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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
191

Groupoids in categories with partial covers

Arabidze, Giorgi 15 October 2018 (has links)
No description available.
192

Modélisation dynamique des systèmes non-holonomes intermittents : application à la bicyclette / Dynamic modelling of intermittent non-holonomic systems : application to the bicycle

Mauny, Johan Raphaël 14 December 2018 (has links)
Cette thèse traite de la modélisation dynamique des systèmes non-holonomes intermittents et de son application à la bicyclette 3D de Whipple. Pour cela, nous nous sommes appuyés sur un ensemble d'outils en mécanique géométrique (réduction Lagrangienne et projection dans le noyau des contraintes cinématiques essentiellement). Dans un premier temps, nous avons traité le cas de la bicyclette persistante. En définissant l'espace des configurations du vélo comme un fibré principal de groupe structural SE(3), nous avons obtenu un modèle des points de contact et des contraintes exempt de toute non-linéarité associée à un paramétrage de type coordonnées généralisées. Cette formulation nous a permis d'obtenir le noyau des contraintes sous une forme symbolique sans singularité. Nous avons alors produit un modèle symbolique de la dynamique de la bicyclette persistante en utilisant la méthode de réduction par projection de sa dynamique libre dans le sous espace de ses vitesses admissibles. Cette approche étend le cadre général mis au point ces dernières années pour la locomotion bio-inspirée. Profitant de la structure de SE(3), un modèle de la bicyclette intermittente a été proposé dans le cadre d'une approche événementielle. L'adoption du modèle physique de l'impact plastique, nous a permis d'étendre la méthode de réduction par projection au cas intermittent. Nous avons alors comparé notre approche "réduite" à l'approche classiquement utilisée et avons montré qu'elles partageaient une interprétation géométrique commune. Ces outils ont finalement été appliqués à la simulation de la bicyclette intermittente afin d'illustrer la richesse de sa dynamique. / This thesis deals with the dynamic modelling of intermittent non-holonomic systems andits application to the Whipple 3D bicycle. To that end, we relied on a set of tools in geometric mechanics (mainly Lagrangian reduction and the projection in the kernel of the kinematic constraints). In the first instance, we have addressed the case of the bicycle subjected to persistent contacts. By defining the space of the bicycle configurations as a principal fibre bundle with SE(3) as structural group, we obtained a model of the contact points and of the constraints free of any non-linearities associated with a generalized coordinate type configuration. This formulation allowed us to obtain the kernel of the constraints in a symbolic form without singularity. We then produced a symbolic model of the dynamics ofthe bicycle subjected to persistent contacts using the projection reduction method of its free dynamics in the subspace of its permissible speeds. This approach extends the general framework developed in recent years for bio-inspired locomotion. Taking advantage of the structure of SE(3), a model of the intermittent bicycle was proposed as part of an event-driven approach. Moreover, the adoption ofthe physical model of plastic impact has allowed us to extend the projection reduction method to the intermittent case. We then compared our "reduced" approach to the conventional approach and showed that they shared a common geometric interpretation. These tools were finally applied to the simulation of the intermittent bicycle to illustrate its rich dynamics.
193

Reconstruction 3D de l'environnement dynamique d'un véhicule à l'aide d'un système multi-caméras hétérogène en stéréo wide-baseline / 3D reconstruction of the dynamic environment surrounding a vehicle using a heterogeneous multi-camera system in wide-baseline stereo

