesis is to show the useful characteristics of a wide variety of papers as applied to the preparation of a tactile and visual organization on a number of wallboards. It is hoped the wide variety of papers and techniques used will be inspirational to other teachers when creatively planning their own designs using paper as their art medium.

Virtual community (VC) provides a place for people to communicate and form friendship in cyberspace. Researchers found that the business benefits only occur when members have loyalty towards VCs. This study focuses on factors that affect people¡¦s loyalty towards VCs. First, we study related papers, and did a survey to experienced VC members, to find out the more complete factors that affect them. Then, we did a second survey of Formosa Bulletin Board System members to discover the different important ratings in these factors. According to the survey result, we grouped 23 factors into 4 components: Content, VC Management, VC Brand, and Communication. The result shows ¡§Content¡¨ is the most important component, and different demographic segments, like gender, age, jobs, VC using time, Internet Using time, etc, will show different rating in the components mentioned previously. This study suggests VC managers take good care of ¡§the quality of information content¡¨, and encourage members to create their own content, and form friendships with other users to increase members¡¦ loyalty toward VCs.

El objetivo general del presente trabajo de título es la implementación de un sistema de votación electrónica apropiado para una votación local a pequeña escala. Además, este trabajo analiza las condiciones y supuestos razonables bajo los cuales tal elección puede ser llevada a cabo exitosamente. En este trabajo se estudian los mecanismos criptográficos adecuados para implementar un sistema de votación correcto, verificable y cuyos votos sean privados. El sistema implementado cumple con las características de seguridad de un sistema de votación electrónica, es práctico y puede ser usado en votaciones de pequeña escala. Este sistema considera la existencia de varias autoridades electorales, las cuales necesitan cooperar para que la elección sea exitosa, y solamente la colusión de la mayoría de ellas puede poner en riesgo la privacidad de los votantes. Se realizaron diversas votaciones de prueba, las que ilustran como el sistema implementado es capaz de detectar tanto alteraciones de los votos, como autoridades que traten de alterar el proceso eleccionario. El sistema es eficiente y transparente y entrega resultados precisos en forma rápida y oportuna. El proceso completo es universalmente verificable, desde la generación de las claves de encriptación que se usaran durante la elección, hasta el cómputo final, pasando por la verificación de la correctitud de los votos emitidos. Se concluye que es factible implementar un sistema de votación electrónica práctico, seguro y eficiente con requisitos simples: conectividad de red entre los participantes, mecanismos de comunicación consistente de mensajes (broadcast) entre las autoridades y observadores externos, e infraestructura para manejar claves públicas y privadas de los votantes. Finalmente se entregan recomendaciones para extender el sistema a elecciones de gran escala.

本研究的最主要目的在瞭解電子佈告欄使用者的媒介行為及時間分配的關 聯性。資料分析的結果，在人口特質方面，有如下的發現：電子佈告欄的 受訪者絕大多數是三十歲以下、未婚、大專程度的男性；符合一般新傳播 科技使用者的特徵。職業以學生佔大多數，個人收入在一萬元以下。這二 點發現與過去的研究大異其趣。可能與電子佈告欄「物美價廉」的特性有 關，這也是電子佈告欄和一般新傳播科技昂貴價格的相異處。使用電子佈 告欄的時間並沒有因為性別的差異而有顯著不同。人口特質中的年齡和使 用電子佈告欄的時間有顯著差異；年齡和使用電子佈告欄的時間呈負相關 ，年齡愈小，每天使用電子佈告欄的時間愈長。未婚者使用電子佈告欄的 時間雖然較已婚者長，但兩者未達顯著差異。同樣的情形發生在電子佈告 欄受訪者的教育程度上，不同的教育程度花費在電子佈告欄的時間並無顯 著差異。學生花費在電子佈告欄的時間與從事其他職業者有顯著差異。收 入和使用電子佈告欄的時間呈顯著負相關，收入愈少，使用電子佈告欄的 時間愈長。此外，花費在電子佈告欄這項行為的時間愈長，其閱報時間、 睡眠時間、從事其他活動的時間愈短，印證經濟學時間預算的觀點：時間 是項有限的資源，一項新行為的加入，必然會減少其他活動的使用時間。 而本研究發現，被減少的時間，並非完全是傳統媒介的使用時間，而是睡 眠時間及其他活動時間。

