Private equity (PE) has consistently delivered robust financial returns relative to the public stock market, therefore attracting significant interest from institutional and private investors alike. Private equity performance is generally benchmarked against the public stock market with the help of the Public Market Equivalent (PME) framework. However, a common criticism is that very broad indices, not reflecting the characteristics of private equity investments, are generally used in this framework. This thesis explores the application of tailored indices in the PME framework, designed to more closely mirror the specific characteristics of PE investments, such as sector and geographical composition, and thus providing a more realistic picture of PE performance. The research adopts a quantitative approach and through comprehensive data collection of cash flows, valuations, composition and index data the authors construct two Excel models: one assessing the performance of the PE market and the other analyzing a Fund of Funds (FoF) actor's underlying funds. The findings indicate that using tailored indices generally reduces the outperformance of PE investments compared to the public market. Specifically, PE funds with vintages from 2004 to 2018 experience a 2% to 3.5% decrease in yearly excess return when benchmarked against a tailored index rather than the MSCI World index. A significant factor contributing to this trend is the PE market's concentration on high-performing sectors in America. These findings highlight the critical role of benchmark selection in assessing PE performance. Additionally, funds with a specific investment focus, known as specialist funds, are more accurately benchmarked against tailored indices that reflect their focus. Conversely, generalist funds can be effectively benchmarked against a broad index.

L’objet de cette recherche est d’identifier et analyser les facteurs déterminants de l’évolution du capital-investissement dans l’Europe de l’Est. De plus, notre travail compare les déterminants de LBO, respectivement de l’activité de VC dans les pays d’Europe de l’Est. Le modèle empirique comprend de nombreux déterminants déjà testés dans des études précédentes ainsi que de nouvelles variables telles que la productivité et l’indice de corruption, que nous considérons comme des facteurs importants pour expliquer l’évolution des investissements en capital-investissement en Europe de l’Est. Nos résultats confirment les hypothèses existantes concernant l’importance de certains déterminants sur l’évolution des investissements en capital-investissement en Europe de l’Est. Cependant, dans le contexte de la dernière crise, de nouveaux facteurs sont apparus comme importants pour le marché du capital investissement en Europe, tels que la productivité ou la corruption. La dernière partie de cette recherche montrent que les sociétés de capital-investissement en Europe de l’Est préfèrent les sorties à travers des fusions et acquisitions, suivies des introductions en bourse. De plus, nous validons une relation d'équilibre à long terme entre les investissements en capital-investissement, les introductions en bourse et les fusions et acquisitions. Le test de causalité de Granger montre l'existence d'une causalité unidirectionnelle du nombre de fusions et acquisitions par rapport au volume des investissements en capital-investissement en Europe de l'Est. / The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the determinants of the evolution of private equity in Eastern Europe. Additionally, this paper compares the determinants of leveraged buyout activity, respectively venture capital activity in Eastern European countries. The empirical model of the first two sections includes many of the determinants already tested in previous studies and also new variables such as productivity and corruption index which we consider important factors in explaining the evolution of private equity investments in Europe. Our results confirm existing hypotheses regarding the importance of some determinants on the evolution of private equity investments in Europe. However, in the context of the last crisis new factors emerged as important for the private equity market in Europe such as productivity or corruption. The last section of this work tests the existence of a causal link between the evolution of private equity and the number of divestments of private equity funds in Eastern Europe during the financial crisis. Our results show that Eastern European private equity firms prefer M&A exits followed by IPOs. Furthermore, we validate a long-term equilibrium relationship between private equity investments, IPO and M&A. The Granger causality test shows the existence of a unidirectional causality of the number of M&A to the volume of private equity investments in Eastern Europe.

Private equity investing (PE) has experienced rapid growth on a global scale over the last few decades to become a significant industry. While scholars have devoted considerable effort to studying the area of risk capital investing into businesses, research about private equity as an asset class is surprisingly scarce. This dissertation addresses this gap by enhancing understanding of PE fund investing in general, and specifically about how heterogeneity in investor-specific characteristics and entry order strategies may impact performance. Based on a comprehensive set of interviews with PE fund investors, in-dept insights about variances in motives for investing in the asset class, ways of working, and investment strategies across investors were acquired; findings that are elaborated upon in the dissertation. In addition, to facilitate a thorough investigation of the links between organizational characteristics, entry order and performance, hypotheses were tested through the statistical analysis of unique data covering PE funds raised in Sweden over a twenty-year period. Among several novel results, this study indicates that the level of environmental uncertainty has a clear impact on which organization-specific factors explain entry order, as well as which factors impact the ability of an organization to take advantage of a chosen entry order. Furthermore, the study points at organizational reputation as an especially valuable asset in situations of uncertainty. While a good reputation does not directly lead to superior performance, it may be used in exchange for favorable entry order positions. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011</p>