Mennillo, Laurent 05 June 2019 (has links)
Cette thèse a été réalisée dans le secteur de l'industrie automobile, en collaboration avec le Groupe Renault et concerne en particulier le développement de systèmes d'aide à la conduite avancés et de véhicules autonomes. Les progrès réalisés par la communauté scientifique durant les dernières décennies, dans les domaines de l'informatique et de la robotique notamment, ont été si importants qu'ils permettent aujourd'hui la mise en application de systèmes complexes au sein des véhicules. Ces systèmes visent dans un premier temps à réduire les risques inhérents à la conduite en assistant les conducteurs, puis dans un second temps à offrir des moyens de transport entièrement autonomes. Les méthodes de SLAM multi-objets actuellement intégrées au sein de ces véhicules reposent pour majeure partie sur l'utilisation de capteurs embarqués très performants tels que des télémètres laser, au coût relativement élevé. Les caméras numériques en revanche, de par leur coût largement inférieur, commencent à se démocratiser sur certains véhicules de grande série et assurent généralement des fonctions d'assistance à la conduite, pour l'aide au parking ou le freinage d'urgence, par exemple. En outre, cette implantation plus courante permet également d'envisager leur utilisation afin de reconstruire l'environnement dynamique proche des véhicules en trois dimensions. D'un point de vue scientifique, les techniques de SLAM visuel multi-objets existantes peuvent être regroupées en deux catégories de méthodes. La première catégorie et plus ancienne historiquement concerne les méthodes stéréo, faisant usage de plusieurs caméras à champs recouvrants afin de reconstruire la scène dynamique observée. La plupart reposent en général sur l'utilisation de paires stéréo identiques et placées à faible distance l'une de l'autre, ce qui permet un appariement dense des points d'intérêt dans les images et l'estimation de cartes de disparités utilisées lors de la segmentation du mouvement des points reconstruits. L'autre catégorie de méthodes, dites monoculaires, ne font usage que d'une unique caméra lors du processus de reconstruction. Cela implique la compensation du mouvement propre du système d'acquisition lors de l'estimation du mouvement des autres objets mobiles de la scène de manière indépendante. Plus difficiles, ces méthodes posent plusieurs problèmes, notamment le partitionnement de l'espace de départ en plusieurs sous-espaces représentant les mouvements individuels de chaque objet mobile, mais aussi le problème d'estimation de l'échelle relative de reconstruction de ces objets lors de leur agrégation au sein de la scène statique. La problématique industrielle de cette thèse, consistant en la réutilisation des systèmes multi-caméras déjà implantés au sein des véhicules, majoritairement composés d'un caméra frontale et de caméras surround équipées d'objectifs très grand angle, a donné lieu au développement d'une méthode de reconstruction multi-objets adaptée aux systèmes multi-caméras hétérogènes en stéréo wide-baseline. Cette méthode est incrémentale et permet la reconstruction de points mobiles éparses, grâce notamment à plusieurs contraintes géométriques de segmentation des points reconstruits ainsi que de leur trajectoire. Enfin, une évaluation quantitative et qualitative des performances de la méthode a été menée sur deux jeux de données distincts, dont un a été développé durant ces travaux afin de présenter des caractéristiques similaires aux systèmes hétérogènes existants. / This Ph.D. thesis, which has been carried out in the automotive industry in association with Renault Group, mainly focuses on the development of advanced driver-assistance systems and autonomous vehicles. The progress made by the scientific community during the last decades in the fields of computer science and robotics has been so important that it now enables the implementation of complex embedded systems in vehicles. These systems, primarily designed to provide assistance in simple driving scenarios and emergencies, now aim to offer fully autonomous transport. Multibody SLAM methods currently used in autonomous vehicles often rely on high-performance and expensive onboard sensors such as LIDAR systems. On the other hand, digital video cameras are much cheaper, which has led to their increased use in newer vehicles to provide driving assistance functions, such as parking assistance or emergency braking. Furthermore, this relatively common implementation now allows to consider their use in order to reconstruct the dynamic environment surrounding a vehicle in three dimensions. From a scientific point of view, existing multibody visual SLAM techniques can be divided into two categories of methods. The first and oldest category concerns stereo methods, which use several cameras with overlapping fields of view in order to reconstruct the observed dynamic scene. Most of these methods use identical stereo pairs in short baseline, which allows for the dense matching of feature points to estimate disparity maps that are then used to compute the motions of the scene. The other category concerns monocular methods, which only use one camera during the reconstruction process, meaning that they have to compensate for the ego-motion of the acquisition system in order to estimate the motion of other objects. These methods are more difficult in that they have to address several additional problems, such as motion segmentation, which consists in clustering the initial data into separate subspaces representing the individual movement of each object, but also the problem of the relative scale estimation of these objects before their aggregation within the static scene. The industrial motive for this work lies in the use of existing multi-camera systems already present in actual vehicles to perform dynamic scene reconstruction. These systems, being mostly composed of a front camera accompanied by several surround fisheye cameras in wide-baseline stereo, has led to the development of a multibody reconstruction method dedicated to such heterogeneous systems. The proposed method is incremental and allows for the reconstruction of sparse mobile points as well as their trajectory using several geometric constraints. Finally, a quantitative and qualitative evaluation conducted on two separate datasets, one of which was developed during this thesis in order to present characteristics similar to existing multi-camera systems, is provided.
194