This dissertation reports on an investigation of corrective feedback provided by instructors to learners in sixteen online asynchronous and synchronous interactions. The overarching objective of this study was to examine the provision of corrective feedback in computer-mediated communication (CMC) environments. This study also sought to examine the frequency of corrective feedback types and the relationship between learner error and corrective feedback provision. Finally, this study investigated what types of corrective feedback led to repaired learner responses.Over the course of one university semester, the instructors and students in four second-semester Spanish courses participated in bulletin board and chat room discussions and a detailed analysis of the transcripts revealed that instructors do provide learners with corrective feedback in online asynchronous and synchronous environments. The results also reveal that corrective feedback is more prevalent in the asynchronous environment than in the synchronous environment. A total of six corrective feedback typesexplicit correction, recasts, metalinguistic feedback, clarification request, elicitation, and repetitionwere found in these environments. All corrective feedback types were present in the asynchronous environment while repetition was not observed in the synchronous environment. The results indicate instructors overall preference for explicit correction in the asynchronous environment and preference for recasts in the synchronous environment. In the synchronous environment, different types of learner errors are followed by different types of corrective feedback. Recasts most often follow grammatical and lexical errors, while an opportunity to negotiate form is most often provided for multiple errors.

本研究以台大批踢踢實業坊（PTT）政治類看板為例，企圖評估電子布告欄（BBS）系統是否為承載政治意見的理想論域。 在文獻探討的過程中可知，「政治參與」對於民主發展至為重要，而其中透過網際網路進行的政治意見表達，在數位時代來臨後的重要性與日俱增。因此本研究以哈伯瑪斯的公共領域與溝通行動理論為核心，建立「理想意見論域」的三項標準：開放性、公共性、理性。並據此三項標準，對研究場域PTT政治類看板進行評估。 本研究以量化的內容分析法為主，輔以直接觀察，對研究場域及其中政治意見的性質，進行客觀的描述與分析。研究結果發現，PTT政治類看板進入和參與的門檻低、互動熱絡頻繁、討論規範也並未限制理性發言空間，在「開放性」上表現佳；至於「公共性」的部分，在討論規範與看板管理者的約束下，討論的議題多能與公共事務相關；然而在「理性」面向上，論證嚴謹程度普遍不足，亦僅有半數的發言能完全保持冷靜平和。 另外，在把政治意見的各項性質進行交叉分析後，可歸納出「理想網路論域」中的「理想政治意見」，應該具有的條件包括：沒有明顯的政黨傾向、篇幅充實、切合討論主題、以事實陳述輔助個人意見、不純粹批評而是褒貶參半或持平而論、情緒冷靜平和、論證深入而嚴謹等。

This dissertation describes research which investigated the use of communication tools in a WebCT learning environment. The instrumental case study investigated the level and frequency of use of the web-based communication tools during a full-fledged course delivery at a university that enrols only full-time students. The unit of analysis was the case and the instruments included group interviews, observation anecdotal notes, communication diaries, focus group and a journal/logbook. A mixed qualitative and quantitative research method was used in this research. The study evaluated how the interactivity and not how either the lesson or the WebCT function. The conceptual framework focused on interactivity, features of communication tools that promote interactivity, as well as the domains such as cognition, motivation and learner interface as aspects that influence the use of communication tools. Various web-based tools were used by a sample consisting of a selected small group of IT students who participated in the study. Those communication tools were used to facilitate learning in WebCT. The results showed a total of 145 interactions for the duration of ten sessions. The WebCT communication tools supported either synchronous or asynchronous communication. Communication tools were used to retrieve information and send text-based messages to lecturers and students. Interaction at different levels was evident between student and student, student and lecturer, lecturer and student, lecturer and lecturer, as well as, student and content. In addition to the WebCT communication tools, students used extra web-based communication tools, to facilitate their learning. It was concluded that with continuous advances in information and communication technology and with ever increasing student numbers at resident universities, more tertiary institutions should offer on-line courses. More communication tools should be considered on WebCT to facilitate more interactive learning. / Dissertation (MEd (Curriculum Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Curriculum Studies / unrestricted