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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Douglas de Almeida Lima - 2011.pdf: 787713 bytes, checksum: 9d4fa1fdcf2f6c61556740302d7ed8c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-26 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This trial was realized in the veterinary and animal science school at Universidade Federal de Goias. The objective was to evaluate five diets, four of these diets was composed by ground corn with different fiber sources for each ration and one control treatment with whole corn (MI) without fiber source. The fiber sources used was sugar cane bagass (BIN), industrial corn residue silage (RM), soybean hulls (CS), cotton seed (CA). Five castrated Nellore steers with an average of 195 kg of body weight and with rumen fistulae, were used in this trial. The animals were distributed in individual pen provided of individual covered feeder and water tank for each two animals. Each period spent 19 days, with 10 days for food adaptation and nine days for collect of data. During the interval of collects were evaluated: feed behavior, ruminal pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, short chain of fatty acids, total counting of protozoa, fecal pH, total digestibility and dry mater, crude protein (PB), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (FDN) and acid detergent fiber (FDA) intakes. Latin square and Duncan test for 5% of probability were used for statistical analysis. The treatment BIN had the highest dry matter intake, although CA had the lowest value. The ether extract intake was highest for MI treatment, followed by CA and the CS had the lowest value. The highest values for FDN and FDA intakes were in treatment BIN. It was observed some rejection of cotton seed by the animals. The values for total digestibility for CA, RM, BIN, CS and MI treatments were 68.50; 66.19; 65.87; 64.20 e 56.15. The treatment CA showed greater DMD than CS (P<0.05). The treatments RM and BIN spent more time for ruminating and chewing activity. The value of ruminal pH in treatment BIN was greater than RM and CS (P<0.05). The treatments MI and CA weren´t different from RM and CS (P>0.05). In protozoa counting the highest numbers were observed for CS and BIN treatments. Although the lowest numbers for protozoa counting was founded for CA. Animal differences were noted in protozoa counting. The highest values for total short chain fatty acids were founded for CS, that was the same of RM (P>0.05), although BIN, MI and CA had the lowest value. Highest xiv values for propionate and acetate were found in CS treatment. The acetate:propionate ratios were higher in BIN, but for the others treatments the value didn´t differed between them (P>0.05). Butyrate, ammonia nitrogen and fecal pH any differences were found (P>0.05). It was concluded that sugar cane bagasse was the fiber source that keep a good result for ruminal pH, protozoa counting, dry matter intake and the total digestibility wasn´t different from the others. According to that we can conclude that sugar cane bagasse showed more efficient than the others fiber sources in the tested levels. / O objetivo deste ensaio foi avaliar cinco dietas, sendo quatro delas compostas por milho moído fino e com fontes distintas de fibra para cada ração e um tratamento com milho inteiro (MI). As fontes de fibras utilizadas foram: 1) bagaço de cana in natura (BIN); 2) resíduo de milho verde (RM); 3) casca de soja (CS) e 4) caroço de algodão (CA). Foram utilizados cinco animais castrados da raça Nelore, com peso médio de 195 kg e com fístula ruminal. Os animais foram distribuídos em baias individuais cobertas dotadas de comedouros individuais e bebedouros para cada duas baias. O período experimental teve duração de dezenove dias com dez dias de adaptação e nove dias de coletas. Durante o intervalo de coletas foram avaliados o comportamento ingestivo, o pH ruminal, o nitrogênio amoniacal, os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, a contagem total de protozoários ruminais, o pH fecal, a digestibilidade no trato total, bem como o consumo de MS, PB, EE, FDN e FDA. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino 5x5 e para comparações de médias foi utilizados o teste Duncan a 5% de probabilidade. O tratamento BIN teve maior CMS que RM, CS e CA (P<0,05). O consumo de EE do tratamento MI foi maior que CS e RM (P<0,05), porém não diferiu de CA (P>0,05). O maior consumo de FDN foi para o tratamento BIN. O consumo de FDA foram maiores para BIN e RM. Observou-se certa rejeição do caroço de algodão pelos animais, comprovado pelo menor consumo de FDN e FDA no tratamento CA (P<0,05) se igualando ao controle MI (P>0,05). O tratamento CA apresentou uma maior DMS que CS (P<0,05), enquanto que os demais tratamentos não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Quanto ao comportamento ingestivo, os tratamentos RM e BIN foram os que obtiveram os maiores tempos de atividade mastigatória (p<0,05). O tratamento BIN teve um maior tempo de ruminação que os tratamentos CS e CA (P<0,05). Os valores de pH ruminal para BIN foi maior que RM e CS (P<0,05), porém, não diferiu de MI e CA (P>0,05). Os tratamentos MI e CA não diferiram de RM e CS (P>0,05), quanto ao pH ruminal. Na contagem de protozoários os maiores números foram observados pelos tratamentos CS (P<0,05). Enquanto que o menor número de protozoários foi encontrado no tratamento CA (P<0,05). Houve influência do xii animal nos resultados de contagem de protozoários. Os maiores valores para os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais foram encontrados para o tratamento CS, que não diferiu de RM, enquanto que BIN, MI e Ca tiveram as menores produções de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta totais. Foi em CS que encontrou maiores valores de propionato e acetato. Quanto à relação acetato: propionato foi maior para BIN, enquanto que para os demais tratamentos não houve diferença entre si (P>0,05). Quanto ao butirato, ao nitrogênio amoniacal e ao pH fecal não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). Conclui-se que o bagaço de cana foi a fonte de fibra que conseguiu manter um bom valor de pH, de contagem de protozoários, além de maior consumo de matéria seca e digestibilidade semelhante aos demais tratamentos. Portanto nos níveis testados o tratamento BIN se mostrou igual ao controle MI, no entanto foi mais eficiente quando comparado das demais fontes de fibras.

Les milieux biologiques bruts, provenant des opérations de transformation de biomasse sont souvent caractérisés à la fois par leur caractère polluant et par un potentiel de valorisation important. Le développement de procédés adaptés au traitement de tels milieux complexes présente ainsi beaucoup d’intérêt. Les jus verts générés par la déshydratation de la luzerne (Medicago Sativa) sont caractérisés par une forte teneur en protéines. Outre leur valeur nutritionnelle importante, ces protéines ont des applications potentielles dans plusieurs domaines, notamment environnemental de part leur teneur élevée en Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxydase (Rubisco), enzyme responsable de la fixation du CO2 chez les plantes. Dans ce travail la séparation sélective de la Rubisco à partir du jus de luzerne industriel centrifugé par chromatographie d’échange d’ions a été étudiée. Dans un premier temps une méthode d’analyse qualitative et quantitative a été mise au point pour la détection et la quantification de la Rubisco en solution et ainsi le suivi du procédé de séparation. Dans un deuxième temps, le procédé de séparation a été étudié en colonne, en lit fixe et en lit expansé, en utilisant le support échangeur d’anions Q Hyper Z et l’effet de la dilution du milieu sur la capacité dynamique du procédé a été analysé dans les deux cas. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les deux modes de contact permettent d’avoir des capacités dynamiques de rétention du même ordre de grandeur que celles de la littérature. Après élution, la Rubisco a été concentrée jusqu’à 21 fois et les fractions produites étaient caractérisées par un grand degré de pureté. Par ailleurs, des études d’équilibre et cinétique d’échange ont été initiées dans ce travail et ont démontré que malgré la taille importante de la protéine d’intérêt (560 kDa) les limitations stériques à son transfert ne sont pas plus importantes que dans le cas de protéines plus simples et plus petites et que le support Q Hyper Z présente effectivement une grande affinité pour la protéine. Enfin une première approche théorique a été conduite pour la compréhension des interactions entre la protéine et l’échangeur dans ce milieu complexe. Elle a permis de confirmer l’importance de la prise en compte de la présence d’autres biomolécules dans le milieu sur la rétention de la Rubisco, peut être même plus que celle des sels / Biological raw material derived from bio-refinery processes, is often considered a source of pollution but it seems also to be a promising alternative to potential material recovery. The development of suitable processes for handling such complex biological material has so many concerns. Green juice produced from mechanical dehydration of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an excellent source of protein with high nutritional quality. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) is the most abundant protein in the green juice, with potential applications in many fields, such as human nutrition, pharmaceuticals, environmental… The aim of this study is to isolate and recover Rubisco produced from an industrial alfalfa green juice, by ion exchange chromatography process. First of all, a qualitative and quantitative analytical method was developed to provide reliable information about Rubisco content monitoring in the separation process. In a second step, the separation process was performed in fixed and expanded bed, using the anion exchanger Q Hyper Z. In both cases, the effect of the dilution of the green juice on the dynamic capacity of the columns was studied. The results showed that the dynamic capacity retention was similar in both columns to those reported in literature. After elution step, Rubisco was concentrated 21 times and produced with high level of purity. Furthermore, kinetic of ion exchange study was initiated. Despite the large size of the protein (560 kDa), steric limitations to mass transfer were not very significant when compared to those of conventional small proteins. The support Q Hyper Z showed an excellent affinity for the protein recovery. Finally, a first theoretical investigation has been conducted for understanding the retention mechanism between the protein and the separation column. This study shows the importance of taking into account the presence of other bio-molecules in order to perform the retention of Rubisco, perhaps even more than that of salts

Abstract Industrial ecology provides the scientific and technological understanding upon which the increased environmental, economic and social efficiencies necessary to progress towards sustainability can be based. Industrial ecosystem is the creation of synergies between various industries, agriculture, and communities to profitably convert waste into valuable products or feedstock. Copper and nickel flash smelters developed by Outokumpu form the heart of the Harjavalta industrial ecosystem, which consists of thirteen different firms. The ideas found in Harjavalta industrial ecosystem consideration can be applied to carbon steelmaking and other related industry sectors to add product efficiency, improve energy utilization and start new local business, when different firms can concentrate to their own core know-how areas. When planning to add the amount of recycled material in steel production the waste oxides from steel industry, pyrite roasting residues and slags from the copper and nickel smelters are rich iron sources. When processing dusts, scales and sludge in the separate treatment plant, the main thing is that the primary production of the steel plant is not disturbed. The big problem when using secondary iron raw materials will be the contamination of steel by tramp elements similar to scrap based steel manufacture. Today's industry is facing significant change from the process related environmental thinking towards product based environmental thinking seen in the EU product policy. This will mean need for the research covering raw material acquisition, production, products, in-use phase, recycling and disposal. Steel has very unique properties, which can be improved, if steel manufacturers can concentrate on their core know-how area. The essential difference between the technical and natural systems is the human control. Based on the experiences of Harjavalta industrial ecosystem the occupational safety and accident security risk prevention should be included into the metaphor of industrial ecology. If we consider the human control in global scale the future development will depend on the ethical decisions made by humankind. / Tiivistelmä Teollisessa ekologiassa pyritään aine- ja energiavirtojen tutkimiseen siten, että jäljitellään luontoa lopullisena tavoitteena jätevirtojen eliminointi tai ainakin minimointi, jolloin se on osa kestävälle