3D Vision Geometry for Rolling Shutter Cameras / Géométrie pour la vision 3D avec des caméras Rolling Shutter

Lao, Yizhen 16 May 2019 (has links)
De nombreuses caméras CMOS modernes sont équipées de capteurs Rolling Shutter (RS). Ces caméras à bas coût et basse consommation permettent d’atteindre de très hautes fréquences d’acquisition. Dans ce mode d’acquisition, les lignes de pixels sont exposées séquentiellement du haut vers le bas de l'image. Par conséquent, les images capturées alors que la caméra et/ou la scène est en mouvement présentent des distorsions qui rendent les algorithmes classiques au mieux moins précis, au pire inutilisables en raison de singularités ou de configurations dégénérées. Le but de cette thèse est de revisiter la géométrie de la vision 3D avec des caméras RS en proposant des solutions pour chaque sous-tâche du pipe-line de Structure-from-Motion (SfM).Le chapitre II présente une nouvelle méthode de correction du RS en utilisant les droites. Contrairement aux méthodes existantes, qui sont itératives et font l’hypothèse dite Manhattan World (MW), notre solution est linéaire et n’impose aucune contrainte sur l’orientation des droites 3D. De plus, la méthode est intégrée dans un processus de type RANSAC permettant de distinguer les courbes qui sont des projections de segments droits de celles qui correspondent à de vraies courbes 3D. La méthode de correction est ainsi plus robuste et entièrement automatisée.Le chapitre III revient sur l'ajustement faisceaux ou bundle adjustment (BA). Nous proposons un nouvel algorithme basé sur une erreur de projection dans laquelle l’index de ligne des points projetés varie pendant l’optimisation afin de garder une cohérence géométrique contrairement aux méthodes existantes qui considère un index fixe (celui mesurés dans l’image). Nous montrons que cela permet de lever la dégénérescence dans le cas où les directions de scan des images sont trop proches (cas très communs avec des caméras embraquées sur un véhicule par exemple). Dans le chapitre VI nous étendons le concept d'homographie aux cas d’images RS en démontrant que la relation point-à-point entre deux images d’un nuage de points coplanaires pouvait s’exprimer sous la forme de 3 à 7 matrices de taille 3X3 en fonction du modèle de mouvement utilisé. Nous proposons une méthode linéaire pour le calcul de ces matrices. Ces dernières sont ensuite utilisées pour résoudre deux problèmes classiques en vision par ordinateur à savoir le calcul du mouvement relatif et le « mosaïcing » dans le cas RS.Dans le chapitre V nous traitons le problème de calcul de pose et de reconstruction multi-vues en établissant une analogie avec les méthodes utilisées pour les surfaces déformables telles que SfT (Structure-from-Template) et NRSfM (Non Rigid Structure-from-Motion). Nous montrons qu’une image RS d’une scène rigide en mouvement peut être interprétée comme une image Global Shutter (GS) d’une surface virtuellement déformée (par l’effet RS). La solution proposée pour estimer la pose et la structure 3D de la scène est ainsi composée de deux étapes. D’abord les déformations virtuelles sont d’abord calculées grâce à SfT ou NRSfM en assumant un modèle GS classique (relaxation du modèle RS). Ensuite, ces déformations sont réinterprétées comme étant le résultat du mouvement durant l’acquisition (réintroduction du modèle RS). L’approche proposée présente ainsi de meilleures propriétés de convergence que les approches existantes. / Many modern CMOS cameras are equipped with Rolling Shutter (RS) sensors which are considered as low cost, low consumption and fast cameras. In this acquisition mode, the pixel rows are exposed sequentially from the top to the bottom of the image. Therefore, images captured by moving RS cameras produce distortions (e.g. wobble and skew) which make the classic algorithms at best less precise, at worst unusable due to singularities or degeneracies. The goal of this thesis is to propose a general framework for modelling and solving structure from motion (SfM) with RS cameras. Our approach consists in addressing each sub-task of the SfM pipe-line (namely image correction, absolute and relative pose estimation and bundle adjustment) and proposing improvements.The first part of this manuscript presents a novel RS correction method which uses line features. Unlike existing methods, which uses iterative solutions and make Manhattan World (MW) assumption, our method R4C computes linearly the camera instantaneous-motion using few image features. Besides, the method was integrated into a RANSAC-like framework which enables us to detect curves that correspond to actual 3D straight lines and reject outlier curves making image correction more robust and fully automated.The second part revisits Bundle Adjustment (BA) for RS images. It deals with a limitation of existing RS bundle adjustment methods in case of close read-out directions among RS views which is a common configuration in many real-life applications. In contrast, we propose a novel camera-based RS projection algorithm and incorporate it into RSBA to calculate reprojection errors. We found out that this new algorithm makes SfM survive the degenerate configuration mentioned above.The third part proposes a new RS Homography matrix based on point correspondences from an RS pair. Linear solvers for the computation of this matrix are also presented. Specifically, a practical solver with 13 point correspondences is proposed. In addition, we present two essential applications in computer vision that use RS homography: plane-based RS relative pose estimation and RS image stitching. The last part of this thesis studies absolute camera pose problem (PnP) and SfM which handle RS effects by drawing analogies with non-rigid vision, namely Shape-from-Template (SfT) and Non-rigid SfM (NRSfM) respectively. Unlike all existing methods which perform 3D-2D registration after augmenting the Global Shutter (GS) projection model with the velocity parameters under various kinematic models, we propose to use local differential constraints. The proposed methods outperform stat-of-the-art and handles configurations that are critical for existing methods.
195

