La formule du fibré canonique et la décomposition de Fujita-Zariski sont deux outils très importants en géométrie birationnelle. La formule du fibré canonique pour une fibration f:(X,B)→ Z consiste à écrire K_X+Bcomme le tiré en arrière de K_Z+B_Z+M_Z o* K_Z est le diviseur canonique, B_Z contient des informations sur les fibres singulières et M_Z est appelé partie modulaire. Il a été conjecturé qu’il existe une modification birationnelle Z' de Z telle que M_Z' est semi ample sur Z' , o* M_Z' est la partie modulaire induite par le changement de base. Un diviseur pseudo effectif D admet une décomposition de Fujita-Zariski s’il existent un diviseur nef P et un diviseur effectif N tels que D=P+N et P est "le plus grand diviseur nef" avec la propriété que D−P est effectif. / The canonical bundle formula and the Fujita-Zariski decomposition are two very important tools in birational geometry. The canonical bundle formula for a fibration f:(X, B)→Z consists in writing K_X+B as the pul lback of K_Z+B_Z+M_Z where K_Z is the canonical divisor, B_Z contains informations on the singular fibres andM_Z is called moduli part. It was conjectured that there exists a birational modification Z' of Z such that M_Z'is semi ample on Z', where M_Z' is the moduli part induced by the base change. A pseudo effective divisor Dadmits a Fujita-Zariski decomposition if there exist a nef divisor P and an effective divisor N such that D=P+N and P is "the biggest nef divisor" such that D−P is effectve.

Pour assurer la navigation autonome d’un robot mobile, les traitements effectués pour sa localisation doivent être faits en ligne et doivent garantir une précision suffisante pour permettre au robot d’effectuer des tâches de haut niveau pour la navigation et l’évitement d’obstacles. Les auteurs de travaux basés sur le SLAM visuel (Simultaneous Localization And Mapping) tentent depuis quelques années de garantir le meilleur compromis rapidité/précision. La majorité des solutions SLAM visuel existantes sont basées sur une représentation éparse de l’environnement. En suivant des primitives visuelles sur plusieurs images, il est possible d’estimer la position 3D de ces primitives ainsi que les poses de la caméra. La communauté du SLAM visuel a concentré ses efforts sur l’augmentation du nombre de primitives visuelles suivies et sur l’ajustement de la carte 3D, afin d’améliorer l’estimation de la trajectoire de la caméra et les positions 3D des primitives. Cependant, la localisation par SLAM visuel présente souvent des dérives dues au cumul d’erreurs, et dans le cas du SLAM visuel monoculaire, la position de la caméra n’est connue qu’à un facteur d’échelle près. Ce dernier peut être fixé initialement mais dérive au cours du temps. Pour faire face à ces limitations, nous avons centré nos travaux de thèse sur la problématique suivante : intégrer des informations supplémentaires dans un algorithme de SLAM visuel monoculaire afin de mieux contraindre la trajectoire de la caméra et la reconstruction 3D. Ces contraintes ne doivent pas détériorer les performances calculatoires de l’algorithme initial et leur absence ne doit pas mettre l’algorithme en échec. C’est pour cela que nous avons choisi d’intégrer l’information de profondeur fournie par un capteur 3D (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) et des informations géométriques sur la structure de la scène. La première contribution de cette thèse est de modifier l’algorithme SLAM visuel monoculaire proposé par Mouragnon et al. (2006b) pour prendre en compte la mesure de profondeur fournie par un capteur 3D, en proposant particulièrement un ajustement de faisceaux qui combine, d’une manière simple, des informations visuelles et des informations de profondeur. La deuxième contribution est de proposer une nouvelle fonction de coût du même ajustement de faisceaux qui intègre, en plus des contraintes sur les profondeurs des points, des contraintes géométriques d’appartenance aux plans de la scène. Les solutions proposées ont été validées sur des séquences de synthèse et sur des séquences réelles, représentant des environnements variés. Ces solutions ont été comparées aux récentes méthodes de l’état de l’art. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les différentes contraintes développées permettent d’améliorer significativement la précision de la localisation du SLAM. De plus les solutions proposées sont faciles à déployer et peu couteuses en temps de calcul. / To guarantee autonomous and safely navigation for a mobile robot, the processing achieved for its localization must be fast and accurate enough to enable the robot to perform high-level tasks for navigation and obstacle avoidance. The authors of Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM) based works, are trying since year, to ensure the speed/accuracy trade-off. Most existing works in the field of monocular (SLAM) has largely centered around sparse feature-based representations of the environment. By tracking salient image points across many frames of video, both the positions of the features and the motion of the camera can be inferred live. Within the visual SLAM community, there has been a focus on both increasing the number of features that can be tracked across an image and efficiently managing and adjusting this map of features in order to improve camera trajectory and feature location accuracy. However, visual SLAM suffers from some limitations. Indeed, with a single camera and without any assumptions or prior knowledge about the camera environment, rotation can be retrieved, but the translation is up to scale. Furthermore, visual monocular SLAM is an incremental process prone to small drifts in both pose measurement and scale, which when integrated over time, become increasingly significant over large distances. To cope with these limitations, we have centered our work around the following issues : integrate additional information into an existing monocular visual SLAM system, in order to constrain the camera localization and the mapping points. Provided that the high speed of the initial SLAM process is kept and the lack of these added constraints should not give rise to the failure of the process. For these last reasons, we have chosen to integrate the depth information provided by a 3D sensor (e.g. Microsoft Kinect) and geometric information about scene structure. The primary contribution of this work consists of modifying the SLAM algorithm proposed by Mouragnon et al. (2006b) to take into account the depth measurement provided by a 3D sensor. This consists of several rather straightforward changes, but also on a way to combine the depth and visual data in the bundle adjustment process. The second contribution is to propose a solution that uses, in addition to the depth and visual data, the constraints lying on points belonging to the plans of the scene. The proposed solutions have been validated on a synthetic sequences as well as on a real sequences, which depict various environments. These solutions have been compared to the state of art methods. The performances obtained with the previous solutions demonstrate that the additional constraints developed, improves significantly the accuracy and the robustness of the SLAM localization. Furthermore, these solutions are easy to roll out and not much time consuming.

Abstract Professional practice in critical care settings is characterized by the application of relevant theories, research and evidence-based guidelines to clinical practice. However, critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to evidence-based protocols and guidelines for avoiding ventilator-associated pneumonia are inadequate. The aim of the study was to evaluate critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to best-practice endotracheal suctioning recommendations and ventilator bundles, to develop and validate instruments to evaluate the care of mechanically ventilated patients, and to evaluate the effectiveness of continuing education on critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills, with a focus on ventilator bundles. In the first study, a descriptive and cross-sectional correlation study was conducted to evaluate critical care nurses’ (n = 40) endotracheal suctioning practices in relation to current best-practice recommendations. In the second study, a descriptive design with a literature review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of educational programmes in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia. In the third study, an instruments validation study was conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Ventilator Bundle Questionnaire (VBQ) and Observation Schedule (VBOS). In the fourth study, the effectiveness of human patient simulation education was evaluated among thirty (n = 30) critical care nurses who were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups (n = 15 each). Critical care nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to best-practice endotracheal suctioning recommendations and ventilator bundles continues to be inadequate. However, educational programmes were linked to significant improvements in learning and clinical outcomes. The VBQ and VBOS were developed and shown to have acceptable psychometric properties (CVI 0.99–1.0, ICC 0.93–1.0). After human patient simulation education, the mean skill scores