kehitykselle välttämätöntä ekologista, taloudellista ja sosiaalista toimintaa. Teollinen ekosysteemi on teollisuuslaitosten ja yhteiskunnan sekä mahdollisesti maatalouden synerginen liittymä, jonka avulla integroidaan tuotannon ja kulutuksen lohkot yhteen tavoitteena vähentää sekä raaka-aineiden kulutusta että ympäristöpäästöjä. Harjavallan teollinen ekosysteemi on syntynyt ja kehittynyt Outokummun kehittämän liekkisulatusmenetelmään perustuvien kupari- ja nikkelisulattojen ympärille. Harjavallan Suurteollisuuspuistosta saatuja ajatuksia ja kokemuksia voidaan soveltaa luovasti hiiliteräksen valmistukseen ja muihin vastaaviin teollisuuden haaroihin. Eri yritysten keskittyessä omalle ydinosaamisalueelleen voidaan parantaa raaka-aine- ja energiatehokkuutta sekä perustaa uutta paikallista teollisuutta. Terästeollisuuden hyödyntämättömät jäteoksidit, pyriitin pasuttamisesta saatavat pasutteet sekä nikkelin ja kuparin valmistuksen kuonat ovat potentiaalisia uusioraaka-aineita. Uusioraaka-aineille on kehitettävä hiiliteräksen valmistuksen pääprosessin viereen omat käsittelyratkaisut, sillä muuten rautapohjaisten poisteiden kierrätyksen ekologiset ja taloudelliset säästöt saatettaisiin menettää pääprosessin tuottavuuden laskuna. Ongelmallista on myös teräksen laatua haittaavien harmeaineiden kumuloituminen teräkseen, mitä tapahtuu myös käytettäessä romua uusioraaka-aineena. Kestävää kehitystä tavoiteltaessa täydennetään EU:n perinteistä prosessi- ja tuotantoyksikköperusteista ympäristölainsäädäntöä tuotelähtöisellä ympäristölainsäädännöllä. Säädöksissä huomioidaan laajemmin koko tuotteen elinkaari, jolloin tutkimuksen on katettava raaka-aineen hankinta, tuotanto, tuotteet, käyttö ja käytöstä poistoon liittyvä kierrätys tai sijoittaminen takaisin luontoon. Teräksen ainutkertaisia ominaisuuksia voidaan entisestään parantaa, jos teräksen valmistajat saavat keskittyä omalle ydinosaamisalueelleen. Teknisen järjestelmän sisältä löytyy aina ihminen suorittamassa tietoisen ohjauksen, mitä ei luonnonjärjestelmissä löydy. Harjavallan Suurteollisuuspuistosta saatujen kokemusten perusteella voidaan todeta, että työturvallisuus ja teollisuusonnettomuuksia ehkäisevä turvallisuustyö on otettava teollisen ekologian viitekehykseen. Jos tarkastellaan ihmisen vaikutusta globaalissa viitekehyksessä, voidaan todeta, että ihmisen vaikutus riippuu tulevaisuudessa tehtävistä eettisistä päätöksistä ja päätösten edellyttämistä toimenpiteistä.

The diploma thesis deals with the development of a new material for the establishment of a layer of the ground body of a railway undercarriage purely on the basis of secondary raw materials. The theoretical part presents the characteristics of structural layers, materials used for bonded substrates, including their requirements. The following are the general conditions for the creation of base layers from purely secondary raw materials and previous experience with the issue. The introduction of the experimental part of the thesis sets out the basic parameters of secondary raw materials (construction recyclates, waste from railway bed cleaning, dust from cement plant) and energy by-products (fly ash, coal slag and municipal waste incinerator), which together form the raw material base. Grain size, absorbency, moisture, bulk density, chemical analysis and pollutant content were determined on the raw materials. Bulk densities and compressive strengths of the bonded mixtures were determined. The optimum humidity of all mixtures was determined by the Proctor standard test. Experimental verification was performed on testing of bonded mixtures in order to verify the effect of cement dose, when the original dose of 8% was optimized for construction recycled and slag from municipal waste incinerator to 4%, due to high strengths ranging from 4.5 to 6.0 MPa. Further optimization also included the addition of an energy by-product in a proportion of 10% of the weight of the secondary raw material. At the end of the experimental part, two optimal recipes were selected (recycled concrete with 4% cement and 10% fluid fly ash; slag from a municipal waste incinerator with 3% cement and 10% fluid fly ash), which underwent advanced testing in the form of frost resistance and resistance to water and a functional sample was designed. The final functional sample is recycled concrete with cement and 10% addition of fluid fly ash, which is suitable for core layers without frost loading.