Verfahren zur Vereinzelung von Kohlenstofffasern aus Rovings

Mäder, Thomas, Nestler, Daisy, Scheffler, Susann, Wielage, Bernhard 05 August 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Für die elektrochemische Mikrobearbeitung superharter Werkstoffe, die Herstellung von faserbasierten Sensoren und die komplexe Funktionalisierung von faserverstärkten, polymeren Verbundwerkstoffen werden endlose Kohlenstoffeinzelfasern benötigt. Kohlenstofffasern werden in den jeweiligen Herstellungsprozessen (PAN und Pech) immer nur im Bündel gefertigt und angeboten. Einzelne Kohlenstofffasern sind nicht verfügbar. Für die Vereinzelung von Kohlenstofffasern aus dem Bündel wurden verschiedene Verfahren voruntersucht. Anschließend wurde auf Basis der Verfahren mit dem höchsten Vereinzelungspotenzial eine Vereinzelungsanlage aufgebaut. Die ersten Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der Vereinzelungsanlage zielten auf die Teilung von Faserbündeln als Vorstufe zu einer Einzelfaser ab. Die kontinuierliche Teilung von Bündeln konnte auf diese Weise erfolgreich durchgeführt werden. Die weitere Teilung halbierter Bündel wird aktuell untersucht. Halbierte Bündel können bereits in textilen Prozessen weiterverarbeitet oder für die Beschichtung genutzt werden. Auf diese Weise ist es möglich die Garnfeinheit der Rovings zu verringern und feinere Rovings als derzeit am Markt verfügbar anzubieten.
196