LAMACZ, L. Private equity funds. Brno: Mendel University in Brno. 2014 The subject of this diploma thesis is investing through Private equity funds. Based on the research of factors that affect the profitability of private equity funds, the author has drawn up an investment recommendation. The research subject is relation between profitability and the denominated currency of the fund, Morningstar rating, the level of market capitalization, dividend yield and domicile of the fund. In diploma thesis, the author also compares the profitability of investments in the sector and regionally focused private equity funds with profitability of investments in stock indexes focused on the same sectors and regions. The thesis also offers an analysis of supply of private equity funds in the US market and analysis of the impact of financial crises that began in the fall of 2007 on the profitability of private equity funds. The final part is devoted to the presentation of the results attained and their discussion with other authors' similar themes.

This article focuses on the study of a corporate rather, that is a controversial topic: the acquisitions of shares counting on leveraged buyouts. t his has led to increased specialized investment funds, as in Peru, they use these operations to develop their activities. However, the current situation has not been overlooked by the regulation, since this has imposed certain restrictions. After analyzing the phenomenon of leveraged buyouts, the article makes an analysis of the actual regulation to finally provide a possible alternative regulation. / El presente artículo se centra en el estudio de un tema societariobastante controvertido: las operaciones de adquisición de acciones contandocompras apalancadas. este ha dado lugar al aumento de fondos de inversiónespecializados que, como en el Perú, se valen de estas operaciones paradesarrollar sus actividades. sin embargo, todo esto no ha sido pasado poralto por la regulación, pues esta le ha impuesto ciertas restricciones. es asíque luego de analizar el fenómeno de las compras apalancadas, el artículohace un análisis de su regulación para finalmente brindar una posible formade regulación alternativa.

This thesis aims to identify key performance indicators of private equity. At the beginning of the paper are defined both parts of private equity, criterias of each part and relationships among market participants. It is then outlined the history of the two main parts. In the next step is introduced global development with emphasis on the last 30 years. A larger space is then devoted to Europe, which will subsequently be a pivotal part of the work. Following this section is indicated methodology. In the next section is defined 7 countries, which are subsequently subjected to research. The fourth chapter is an empirical survey of individual States, Czech Republic, Great Britain, Poland, Sweden, Romania, Singapore and France, where are mentioned results of evaluated factors and also the defending of values. The last, fifth, is itself part of the evaluation and comments on results achieved.

This thesis conducts empirical studies related to financial institutions and corporate finance. Specifically, I look at banks’ lending behavior, performance of leveraged buyouts (LBOs), and the cultural impact on cross-border LBOs. Following an introduction in Chapter 1, in Chapter 2, I study U.S. commercial banks’ herding behavior in their domestic loan decisions, where herding is defined as the extent to which banks deviate from the industry average lending decisions and collectively increase or decrease loans to certain categories. I find significant evidence that herding exists and that banks tend to herd more when the economic condition is less favorable, regulation is tight, and when banks are struggling . Overall, these findings support the hypotheses of information asymmetry and regulatory arbitrage as motivations for herding. Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive study of LBO deal characteristics, participants’ involvement, and their impact on target firms’ performance. I find that better post-buyout operating performance is associated with larger amounts of leverage added during the LBO process, tighter LBO loan covenants, and equity contribution by target firms’ incumbent management. LBOs are more likely to exit through an IPO or a sale if they use more bank debt with tighter covenants and are sponsored by private equity (PE) firms of high reputation. These results suggest that the main source of value creation in LBOs is the reduced agency costs through the disciplining effect of debt, closer monitoring by lenders, and the better aligned management incentives. PE reputation is also important in ensuring successful deal outcomes. Chapter 4 (co-authored) examines the impact of cultural differences between PE firms and target firms on the completion of cross-border LBOs. We find that cultural distance between PE and target firms reduces the likelihood of buyout completion and increases the time between buyout announcement and completion. We also find that club deals moderate the negative (positive) impact of cultural distance on the likelihood (the duration) of LBO completion. This mitigation effect is through the increased familiarity channel of club formation. Our findings contribute to the literature that underscores the importance of culture in economic outcomes. / Thesis (Ph.D, Management) -- Queen's University, 2014-06-24 08:59:00.0