of the intervention group increased significantly (pt*g = 0.02). Educational programmes may have a significant impact on clinical outcomes and thus, patients’ safety and quality of care, through improvements in nurses’ knowledge and skills in adhering to evidence-based guidelines in critical care settings. The VBQ and VBOS can provide an objective method measuring whether evidence-based guidelines are being used in clinical practice. In addition, there was a significant transfer of learned skills to clinical practice following human patient simulation education. / Tiivistelmä Teho-osastoilla ammatillinen erityisosaaminen edellyttää tutkitun tiedon, teorioiden sekä näyttöön perustuvien hoitosuositusten soveltamista kliiniseen käytäntöön. Kuitenkin tehohoitajien tiedot ja taidot noudattaa näyttöön perustuvia hoitokäytäntöjä ja suosituksia hengityslaitehoitoon liittyvän keuhkokuumeen ehkäisyksi ovat olleet puutteellisia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida tehohoitajien tietoa ja taitoa noudattaa hyväksi havaittuja hengitysteiden imukäytäntöjä sekä hengityslaitehoitoon liittyviä hoitosarjakäytäntöjä, kehittää ja validoida mittareita hengityslaitehoitoa saavien potilaiden hoidon laadun arvioimiseksi sekä arvioida täydennyskoulutuksen vaikuttavuutta tehohoitajien tietoihin ja taitoihin noudattaa hengityslaitehoitoon liittyviä hoitosarjakäytäntöjä. Ensimmäisessä osatyössä arvioitiin kuvailevan ja korrelatiivisen tutkimusasetelman avulla tehohoitajien (n = 40) alahengitysteiden imukäytäntöjä suhteessa hyväksi havaittuihin toimintakäytäntöihin. Toisessa osatyössä arvioitiin kuvailevan kirjallisuuskatsauksen avulla koulutusinterventioiden vaikuttavuutta hengityslaitehoitoon liittyvän keuhkokuumeen ehkäisyssä. Kolmannessa osatyössä kehitettiin ja testattiin hengityslaitehoitoon liittyvä hoitosarjakysely (VBQ) sekä havainnointimittari (VBOS). Neljännessä osatyössä arvioitiin simulaatiokoulutuksen vaikuttavuutta satunnaistetussa koeasetelmassa interventio- (n = 15) ja kontrolliryhmän (n = 15) välillä. Tehohoitajien tiedot ja taidot noudattaa hyväksi havaittuja hengitysteiden imukäytäntöjä sekä hengityslaitehoitoon liittyviä hoitosarjakäytäntöjä olivat edelleen puutteellisia. Kuitenkin koulutusinterventioiden vaikuttavuus kliinisiin hoitotuloksiin sekä oppimistuloksiin oli merkittävä. VBQ- ja VBOS-mittareiden psykometriset ominaisuudet osoittautuivat hyväksyttäviksi (CVI 0,99–1,0, ICC 0,93–1,0).Simulaatiokoulutuksen jälkeen interventioryhmän taidot noudattaa hoitosuosituksia lisääntyivät merkittävästi (pt*g = 0,02). Koulutusinterventioiden kliininen vaikuttavuus potilasturvallisuuden ja hoidon laadun kehittämisessä voi olla merkittävää, kun hoitajien tietoa ja taitoa noudattaa näyttöön perustuvia hoitosuosituksia lisätään kliinisessä tehohoitotyössä. VBQ- ja VBOS-mittarit voivat tarjota objektiivisen tavan arvioida tutkitun tiedon siirtymistä kliiniseen käytäntöön. Simulaatiokoulutuksen jälkeen opittujen taitojen siirtovaikutus kliiniseen käytäntöön oli merkittävä.

L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude de l'espace de modules des G_2-fibrés principaux sur une courbe complexe projective connexe lisse, où G_2 désigne le groupe de Lie exceptionnel de plus petit rang. Le groupe G_2 est tout d'abord présenté comme le groupe des automorphismes de l'algèbre complexe des octaves de Cayley. D'autres définitions sont ensuite proposées. Les différentes réductions et extensions que peut admettre un G_2-fibré principal sont étudiées ainsi que la relation entre la stabilité d'un G_2-fibré principal et celle de son fibré vectoriel associé. L'espace de modules des G_2-fibrés principaux semistables est analysé. Nous obtenons notamment une caractérisation de son lieu lisse, une décomposition explicite de son lieu singulier en trois composantes connexes et une analyse de l'espace de Verlinde de niveau 1 pour le groupe G_2. / This thesis studies the moduli space of principal G_2-bundles over a smooth connected projective curve, where G_2 is the exceptional Lie group of smallest rank. The group G_2 is first introduced as the group of automorphisms of the complex algebra of the Cayley numbers. Other equivalent definitions are also proposed. We study the reductions and extensions that a principal G_2_bundle can admit, as well as the link between a principal G_2-bundle and its associated vector bundle in relation to the notion of (semi)stability. The moduli space of semistable principal G_2-bundles is analysed. We notably obtain a characterisation of its smooth locus, with an explicit decomposition of its singular locus into three connected componants. We also give an analysis of the Verlinde space of G_2 at level 1.