Dynamic Graph Generation and an Asynchronous Parallel Bundle Method Motivated by Train Timetabling

Fischer, Frank 12 July 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Lagrangian relaxation is a successful solution approach for many combinatorial optimisation problems, one of them being the train timetabling problem (TTP). We model this problem using time expanded networks for the single train schedules and coupling constraints to enforce restrictions like station capacities and headway times. Lagrangian relaxation of these coupling constraints leads to shortest path subproblems in the time expanded networks and is solved using a proximal bundle method. However, large instances of our practical partner Deutsche Bahn lead to computationally intractable models. In this thesis we develop two new algorithmic techniques to improve the solution process for this kind of optimisation problems. The first new technique, Dynamic Graph Generation (DGG), aims at improving the computation of the shortest path subproblems in large time expanded networks. Without sacrificing any accuracy, DGG allows to store only small parts of the networks and to dynamically extend them whenever the stored part proves to be too small. This is possible by exploiting the properties of the objective function in many scheduling applications to prefer early paths or due times, respectively. We prove that DGG can be implemented very efficiently and its running time and the size of nodes that have to be stored additionally does not depend on the size of the time expanded network but only on the length of the train routes. The second technique is an asynchronous and parallel bundle method (APBM). Traditional bundle methods require one solution of each subproblem in each iteration. However, many practical applications, e.g. the TTP, consist of rather loosely coupled subproblems. The APBM chooses only small subspaces corresponding to the Lagrange multipliers of strongly violated coupling constraints and optimises only these variables while keeping all other variables fixed. Several subspaces of disjoint variables may be chosen simultaneously and are optimised in parallel. The solutions of the subspace problem are incorporated into the global data as soon as it is available without any synchronisation mechanism. However, in order to guarantee convergence, the algorithm detects automatically dependencies between different subspaces and respects these dependencies in future subspace selections. We prove the convergence of the APBM under reasonable assumptions for both, the dual and associated primal aggregate data. The APBM is then further extended to problems with unknown dependencies between subproblems and constraints in the Lagrangian relaxation problem. The algorithm automatically detects these dependencies and respects them in future iterations. Again we prove the convergence of this algorithm under reasonable assumptions. Finally we test our solution approach for the TTP on some real world instances of Deutsche Bahn. Using an iterative rounding heuristic based on the approximate fractional solutions obtained by the Lagrangian relaxation we are able to compute feasible schedules for all trains in a subnetwork of about 10% of the whole German network in about 12 hours. In these timetables 99% of all passenger trains could be scheduled with no significant delay and the travel time of the freight trains could be reduced by about one hour on average.
197

Effect of twist, fineness, loading rate and length on tensile behavior of multifilament yarn

Rypl, Rostislav, Vořechovský, Miroslav, Sköck-Hartmann, Britta, Chudoba, Rostislav, Gries, Thomas 03 June 2009 (has links) (PDF)
The idea underlying the present study was to apply twisting in order to introduce different levels of transverse pressure. The modified structure affected both the bonding level and the evolution of the damage in the yarn. In order to isolate this effect in a broader context, additional parameters were included in the experiment design, namely effects of loading rate, specimen length and filament diameter (directly linked to the fineness of the yarn). These factors have been studied in various contexts by several authors. Some related studies on involved factors will be briefly reviewed.
198

Nonlinear amplification by active sensory hair bundles / Nichtlineare Verstärkung durch aktive sensorische Haarbündel