Submitted by Daniel Hoene (daniel-hoene@gmx.de) on 2016-03-17T02:11:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daniel Hoene.pdf: 1204800 bytes, checksum: 80727c04207d47b288a6fb755cda7a16 (MD5) / Rejected by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br), reason: Sr. Daniel, boa tarde. Solicitamos nova submissão digital pois na submissão feita não consta a Folha de Assinatura da Banca da defesa. O impresso entregue na Secretaria está correto. Não há necessidade de nova impressa. Aguardamos novo contato quando o senhor tiver feito a nova submissão. Cordialmente, Janete on 2016-04-12T19:41:22Z (GMT) / Submitted by Daniel Hoene (daniel-hoene@gmx.de) on 2016-04-13T21:48:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Daniel Hoene.pdf: 1513393 bytes, checksum: e3291314873d496efd62f42557f5473f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2016-04-14T20:03:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Daniel Hoene.pdf: 1513393 bytes, checksum: e3291314873d496efd62f42557f5473f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-05-09T12:30:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Daniel Hoene.pdf: 1513393 bytes, checksum: e3291314873d496efd62f42557f5473f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T12:34:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis - Daniel Hoene.pdf: 1513393 bytes, checksum: e3291314873d496efd62f42557f5473f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / This thesis elaborates the creation of value in private equity and in particular analyzes value creation in 3G Capital’s acquisition of Burger King. In this sense, a specific model is applied that composes value creation into several drivers, in order to answer the question of how value creation can be addressed in private equity investments. Although previous research by Achleitner et al. (2010) introduced a specific model that addresses value creation in private equity, the respective model was neither applied to an individual company, nor linked to indirect drivers that explain the dynamics and rationales for the creation of value. In turn this paper applies the quantitative model to an ongoing private equity investment and thereby provides different extensions to turn the model into a better forecasting model for ongoing investments, instead of only analyzing a deal that has already been divested from an ex post perspective. The chosen research approach is a case study about the Burger King buyout that first includes an extensive review about the current status of academic literature, second a quantitative calculation and qualitative interpretation of different direct value drivers, third a qualitative breakdown of indirect drivers, and lastly a recapitulating discussion about value creation and value drivers. Presenting a very successful private equity investment and elaborately demonstrating the dynamics and mechanisms that drive value creation in this case, provides important implications for other private equity firms as well as public firms in order to develop their proprietary approach towards value creation.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T21:00:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Daniel Luz.pdf.jpg: 12594 bytes, checksum: db5e73a5d0fe951aec4a3dd1795d5203 (MD5) Daniel Luz.pdf.txt: 101493 bytes, checksum: f2fc4129fcbef24b2acc7aa62ffc1c26 (MD5) Daniel Luz.pdf: 529703 bytes, checksum: ea77afc57b297bcfd3cbc831de72c708 (MD5) license.txt: 4886 bytes, checksum: 973edfaae508cb631162e9eda5f78afc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-09T00:00:00Z / This paper proposes a model for structuring and evaluation of real options in the context of leveraged buyout (LBO), through the application in a case study. The real options were applied in modeling and evaluation of a project for acquisition of business by a Private Equity, given economic uncertainties, marketing and competitive, possible flexibility during the implementation of a project and the need to pay the debt generated from the leveraged buyout. For this, the main design options found in a typical private equity were modeled, such as an option for staged investments, disinvestment and abandonment, in addition to the restrictions imposed by flows of payments remaining debt. It was found that in general, options that increase cash flow in the short term (contraction options) tend to have its relative value amplified in this context, as opposed to options for expansion, which has its value reduced. Furthermore, some lines of financing may be blocked while the company did not reach an adequate debt / equity ratio, this means that some options that require new investments may be unavailable until the company can take the debt back on the market. / O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um modelo de estruturação e avaliação de opções reais em um contexto de compra alavancada (LBO), através da aplicação em um estudo de caso. As opções reais foram aplicadas na modelagem e avaliação de um projeto de aquisição de empresa por parte de um private equity, considerando incertezas econômicas, mercadológicas e competitivas, flexibilidades possíveis durante a execução do projeto e a necessidade de pagamento do endividamento gerado com a compra alavancada. Para isto, foram modeladas as principais opções encontradas em um projeto típico de private equity, como opção de investimentos estagiados, desinvestimento e abandono, além das restrições impostas pelos fluxos de pagamentos do endividamento remanescente. Verificou-se que, de forma geral, as opções que aumentam o fluxo de caixa no curto prazo (opções de contração) tendem a ter seu valor relativo ampliado neste contexto, em detrimento às opções de expansão, que tem seu valor relativo reduzido. Além disso, algumas linhas de financiamento podem ser bloqueadas enquanto a empresa não chegar a uma relação debt / equity adequada, isto significa que algumas opções que necessitem de novos investimentos podem ficar indisponíveis até que a empresa possa tomar dívida novamente no mercado.

The diploma thesis deals with takeover techniques and regulation of takeovers in the Czech law system. In the theoretical part of the paper there are explained key definitions and general facts concerning with takeovers. The main theme of the theoretical part analyzes the most frequent takeover techniques. The paper studies how particular techniques work. It also takes into account expert discussions about the takeover theme. The takeover laws of the Czech Republic are analyzed in the second part of the diploma thesis. The paper contains a synthesis of theoretical findings and regulation of corresponding laws. It reveals practical use of particular takeover techniques in the Czech Republic.