Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. Re-used ancient monuments. A study of the cairns on Öland. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. This is a study of the excavated cairns on Öland. The composition consists of three parts, the first part concentrates on what kind of re-uses there are of ancient monuments, the second part tries to tell why people did re-use burials and burial language, in the third part I have studied the excavated cairns on Öland and tried to see if the kinds of re-uses that were discussed in the first part can be seen on the ölandish cairns. Keywords: re-use, cairns, Öland, burials, burial language / Abstract Erlandsson, K-O. 2007. Återanvända fornlämningar. En studie av Ölands rösen. C-uppsats i arkeologi. Högskolan i Kalmar ht 2007. Detta är en studie av Ölands utgrävda rösen. Uppsatsen består av tre delar, den första delen tittar på vad det finns för slag av återbruk av fornlämningar, i den andra delen berättas det om varför människor återanvände gravar och gravspråk, i den tredje delen har jag tittat på de utgrävda öländska rösena och försökt se om de slag av återbruk som uppmärksammades i första delen går att se i de öländska rösena. Nyckelord: återbruk, rösen, Öland, begravningar, gravspråk

Darbe nagrinėjama Panevėžio krašto pinigų cirkuliacija XVI – XVIII a. numizmatikos duomenimis. Tyrimo objektas yra monetos, atrastos Panevėžio krašto lobiuose ir senkapiuose. Tyrimo tikslui pasiekti išsikeltas uždavinys – iš surinktų monetų duomenų sudaryti kuo platesnę ir išsamesnę statistinę bazę. Remiantis sudaryta duomenų baze bandoma įvairiais aspektais apžvelgti aptariamajam kraštui būdingas apyvartines tendencijas. Darbo dėstyme pateikiamos monetų lobių ir senkapių radimvietės. Abiejų duomenų bazių turinys atskirai apžvelgiamas pagal nominalus, kaldinimo vietą ir devynis chronologinius etapus. Paskutiniame skyriuje lobių ir senkapių monetų duomenys koreliuojami. Taip bandoma pastebėti naujas apyvartines tendencijas, kurios neišryškėja duomenis tiriant atskirai. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad pagal nominalą tiek lobiuose, tiek senkapiuose didžiausią kiekį monetų aptariamajame krašte sudaro šilingai. Pagal kaldinimo vietą daugiausia rasta Rygoje kaldintų monetų. Didžiausią jų dalį sudaro Zigmanto Vazos Rygos šilingai. Analizuojant duomenis pagal chronologinius etapus, pastebima, kad lobių monetų duomenys teikia išsamesnę informaciją nei senkapių. Dėl gausaus monetų kiekio ir jų įvairovės XVII a. pirmosios pusės ir XVIII a. pirmosios pusės etapų apyvartinės tendencijos gali būti vertinamos objektyviausiai ir išsamiausiai. / The study examines circulation of money in Panevėžys region from 16th – 18th c. based on numismatic data. Coins discovered in hoards and old burials are the object of this research. In order to achieve the aim of this study the following task was raised - to create a database as broad and informative as possible. On the basis of the received database, characteristic circulation tendencies of Panevėžys region were examined from various aspects. Money hoards’ and old burials’ original locations are presented to display sources of numismatic data. The contents of both databases are examined separately: firstly by denomination, then by minting place. After these sections numismatic databases are divided into nine chronological periods. In the last section, content of coins found in hoards and old burials was correlated. This was done to perceive new and unseen tendencies which could not have been unveiled by examining data separately. The results of the study show that in both, money hoards and old burials, shillings were the most common denomination in Panevėžys’ region. Hence, at that period shillings played the main role in Panevėžys’ region's money circulation. The biggest number of coins was minted in Riga from which the most were minted under the reign of Sigismund III Vasa. By analyzing the data which was divided into chronological periods, it can be seen that coins from hoards are able to provide comprehensive information while coins from old burials give more specific... [to full text]

A log-coffin excavated in the early nineteenth century proved to be well enough preserved in the early twenty-first century for the full armoury of modern scientific investigation to give its occupants and contents new identity, new origins and a new date. In many ways the interpretation is much the same as before: a local big man buried looking out to sea. Modern analytical techniques can create a person more real, more human and more securely anchored in history. This research team shows how.