The curvature of a contraction T in the Cowen-Douglas class is bounded above by the curvature of the backward shift operator. However, in general, an operator satisfying the curvature inequality need not be contractive. In this thesis, we characterize a slightly smaller class of contractions using a stronger form of the curvature inequality. Along the way, we find conditions on the metric of the holomorphic Hermitian vector bundle E corresponding to the operator T in the Cowen-Douglas class which ensures negative definiteness of the curvature function. We obtain a generalization for commuting tuples of operators in the Cowen-Douglas class. Secondly, we obtain an explicit formula for the curvature of the jet bundle of the Hermitian holomorphic bundle E f on a planar domain Ω. Here Ef is assumed to be a pull-back of the tautological bundle on gr(n, H ) by a nondegenerate holomorphic map f :Ω →Gr (n, H ). Clearly, finding relationships amongs the complex geometric invariants inherent in the short exact sequence 0 → Jk(Ef ) → Jk+1(Ef ) →J k+1(Ef )/ Jk(Ef ) → 0 is an important problem, whereJk(Ef ) represents the k-th order jet bundle. It is known that the Chern classes of these bundles must satisfy c(Jk+1(Ef )) = c(Jk(Ef )) c(Jk+1(Ef )/ Jk(Ef )). We obtain a refinement of this formula: trace Idnxn ( KJk(Ef )) - trace Idnxn ( KJk-1(Ef ))= KJk(Ef )/ Jk-1(Ef )(z).

Ces travaux s’inscrivent dans le cadre du projet VIPA « Véhicule Individuel Public Autonome », au cours duquel le LASMEA et ses partenaires ont mis au point des véhicules capables de naviguer automatiquement, sans aucune infrastructure extérieure dédiée, dans des zones urbaines (parkings, zones piétonnes, aéroports). Il est doté de deux caméras, l’une à l’avant, et l’autre à l’arrière. Avant son déploiement, le véhicule doit tout d’abord être étalonné et conduit manuellement afin de reconstruire la carte d’amers visuels dans laquelle il naviguera ensuite automatiquement. Les travaux de cette thèse ont pour but de développer et de mettre en oeuvre des méthodes souples permettant d’étalonner cet ensemble de caméras dont les champs de vue sont totalement disjoints. Après une étape préalable d’étalonnage intrinsèque et un état de l’art sur les systèmes multi-caméra, nous développons et mettons en oeuvre différentes méthodes d’étalonnage extrinsèque (déterminant les poses relatives des caméras à champs de vue disjoints). La première méthode présentée utilise un miroir plan pour créer un champ de vision commun aux différentes caméras. La seconde approche consiste à manoeuvrer le véhicule pendant que chaque caméra observe une scène statique composée de cibles (dont la détection est sous-pixellique). Dans la troisième approche, nous montrons que l’étalonnage extrinsèque peut être obtenu simultanément à la reconstruction 3D (par exemple lors de la phase d’apprentissage), en utilisant des points d’intérêt comme amers visuels. Pour cela un algorithme d’ajustement de faisceaux multi-caméra a été développé avec une implémentation creuse. Enfin, nous terminons par un étalonnage déterminant l’orientation du système multi-caméra par rapport au véhicule. / My research was involved in the VIPA « Automatic Electric Vehicle for Passenger Transportation » project. During which, the LASMEA and its partnerships have developed vehicles able to navigate autonomously, without any outside dedicated infrastructure in an urban environment (parking lots, pedestrian areas, airports). Two cameras are rigidly embedded on a vehicle : one at the front, another at the back. Before being available for autonomous navigation tasks, the vehicle have to be calibrated and driven manually in order to build a visual 3D map (calibration and learning steps). Then, the vehicle will use this map to localize itself and drive autonomously. The goals of this thesis are to develop and apply user friendly methods, which calibrate this set of nonoverlapping cameras. After a first step of intrinsic calibration and a state of the art on multi-camera rigs, we develop and test several methods to extrinsically calibrate non-overlapping cameras (i.e. estimate the camera relative poses). The first method uses a planar mirror to create an overlap between views of the different cameras. The second procedure consists in manoeuvring the vehicle while each camera observes a static scene (composed of a set of targets, which are detected accurately). In a third procedure, we solve the 3D reconstruction and the extrinsic calibration problems simultaneously (the learning step can be used for that purpose) relying on visual features such as interest points. To achieve this goal a multi-camera bundle adjustment is proposed and implemented with a sparse data structures. Lastly, we present a calibration of the orientation of a multi-camera rig relative to the vehicle.