Dierkes, Kai 14 October 2010 (has links) (PDF)
The human sense of hearing is characterized by its exquisite sensitivity, sharp frequency selectivity, and wide dynamic range. These features depend on an active process that in the inner ear boosts vibrations evoked by auditory stimuli. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions constitute a demonstrative manifestation of this physiologically vulnerable mechanism. In the cochlea, sensory hair bundles transduce sound-induced vibrations into neural signals. Hair bundles can power mechanical movements of their tip, oscillate spontaneously, and operate as tuned nonlinear amplifiers of weak periodic stimuli. Active hair-bundle motility constitutes a promising candidate with respect to the biophysical implementation of the active process underlying human hearing. The responsiveness of isolated hair bundles, however, is seriously hampered by intrinsic fluctuations. In this thesis, we present theoretical and experimental results concerning the noise-imposed limitations of nonlinear amplification by active sensory hair bundles. We analyze the effect of noise within the framework of a stochastic description of hair-bundle dynamics and relate our findings to generic aspects of the stochastic dynamics of oscillatory systems. Hair bundles in vivo are often elastically coupled by overlying gelatinous membranes. In addition to theoretical results concerning the dynamics of elastically coupled hair bundles, we report on an experimental study. We have interfaced dynamic force clamp performed on a hair bundle from the sacculus of the bullfrog with real-time stochastic simulations of hair-bundle dynamics. By means of this setup, we could couple a hair bundle to two virtual neighbors, called cyber clones. Our theoretical and experimental work shows that elastic coupling leads to an effective noise reduction. Coupled hair bundles exhibit an increased coherence of spontaneous oscillations and an enhanced amplification gain. We therefore argue that elastic coupling by overlying membranes constitutes a morphological specialization for reducing the detrimental effect of intrinsic fluctuations.
199

Actin Filaments and Bundles in Flow / Aktinfilamente und Bündel in Strömung

Steinhauser, Dagmar Regine 29 May 2008 (has links)
No description available.
200

Turbulent Flow Analysis and Coherent Structure Identification in Experimental Models with Complex Geometries

Amini, Noushin 2011 December 1900 (has links)
Turbulent flows and coherent structures emerging within turbulent flow fields have been extensively studied for the past few decades and a wide variety of experimental and numerical techniques have been developed for measurement and analysis of turbulent flows. The complex nature of turbulence requires methods that can accurately estimate its highly chaotic spatial and temporal behavior. Some of the classical cases of turbulent flows with simpler geometries have been well characterized by means of the existing experimental techniques and numerical models. Nevertheless, since most turbulent fields are of complex geometries; there is an increasing interest in the study of turbulent flows through models with more complicated geometries. In this dissertation, characteristics of turbulent flows through two different facilities with complex geometries are studied applying two different experimental methods. The first study involves the investigation of turbulent impinging jets through a staggered array of rods with or without crossflow. Such flows are crucial in various engineering disciplines. This experiment aimed at modeling the coolant flow behavior and mixing phenomena within the lower plenum of a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). Dynamic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Matched Index of Refraction (MIR) techniques were applied to acquire the turbulent velocity fields within the model. Some key flow features that may significantly enhance the flow mixing within the test section or actively affect some of the structural components were identified in the velocity fields. The evolution of coherent structures within the flow field is further investigated using a Snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique. Furthermore, a comparative POD method is proposed and successfully implemented for identification of the smaller but highly influential coherent structures which may not be captured in the full-field POD analysis. The second experimental study portrays the coolant flow through the core of an annular pebble bed VHTR. The complex geometry of the core and the highly turbulent nature of the coolant flow passing through the gaps of fuel pebbles make this case quite challenging. In this experiment, a high frequency Hot Wire Anemometry (HWA) system is applied for velocity measurements and investigation of the bypass flow phenomena within the near wall gaps of the core. The velocity profiles within the gaps verify the presence of an area of increased velocity close to the outer reflector wall; however, the characteristics of the coolant flow profile is highly dependent on the gap geometry and to a less extent on the Reynolds number of the flow. The time histories of the velocity are further analyzed using a Power Spectra Density (PSD) technique to acquire information about the energy content and energy transfer between eddies of different sizes at each point within the gaps.

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