Submitted by Maria Josineide Góis (josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-19T16:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-25T12:15:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-25T12:15:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_Dis_AJHolanda.pdf: 1855241 bytes, checksum: 9f2b331ee0f7ef30b6dea80aaff649cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / COE, Agostinho Júnior Holanda. Nós, os ossos que aqui estamos, pelos vossos esperamos: a higiene e o fim dos sepultamentos eclesiásticos em São Luís (1828 – 1855). 2008. 140 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-CE, 2008. / Discussion about the extinction of church burials and the construction of new cemeteries in São Luís. In the nineteenth century, with the affirmation of medicine, the burials conducted within religious temples became the target of numerous interdictions. The development of “hygienism” gradually constructed the idea that burials within religious temples were harmful to health, since they exhaled miasmatic vapors which caused physical and even moral damages to the living. With the increase of epidemics in the nineteenth century in São Luís, the medical discourse, which claimed for the construction of new cemeteries far from the towns, water fountains, and where the wind blew reversely in relation with the urban environment, acquired further visibility. In 1828, the “Imperial Law of Municipalities Restructuring” became one among various essays of reorganization of São Luís urban space and of construction of new burial places, far away from churches, since the existing cemeteries, up to the middle of the nineteenth century, were basically for poor and helpless. In 1855, after various previous epidemical irruptions, the city was attacked by a big irruption of smallpox, which led the norm into practice, with the building of the Gavião Cemetery. Since then, that cemetery became a burial place not only for indigents and slaves, but also for a considerable part of the wealthier classes of São Luís. / Discussão sobre o fim dos sepultamentos nas igrejas e a construção de novos cemitérios em São Luís. No século XIX, com a afirmação da medicina, os enterramentos realizados dentro dos templos religiosos passaram a ser alvo de merosas interdições. O desenvolvimento do “higienismo” foi gradativamente construindo a idéia de que os sepultamentos nos templos religiosos eram perniciosos à saúde, pois exalavam vapores miasmáticos causadores de malefícios físicos e até mesmo morais aos vivos. Com o acirramento das epidemias, no século XIX, em São Luís, o discurso médico, que primava pela construção de novos cemitérios longe das cidades, das fontes de água e onde os ventos soprassem contrariamente ao ambiente urbano, adquiriu maior visibilidade. Em 1828, a “Lei Imperial de Estruturação dos Municípios” se tornou uma dentre as várias tentativas de reorganização do espaço urbano de São Luís e de construção de novos locais de sepultamento, afastados das igrejas, já que os cemitérios existentes até meados do século XIX eram locais de enterramento basicamente de pobres e desvalidos. Em 1855, após vários surtos epidêmicos anteriores, a cidade é acometida por um grande surto de varíola, que levou a norma à prática, com a construção do cemitério do Gavião. Este passou a ser, a partir de então, local de sepultamento não só de indigentes e escravos, mas também de parte considerável das classes mais abastadas de São Luís.