Introdução: a cintilografia cardíaca com MIBI-99mTc sincronizada ao eletrocardiograma (gated SPECT) avalia integridade celular, perfusão miocárdica e função global e regional do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). A terapia de ressincronização cardíaca (TRC) pode melhorar os sintomas de insuficiência cardíaca (IC), mas seus benefícios sobre a função do VE são menos pronunciados. Objetivos: avaliar se as mudanças na captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc após a TRC estão associadas à melhora clínica, à redução do QRS ao eletrocardiograma e ao desempenho do VE e se a gated SPECT adiciona informação na seleção e acompanhamento de pacientes para a TRC. Método: trinta pacientes (idade media 59 ± 11 anos, 47% masculinos) com miocardiopatia dilatada não isquêmica, IC classe funcional III ou IV da New York Heart Association com tratamento medicamentoso otimizado, bloqueio de ramo esquerdo e fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) inferior a 35% participaram deste estudo. Foram avaliados pré e três meses após TRC as seguintes variáveis: classe funcional de IC, duração do QRS, FEVE pela ecocardiografia, captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc (%) ao repouso e após estresse com adenosina, volumes diastólico (VDF) e sistólico finais (VSF) do VE, motilidade e espessamento regionais nas paredes do VE pela Gated SPECT. Após TRC, os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com a melhora na FEVE: grupo 1 (G1=12 pacientes) com aumento 5 pontos absolutos; e grupo 2 (G2=18 pacientes) sem aumento significante. Resultados: após TRC, ambos os grupos melhoraram significantemente a classe funcional de IC, reduziram QRS e aumentaram a captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc nas paredes ântero-septal e ínfero-septal. Apenas G1 apresentou mudanças favoráveis no VDF, VSF, motilidade e espessamento regionais do VE. Pré TRC, pela análise univariada, o VDF e ESV foram estatisticamente maiores no G2 em relação ao G1 (VDF: 477 ± 168 mL vs. 276 ± 94 mL, p<0,001; VSF: 401 ± 154 mL vs. 220 ± 85 mL, p<0,001, G2 e G1, respectivamente). A captação miocárdica do MIBI-99mTc foi menor no G2 em relação ao G1 nas paredes anterior (60 ± 10% vs. 67 ± 7%, p=0,049, repouso) e inferior (48 ± 10% vs. 59 ± 11%, repouso, e 47 ± 10% vs. 58 ± 9%, p=0,003, após estresse). A soma dos escores de hipocaptação após estresse foi significantemente maior no G2 em relação ao G1 (14 ± 9 e 9 ± 4, G2 e G1, respectivamente, p=0,039). Pela análise multivariada, o VDF foi o único preditor independente de aumento na FEVE após terapia, p=0,01. O ótimo ponto de corte do VDF pela curva ROC para predizer melhora na FEVE após terapia foi 315 mL com sensibilidade de 89% e especificidade de 94%. Conclusões: A TRC aumentou a captação miocárdica regional de MIBI-99mTc, melhorou a classe funcional de IC e reduziu QRS independentemente da melhora do desempenho cardíaco. Após TRC, o aumento da FEVE ocorreu em corações menos dilatados e com uma maior captação miocárdica regional do MIBI-99mTc, principalmente na parede inferior / Background: gated myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-MIBI (gated SPECT) evaluates myocyte integrity, myocardial perfusion and global and regional left ventricular (LV) function. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may improve heart failure (HF) clinical symptoms, but its benefits for LV function are less pronounced. Objectives: we assessed whether changes on myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake post-CRT are related to improvement in clinical HF symptoms, reduction in QRS duration and improvement in LV performance, and whether gated SPECT with 99mTc-MIBI adds information to selection and follow-up of patients undergoing CRT. Methods: thirty patients (mean age 59 ± 11, 47% male) with nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, chronic HF in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV with optimized clinical treatment, left bundle-branch block, and LV ejection fraction (LVEF) inferior to 35% participated to this study. Pre- and 3 months post-CRT, the