This doctoral thesis was conducted in the framework of a co-supervised PhD between the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Sciences of the University of Turin and the Unit of Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery of the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Université libre de Bruxelles. The present manuscript was conceived as a thesis of articles and is composed of 9 different scientific publications. The general introduction of the work was issued from a published narrative review, while the result and discussion part is composed by eight chapters based on different scientific articles issued from the PhD project. The cocoa bean shell (CBS) is the external tegument that covers the cocoa bean, and is one of the major by-products in cocoa industry. It is normally discarded or underutilized, which could result in economical and environmental issues. However, CBS represents a notable source of polyphenols and methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) which can give it different biofunctionalities such as antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, among others. It also contains high amounts of dietary fiber (about 50% w/w), minerals, vitamins, and proteins. CBS has low-fat content, and interesting cocoa-aroma compounds. All this could make CBS useful as a food ingredient, and source of biofunctional compounds. The first part of the experimental work of this thesis is devoted to the chemical characterization of CBS and the establishment of its polyphenolic and volatile organic compound (aroma) profiles. The utilization of such profiles, determined by both complete characterization methods and screening methods, was also proposed for authentication purposes of CBS depending on its geographical origin and variety. In a second step, the utilization of CBS as a low-cost food ingredient for functional food production was envisaged. CBS-based beverages and biscuits were proposed as model foods. The influence of the CBS addition to the model foods was evaluated from both technological and nutritional points of view. Changes on the physicochemical characteristics of the model foods were assessed as well as their content in compounds of interest and potential biofunctionalities. Moreover, these studies served also to evaluate the effect of the different food matrices on the bioaccessibility and intestinal permeability of the bioactive compounds contained in CBS. In the third and last part of this work, a different utility was given to the study of the cocoa by-product. The antimicrobial potential of CBS was assessed against different bacterial and fungal strains and a metabolomic strategy was applied in order to individualize the putative active compounds against the Streptococcus mutans proliferation. This work was a contribution for the valorization of a high add-value product such as the CBS, and a step towards a zero-waste cocoa industry within the frame of sustainable circular economy. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Exploring the use of seedless blackcurrant pomace, a fibre-rich by-product of juice pressing, in foods is favourable due to its nutritional profile but also for economic and sustainability aspects. Current applications are limited to products in which rapid fibre swelling, high water solubility or low sedimentation is not essential. In this study, functional properties of seedless blackcurrant pomace were modified by thermo-mechanical treatments using extrusion cooking or micronization in a planetary ball mill. A full factorial design showed that low pomace moisture (11 g/100 g) had the highest impact on swelling capacity (+ 20.6%) and water solubility index (+ 23.2%), whereas variation in extrusion temperature exhibited only minor effects. After milling for 4 h, the median particle size was reduced by 98% to 4 µm and the specific surface area increased from 0.1 to 2.5 m2/mL. Swelling capacity was highest after this time with 7.6 mL/g pomace and, although the amount of extractable sugars was reduced, water solubility increased to 7.6 g/100 g. In contrast to extruded samples, the red colour of the pomace was intensified after milling. Both treatments appear as promising to extend the applicability of fruit by-products in foods, as micronized pomace may counteract sedimentation in liquids, whereas increased swelling capacity after extrusion may have stabilizing effects on yoghurt-like systems.

La sang és un subproducte amb un alt potencial de valorització que s'obté en quantitats importants en els escorxadors industrials. Actualment, la majoria de sistemes de recollida de la sang no segueixen unes mesures d'higiene estrictes, pel que esdevé un producte de baixa qualitat microbiològica. Conseqüentment, l'aprofitament de la sang és una sortida poc estimulant des del punt de vista econòmic, ja que acostuma a perdre les qualitats que permetrien l'obtenció de productes d'alt valor afegit. El capítol I del present treball s'inclou dins d'un projecte que proposa la inoculació de bacteris de l'àcid làctic (LAB) com un cultiu bioconservador de la sang, un sistema senzill i de baix cost que cerca l'estabilitat de la sang, tant microbiològica com fisicoquímica, durant el període del seu emmagatzematge. El capítol II s'emmarca dins d'un projecte que cerca la millora de l'aprofitament integral de la sang que, en el cas de la fracció plasmàtica, es centra en l'estudi de la funcionalitat dels seus principals constituents. Conèixer la contribució dels components majoritaris ha de permetre la millora de la funcionalitat dels ingredients alimentaris derivats. Els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi poden ajudar a la valorització de la sang porcina d'escorxadors industrials, mitjançant els coneixements adquirits pel que fa a la millora del seu sistema de recollida i del desenvolupament d'ingredients alimentaris amb interessants propietats funcionals. / Blood is a by-product obtained in large amounts in industrial slaughterhouses with a high potential of valorisation. Currently, most of the blood collecting systems are not subjected to strict hygienic measures hence it becomes a product with low microbiological quality. As a result, the use of blood for consumption purposes is not a stimulating prospect from an economic point of view, because the intrinsic worth allowing the development of high value-added products is normally lost.Chapter I of the present dissertation is included within a research project that suggests lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as a blood biopreservative culture: a simple, inexpensive system to keep the stability of blood both in terms of microbiological and physicochemical quality, during its storage.Chapter II is framed within a research project that investigates ways to improve the use of blood as a food ingredient, which, in the case of plasma, is focused on the functionality of its main protein constituents. The knowledge of the contribution of each constituent can be used to improve the functional properties of plasma-based ingredients. The results presented in this thesis dissertation may help the valorisation of porcine blood from industrial slaughterhouses, thanks to the acquired knowledge about the improvement of blood preservation and the development of plasma-based food ingredients with interesting functional properties.

MENVSC / Department of Ecology and Resource Management / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the strategic management of the Thohoyandou Block J landfill site. There are limited documented materials on strategic management of landfill sites in South Africa. As a result, this study sought to close this gap and expose new insights that it deemed to be of great importance in the management and operations of landfill sites. The capacity of a TBJ landfill site in terms of its efficiency in disposing waste, adherence to rules and procedures and the overall management of the site are the key areas of this study. The dominant types and sources of solid waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site, efficiency and effectiveness of operation of TBJ landfill site and operational challenges are the main areas covered in this study. The study adopted the mixed methods approach, involving both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Both primary and secondary data were acquired. Primary data were obtained through a questionnaire, an interview and field observation, using an observation checklist. Secondary data were obtained from ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2 and documented materials from the Thulamela Local Municipality and the TBJ landfill site, the Integrated Waste Management Plan, Integrated Development Plan, TBJ landfill site’s monthly report, audit report and landfill site’s operating plan. Basically, field observation and a questionnaire completed by the waste manager, landfill operator and supervisor, were used to collect data on the operational challenges of TBJ landfill site and to obtain data on the efficiency and effectiveness at which the TBJ landfill site is operating. Waste pickers were interviewed and field observation was undertaken, to identify the dominant types and sources of waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site. A questionnaire completed by TBJ landfill operator, ArcGIS Desktop Help 9.2 for field measurement, reports of the amount of waste recorded and the municipality’s database, were utilized to elicit data regarding the determination of the capacity of TBJ landfill site. The results obtained revealed that the TBJ landfill site’s remaining capacity is 317 085 m3, which will be exhausted in the next 4 years. Plastics were found to be the dominant waste disposed at the TBJ landfill site, at 40%, followed by card-boxes, which constituted 32%. The dominant sources of solid waste generation in the TBJ landfill site were households, at 51%, followed by commercial, at 31% and industrial, at 11%. The absence of a weighbridge, to weigh loads of waste, frequent break down of equipment, lack of equipment required to operate the TBJ landfill site efficiently and the presence of fire hazards, were some of the / NRF

The work is focused on the development of an environmentally friendly external thermal insulation composite system in terms of product composition and composition of the whole system. The intention is to develop an alternative to standard external thermal insulation composite systems. Undoubtely, standard systems have a contribution to energy savings (primary role), but their actual production and composition is also a burden on the environment. The research is focused onthe development of adhesive and leveling substance and plaster using progressive material with phase transformation and energy by-product (fly ash). Furthermore, it is focused on the selection of insulation from renewable sources. Therefore, there is paid attention to the overall composition of the thermal insulation system in order to achieve the most effective impact with respect to the environment. The goal is to achieve secondary energy and resource savings due to the composition of components and also the composition of the entire system.

In search of, the current and urgent, accompanied with our guiltless but potentially not agencies, we fight for the intelligence of reality. A zeitgeist that we try to ghostbust, that we hope to understand. A pandemonium circulated around the event, the now, the branches of time that flicker the possibilities and variations of expressions, that we as trajectories might solidify into a reality.  "So, one can start from a simple question, at which one does not care to conclude  with an answer: "why do we mark/trace a surface? Or for that matter, sculpt, think,  animate etc." What is the inclination behind it? And more importantly, why do we  cling to a specific preference?" In this essay I attempt a brief brush through from a number of familiar questions about art. And attempt to provide my own understanding, of art, creativity, society, and the ever newer intentions of the human expressive trajectories, that provide variations of possibilities and potentialities.