Birka is Sweden’s first urban settlement during the Viking period and its growth is mainly because of the settlement’s extensive trade. The area has many graves and the female graves in Birka are a good source for interpretation of the Viking woman and the variety of roles and work she had. Archaeologists are assessing graves and interpreters them from the material remains found, such as jewelry, weapons, and gifts. Researchers often have a predetermined interpretation on certain items that are considered feminine or masculine and the gender is determined from this. After the gender is decided it is commonly that the individuals are categorized into groups, and women tend be grouped together into one, regardless that the archaeological data and material shows that they have different attributes, and should be categorized as such. Men on the other hand have a variety of activities and jobs from which they can be determined by, whilst women’s work tends to be highlighted as chores, rather than work, as their doings usually are in the private sphere. To put women together as one simply because they are women is not only problematic regarding what the material shows, but it is also preventing the development in research of women. There will be a gap in the narrative due to the lack of female activities which occurred but are either ignored or reduced. During the last few decades, there has been an increase in research regarding women in all fields of research and a development of several theories on how to interpret various factors. One of them is intersectional theory, which will be used in this paper. A selection of female Viking graves from Birka are used with this theory to develop a greater picture of what women were doing, rather than just being women, and what needs to be considered to do so.

O sítio Hatahara, município de Iranduba/AM, vem sendo estudado desde 1999 e já foi alvo de diversos trabalhos acadêmicos (Machado, 2005; Neves e Petersen, 2006; Tamanaha, 2006; Rebellato, 2007; Lima, 2008 e outros). Esse sítio é excepcional por diversas razões: tamanho, conteúdo, número de ocupações, montículos construídos e principalmente estado de conservação do material orgânico (humano, animal e vegetal). Nesse trabalho optou-se por fazer uma análise mais aprofundada dos sepultamentos pertencentes à fase Paredão (séculos VII a XII) oriundos desse sítio. O objetivo sendo o de obter mais informações sobre as escolhas das comunidades pretéritas, os gestos funerários e o contexto no qual eles se inseriam. Os dados adquiridos através da perspectiva da arqueologia da morte e pela tafonomia estão sendo comparados aos trabalhos já produzidos sobre esse local. Como resultado percebe-se um padrão funerário complexo com variações significativas e estruturas polivalentes (funerárias e habitacionais). Além disso, percebeu-se que a conservação dos materiais orgânicos estão intimamente relacionados a certas variáveis ambientais e culturais que permitem envisajar que mais sítios arqueológicos nessas condições possam ser descobertos na Amazônia. / The Hatahara site, in Iranduba, State of Amazonas, has been studied since 1999 and was at the heart of many papers (Machado, 2005; Neves e Petersen, 2006; Tamanaha, 2006; Rebellato, 2007; Lima, 2008 and others). This site is exceptional for several raisons: size, content, number of occupations, earth mounds and mainly state of conservation of organic material (human, animal and vegetal). For this project it was decided that a more thorough analyses should be conducted on the burials belonging to the Paredão phase (7th to 13th century) found in this site. The main purpose was to obtain information on the life of past societies, funerary rituals and the context in which they were inserted. The data acquired through the perspective of the archaeology of death and taphonomy are being compared to the work already produced about this site. As a result we noticed a complex funerary pattern with meaningful variations and multi-purpose structures (funerary and habitation). Furthermore, it was observed that the preservation of organic materials was closely related to certain environmental and cultural variables that allow us to expect that more archaeological sites having these conditions may be discovered.

The aim of this essay is to evaluate the hypothesis that Öland and Gotland shared a superregional weapon burial custom during the older part of the Scandinavian iron age by comparing the weapon graves and a selection of graves on two cemeteries one from each isle. The essay concludes that the weapon graves on Öland and Gotland (or at least the examined cemeteries) was not connected by a super-regional weapon burial custom.

This thesis aims to identify the possible origins of the peoples who immigrated into the archaeological sites of Guajilar and Lagartero, located in the upper Grijalva River Basin region in southern Chiapas, Mexico, during the Late Classic period (AD 650-900). First, I present the Late Classic burial data from both sites according to four basic descriptive criteria: burial location, grave type, burial type, and grave goods. Then, I conduct a comparative analysis of the burial practices found at these two sites based on these criteria so that patterns in burial practices can be identified. Following the comparative analysis between Guajilar and Lagartero, I then compare their burial practices to those from two sites in the southern Maya Lowlands (Altar de Sacrificios and Seibal) and those found at various sites in the Guatemala Highlands (which border the upper Grijalva River Basin region to the north and east, respectively). The analysis reveals greater similarities in burial practices with sites in the Guatemala Highlands than with those in the southern Maya Lowlands. This suggests that peoples from the Guatemala Highlands were more likely to have immigrated into Guajilar and Lagartero during the Late Classic period.