variables analyzed were: HF functional class, QRS duration, LVEF by echocardiography, myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake (%) at rest and after adenosine stress, LV end-diastolic (EDV) and end-systolic volumes (ESV), regional LV motion and thickness by gated SPECT. Post-CRT, patients were divided into 2 groups according to LVEF improvement: group 1 (G1=12 patients) with increase in LVEF5points and group 2 (G2=18 patients) without significant increase. Results: post-CRT, both groups improved significantly in HF functional class, reduced QRS width and increased antero-septal and infero-septal wall 99mTc-MIBI uptake. Only G1 had favorable changes in EDV, ESV, and LV regional motion and thickness. Pre- CRT, by univariate analysis, EDV and ESV were statistically higher in G2 compared with G1 (EDV: 477 ± 168 mL vs. 276 ± 94 mL, p<0.001; ESV: 401 ± 154 mL vs. 220 ± 85 mL, p<0.001, G2 and G1, respectively). Myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake was lower in G2 compared with G1 in the anterior wall (60 ± 10% vs. 67 ± 7%, p=0.049, at rest) and inferior wall (48 ± 10% vs. 59 ± 11%, at rest, and 47 ± 10% vs. 58 ± 9%, p=0.003, after adenosine stress). Summed stress score was significantly higher in G2 compared to G1 (14 ± 9 vs. 9 ± 4, G2 and G1, respectively, p=0.039). By multivariate analysis, EDV was the only independent predictor of LVEF increase posttherapy, p=0.01. By ROC curve, optimal EDV cutoff point was 315mL with 89% of sensitivity and 94% of specificity. Conclusions: CRT increased myocardial 99mTc- MIBI uptake, improved HF functional class, and reduced QRS width independently of LV performance improvement. Post-CRT, LVEF increase occurred in hearts less dilated showing higher regional myocardial 99mTc-MIBI uptake, mainly in the inferior wall

Uma maneira de resolver problemas de programação linear de grande escala é explorar a relaxação lagrangeana das restrições \"difíceis\'\' e utilizar métodos de subgradientes. Populares por fornecerem rapidamente boas aproximações de soluções duais, eles não produzem diretamente as soluções primais. Para obtê-las com custo computacional adequado, pode-se construir seqüências ergódicas ou utilizar uma técnica proposta recentemente, denominada algoritmo do volume. As propriedades teóricas de convergência não foram bem estabelecidas nesse algoritmo, mas pequenas modificações permitem a demonstração da convergência dual. Destacam-se como adaptações o algoritmo do volume revisado, um método de feixes específico, e o algoritmo do volume incorporado ao método de variação do alvo. Este trabalho foi baseado no estudo desses algoritmos e de todos os conceitos envolvidos, em especial, análise convexa e otimização não diferenciável. Estudamos as principais diferenças teóricas desses métodos e realizamos comparações numéricas com problemas lineares e lineares inteiros, em particular, o corte máximo em grafos. / One way to solve large-scale linear programming problems is to exploit the Lagrangian relaxation of the difficult constraints and use subgradient methods. Such methods are popular as they give good approximations of dual solutions. Unfortunately, they do not directly yield primal solutions. Two alternatives to obtain primal solutions under reasonable computational cost are the construction of ergodic sequences and the use of the recently developed volume algorithm. While the convergence of ergodic sequences is well understood, the convergence properties of the volume algorithm is not well established in the original paper. This lead to some modifications of the original method to ease the proof of dual convergence. Three alternatives are the revised volume algorithm, a special case of the bundle method, and the volume algorithm incorporated by the variable target value method. The aim of this work is to study such algorithms and all related concepts, especially convex analysis and nondifferentiable optimization. We analysed the main theoretical differences among the methods and performed numerical experiments with linear and integer problems, in particular, the maximum cut problem on graphs.