Archaeology and art history are two disciplines that have a lot in common, especially in the pre-historic field where both disciplines rely on the same material – artifacts. Interdisciplinary methods have become increasingly more common the last few years and are very beneficial as it allows for more insight and variables into the study of the human pasts. This thesis aims to develop two methods from art history into methods fitting for archaeological material to investigate what type of information this can produce. The methods used are material analysis and spatial analysis. Spatial analysis studies human movement within an urban space, but this work considerer the placement of the individual within the grave instead as well as the grave goods. The method investigates how the placement of the grave goods relates and interacts with each other and the individual. The analysis can give clues and insight on who the buried individual was, their identity, and social role as well as giving indicators about the contemporary society the person lived in. When a spatial analysis is made it is favorable to carry out a material analysis as well. This is done to understand what type of materials the grave contains and what the material can tell. This will give depth and possibilities to understand the objects in the grave, their use, and the relationships they had to the individual. The material analysis in this paper is conducted with the help of an analysis scheme which is a tool that helps collect the same type of information from all the studied objects. The material that will be used are two ship burials from Valsgärde, 12 and 15, also known as the twin-graves as they are the only contemporary ship burials out of the grave field’s total of 15 ship burials. During the Viking age, it was common practice amongst the elite families to bury their dead in ship burials that included lavish gifts. Valsgärde in Uppland, Sweden, is an example of such a grave field with a long history. Graves from the Viking age, however, show the change that was present in the region, and traces of trade to the east can be found. Graves 12 and 15 are from the mid-10th century and some of the grave goods show influences from the east, both clothes, and items. The graves are the only of their kind at Valsgärde and even though they show the foreign impact they still follow the established grave traditions that Valsgärde have carried since the 6th century. The result from ship burials 12 and 15 are compared to Birka’s graves Bj 581 and Bj 944 who is similar in content, time and richness. The hope for this paper is to show how useful interdisciplinary methods can be, in this case, spatial analysis and material analysis with analysis scheme, to bring new aspects to graves and grave goods.

In September 2014, forty-three students were attacked and forcibly disappeared by police in the town of Iguala, Mexico. The Ayotzinapa Case, as it is known, caused international outcry and a domestic political crisis. In the following weeks, the surrounding countryside was discovered to be saturated with clandestine individual and mass graves, and a crisis emerged around bodily remains and their improper burial. As the willingness of the Mexican State to investigate became less and less credible, families of the disappeared —not just families of the students, but families of hundreds of other disappeared people across the country— took on the role of searching for their loved ones and caring for the name-less and unidentified dead they began to find. No longer waiting for authorities to act, kin of the disappeared began to symbolically and materially enact attributes of the State. What started as groups of people getting together on Sundays in the town of Iguala, to go to the hills in search of bodies in clandestine burials, grew in the following years into a nation-wide social movement. What does it mean to find a murdered body in Mexico today? What does it mean for it to become evidence? What work is done through the discovery by searching families of such bodies? The result of 32 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Mexico, between 2015 and 2021, this dissertation builds on anthropological scholarship on bureaucracy and forensic evidentiary practices to examine the encounters of relatives of the disappeared and State authorities. It analyses current regimes of justice and forensic expertise, interrogating how bodies in the ground are translated into terms legible to the law. This project investigates social processes of public truth production, forms of violence exerted by the State —through physical violence, forced disappearance, and bureaucratic violence— by bringing into conversation forensics alongside recent critical perspectives on bureaucracy, bearing in mind longstanding approaches to the anthropology of death and the anthropology of the State, to address how dead bodies become evidence and how truth claims circulate around and through them.