Embora hiper-reatividade auditiva (HRA) e/ou hiperacusia (HPA) sejam manifestações frequentes no Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) são poucos os estudos que investigaram este sintoma com medidas fisiológicas ou exploraram os mecanismos auditivos neurais que podem estar associados a esta característica. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a queixa subjetiva (o sintoma) e o desconforto observável (o sinal) da HPA no TEA e avaliar a relação com o efeito inibitório do complexo olivococlear medial (EICOCM). Foram recrutadas 13 crianças e adolescentes com TEA (idade média = 7,2 anos) de ambos os sexos, e 11 crianças e adolescentes com desenvolvimento típico (idade média = 7,2 anos) de ambos os sexos. Para avaliar a HPA, todos os sujeitos responderam a um questionário de caracterização desse sintoma. As medidas psicoacústicas e eletroacústicas permitiram a determinação da sensibilidade auditiva, do funcionamento coclear, do nível de desconforto auditivo e do campo dinâmico da audição. Para a avaliação da via eferente, o EICOCM foi investigado pelas emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes com ruído contralateral. Os resultados mostraram que o grupo com TEA apresentou desconforto em intensidades mais baixas nas frequências de 1 kHz, 2 kHz e 4 kHz (1 kHz, t = 1,99, p = 0,059; 2 kHz, t = 2,16, p = 0,042; 4 kHz, t = 2,37, p = 0,028), e menor faixa dinâmica auditiva em comparação com o grupo controle, sendo que nas frequências de 0,5 kHz, 4 kHz e 8 kHz houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes (respectivamente: 0,5 kHz p = 0,03; 4 kHz p = 0,01 e 8 kHz p = 0,03). As emissões otoacústicas evocadas transientes evidenciaram amplitudes de resposta coclear semelhante entre os grupos, porém, o efeito inibitório não: o grupo com TEA apresentou valores menores em comparação ao grupo controle (F(4;76) = 3,49, p = 0,01). Houve correlação positiva entre o EICOCM e a medida do campo dinâmico da audição. Crianças e adolescentes com TEA apresentaram maior ocorrência de hiperacusia, o que pode indicar que esse sinal está relacionado a um déficit no EICOCM / Although auditory hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and/or hyperacusis is a frequent manifestation in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), few studies have investigated this symptom with physiological measures or explored the neural auditory mechanisms that may be associated with this characteristic. The main objective was to study the complains (symptom) and the evident discomfort (sign) of hyperacusis in ASD and to evaluate its relationship with the inhibitory effect of the medial olivocochlear bundle (MOCB). Two groups, one of 13 children and adolescents with ASD (mean age = 7.2 years) of both sexes, and other with 11 children and adolescents typically developed (mean age = 7.2 years) of both sexes, were recruited. To assess hyperacusis, all subjects answered a questionnaire characterizing this symptom. The psychoacoustic and electroacoustic measurements allowed the determination of auditory sensitivity, cochlear functioning, level of auditory discomfort and auditory dynamic range. For the evaluation of the efferent pathway, the inhibitory effect of the MOCB was assessed by transient evoked otoacoustic emissions with contralateral noise. The results showed that the group with ASD presented discomfort at lower frequencies in the frequencies of 1, 2 and 4 kHz (1 kHz, t = 1.99, p = 0.059; 2 kHz, t = 2.16, p = 0.042; 4 kHz, t = 2.37, p = 0.028), and lower auditory dynamic range in comparison with the control group, while for the frequencies of 0, 5, 4 and 8 kHz, a statistically significant difference was found (respectively: 0.5 kHz p = 0.03; 4 kHz p = 0.01 and 8 kHz p = 0.03). Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions showed similar cochlear response amplitudes between groups, while the inhibitory effect did not: the group with ASD presented lower values in comparison to the control group (F(4;76) = 3.49, p = 0,01). There was a positive correlation between the inhibitory effect of the MOCB and the auditory dynamic range measurement. Children and adolescents with ASD had a higher occurrence of hyperacusis, which may point out that this sign is associated with a deficit in the inhibitory effect of MOCB

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23506号 / 工博第4918号 / 新制||工||1768(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 中島 健, 教授 横峯 健彦, 准教授 山本 俊弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM