A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) neonatal é uma causa importante de deficits neurológicos. Estimativas relatam que 3-5 em cada 1.000 nascidos vivos ocorrem encefalopatia neonatal, sendo que, encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica (EHI) moderada ou grave acomete 0,5-1/1000 dos nascidos vivos. Aproximadamente 10 a 60% das crianças com EHI morrem, e pelo menos 25% dos que sobrevivem, apresentam deficiência permanente, como paralisia cerebral, epilepsia e dificuldades na aprendizagem. Evidências clínicas e experimentais sugerem que a exposição a estímulos nocivos no início da vida pode resultar em mudanças duradouras no processamento sensorial. Apesar da magnitude do problema, pouco se conhece sobre a modulação da dor e mecanismos envolvidos durante um processo hipóxico-isquêmico em neonatos e suas conseqüências ao longo da vida. Sendo assim, a presente tese objetivou avaliar respostas comportamentais e bioquímicas de filhotes de ratos submetidos à hipóxia/isquemia no 7°dia de vida, avaliados em diferentes idades. Ninhadas de ratos Wistar machos foram randomizadas em 6 grupos experimentais: controle, hipóxia-isquemia, isquemia, hipóxia, sham-ischemia, sham-hipóxia. O modelo experimental utilizado foi de HI unilateral descrito por Levine (1960) e adaptado por Rice e colaboradores (1981), realizando-se isquemia através da oclusão da carótida esquerda e hipóxia com câmara hipóxica de 92% de nitrogênio e 8% de oxigênio. Avaliaram-se os animais no 14° (P14), 30°(P30) e 60° (P60) dias de vida. Para avaliação da (s) resposta (s): nociceptiva térmica foram utilizados testes de tail-flick e placa quente; e alodinia mecânica utilizou-se teste de Von Frey eletrônico. Para as avaliações dos biomarcadores foram utilizados kits comerciais de BDNF e TNF por métodos ELISA e LDH por espectrofotometria. A ativação neuronal foi quantificada em lâminas de imunoistoquímica de c-fos em regiões CA1 e giro dentado de hipocampo bilateral. Foi observado que ratos com hypoxia e/ou isquemia tiveram diminuição irreversível de neurônios com ativação por c-fos em área CA1 do hipocampo, região ipsilateral do insulto. Maior sensibilidade em animais com HI em P14 foi observado no teste do Von Frey, mas não foi observada em P30 e P60. Independentemente do grupo experimental, a idade do animal desempenhou um papel significativo na resposta de comportamento nociceptivo, bem como sobre o BDNF e dos níveis séricos de TNF-α, mas não sobre os níveis séricos de LDH. Em conclusão, o insulto cerebral da HI induz uma redução significativa e irreversível sobre a ativação neuronal ipisilateral à lesão, com a evidência de uma alteração da resposta comportamental nociceptiva manifestada no curto, mas não a médio ou longo prazo. Biomarcadores de neuroplasticidade, inflamação e danos celulares apresentaram poucas alterações sobre o insulto cerebral, mas mudanças mais pronunciadas foram observadas com relação à idade. / Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is an important cause of neurological deficits. It is estimated that 3-5 in 1000 newborns suffer neonatal encephalopathy, and moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in 0,5-1/1000 of the newborns. Approximately 10 to 60% of the children with HIE die, and at least 25% of the survivors present permanent deficits such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy and learning difficulties. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the exposure to noxious stimuli at the beginning of the life might result in long lasting changes in sensorial processing. Despite the magnitude of the problem, few is known regarding pain modulation and its involved mechanisms during the HI process in neonates and its life lasting consequences. Hence, the present thesis aimed to evaluate behavioral and biochemical responses in rats’ litters submitted to HI during their seventh day of life, evaluated at different ages. Male Wistar rats’ litters were randomized into 6 experimental groups: control, HI, ischemia, hypoxia, sham-ischemia and sham-hypoxia. The experimental model was the one of unilateral HI described by Levine (1960) and adapted by Rice et al (1981), inducing ischemia by occlusion of the left carotid artery, and hypoxia using hypoxic chamber with nitrogen 92% and oxygen 8%. Animals were evaluated in their 14th (P14), 30th(P30) and 60th (P60) postnatal day. To assess the thermal nociceptive response the tail flick and hot plate test were employed; and mechanical allodynia was assessed by means of the digital Von Frey test. To evaluate biomarkers, commercial BDNF and TNF kits with ELISA, and LDH kits with spectrophotometry were used. Neuronal activation was quantified by c-fos immunohistochemistry in CA1 and dentate gyrus of bilateral hippocampi. It was observed that rats with hypoxia and/or ischemia had irreversible diminution of neurons with c-fos activation in the CA1 area of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the insult. Higher sensitivity in animals with HI at P14 was observed in the Von Frey test, but was not observed at P30 or at P60. Irrespective of the experimental group, animals’ age played a significant role in the nociceptive behavioral response, as well as on the BDNF and TNF-α serum levels, but not on the LDH serum levels. In conclusion, cerebral HI insult induces a significant and irreversible reduction on neuronal activation ipsilateral to the insult, with evidence of a significant alteration on the nociceptive behavioral response manifested in the short, but not in the medium or long term. Biomarkers of neuroplasticity, inflammation and cellular damage present few alterations after the cerebral insult, however more pronounced changes were observed related with age.

A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) neonatal é uma causa importante de deficits neurológicos. Estimativas relatam que 3-5 em cada 1.000 nascidos vivos ocorrem encefalopatia neonatal, sendo que, encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica (EHI) moderada ou grave acomete 0,5-1/1000 dos nascidos vivos. Aproximadamente 10 a 60% das crianças com EHI morrem, e pelo menos 25% dos que sobrevivem, apresentam deficiência permanente, como paralisia cerebral, epilepsia e dificuldades na aprendizagem. Evidências clínicas e experimentais sugerem que a exposição a estímulos nocivos no início da vida pode resultar em mudanças duradouras no processamento sensorial. Apesar da magnitude do problema, pouco se conhece sobre a modulação da dor e mecanismos envolvidos durante um processo hipóxico-isquêmico em neonatos e suas conseqüências ao longo da vida. Sendo assim, a presente tese objetivou avaliar respostas comportamentais e bioquímicas de filhotes de ratos submetidos à hipóxia/isquemia no 7°dia de vida, avaliados em diferentes idades. Ninhadas de ratos Wistar machos foram randomizadas em 6 grupos experimentais: controle, hipóxia-isquemia, isquemia, hipóxia, sham-ischemia, sham-hipóxia. O modelo experimental utilizado foi de HI unilateral descrito por Levine (1960) e adaptado por Rice e colaboradores (1981), realizando-se isquemia através da oclusão da carótida esquerda e hipóxia com câmara hipóxica de 92% de nitrogênio e 8% de oxigênio. Avaliaram-se os animais no 14° (P14), 30°(P30) e 60° (P60) dias de vida. Para avaliação da (s) resposta (s): nociceptiva térmica foram utilizados testes de tail-flick e placa quente; e alodinia mecânica utilizou-se teste de Von Frey eletrônico. Para as avaliações dos biomarcadores foram utilizados kits comerciais de BDNF e TNF por métodos ELISA e LDH por espectrofotometria. A ativação neuronal foi quantificada em lâminas de imunoistoquímica de c-fos em regiões CA1 e giro dentado de hipocampo bilateral. Foi observado que ratos com hypoxia e/ou isquemia tiveram diminuição irreversível de neurônios com ativação por c-fos em área CA1 do hipocampo, região ipsilateral do insulto. Maior sensibilidade em animais com HI em P14 foi observado no teste do Von Frey, mas não foi observada em P30 e P60. Independentemente do grupo experimental, a idade do animal desempenhou um papel significativo na resposta de comportamento nociceptivo, bem como sobre o BDNF e dos níveis séricos de TNF-α, mas não sobre os níveis séricos de LDH. Em conclusão, o insulto cerebral da HI induz uma redução significativa e irreversível sobre a ativação neuronal ipisilateral à lesão, com a evidência de uma alteração da resposta comportamental nociceptiva manifestada no curto, mas não a médio ou longo prazo. Biomarcadores de neuroplasticidade, inflamação e danos celulares apresentaram poucas alterações sobre o insulto cerebral, mas mudanças mais pronunciadas foram observadas com relação à idade. / Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is an important cause of neurological deficits. It is estimated that 3-5 in 1000 newborns suffer neonatal encephalopathy, and moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in 0,5-1/1000 of the newborns. Approximately 10 to 60% of the children with HIE die, and at least 25% of the survivors present permanent deficits such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy and learning difficulties. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the exposure to noxious stimuli at the beginning of the life might result in long lasting changes in sensorial processing. Despite the magnitude of the problem, few is known regarding pain modulation and its involved mechanisms during the HI process in neonates and its life lasting consequences. Hence, the present thesis aimed to evaluate behavioral and biochemical responses in rats’ litters submitted to HI during their seventh day of life, evaluated at different ages. Male Wistar rats’ litters were randomized into 6 experimental groups: control, HI, ischemia, hypoxia, sham-ischemia and sham-hypoxia. The experimental model was the one of unilateral HI described by Levine (1960) and adapted by Rice et al (1981), inducing ischemia by occlusion of the left carotid artery, and hypoxia using hypoxic chamber with nitrogen 92% and oxygen 8%. Animals were evaluated in their 14th (P14), 30th(P30) and 60th (P60) postnatal day. To assess the thermal nociceptive response the tail flick and hot plate test were employed; and mechanical allodynia was assessed by means of the digital Von Frey test. To evaluate biomarkers, commercial BDNF and TNF kits with ELISA, and LDH kits with spectrophotometry were used. Neuronal activation was quantified by c-fos immunohistochemistry in CA1 and dentate gyrus of bilateral hippocampi. It was observed that rats with hypoxia and/or ischemia had irreversible diminution of neurons with c-fos activation in the CA1 area of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the insult. Higher sensitivity in animals with HI at P14 was observed in the Von Frey test, but was not observed at P30 or at P60. Irrespective of the experimental group, animals’ age played a significant role in the nociceptive behavioral response, as well as on the BDNF and TNF-α serum levels, but not on the LDH serum levels. In conclusion, cerebral HI insult induces a significant and irreversible reduction on neuronal activation ipsilateral to the insult, with evidence of a significant alteration on the nociceptive behavioral response manifested in the short, but not in the medium or long term. Biomarkers of neuroplasticity, inflammation and cellular damage present few alterations after the cerebral insult, however more pronounced changes were observed related with age.

A hipóxia-isquemia (HI) neonatal é uma causa importante de deficits neurológicos. Estimativas relatam que 3-5 em cada 1.000 nascidos vivos ocorrem encefalopatia neonatal, sendo que, encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica (EHI) moderada ou grave acomete 0,5-1/1000 dos nascidos vivos. Aproximadamente 10 a 60% das crianças com EHI morrem, e pelo menos 25% dos que sobrevivem, apresentam deficiência permanente, como paralisia cerebral, epilepsia e dificuldades na aprendizagem. Evidências clínicas e experimentais sugerem que a exposição a estímulos nocivos no início da vida pode resultar em mudanças duradouras no processamento sensorial. Apesar da magnitude do problema, pouco se conhece sobre a modulação da dor e mecanismos envolvidos durante um processo hipóxico-isquêmico em neonatos e suas conseqüências ao longo da vida. Sendo assim, a presente tese objetivou avaliar respostas comportamentais e bioquímicas de filhotes de ratos submetidos à hipóxia/isquemia no 7°dia de vida, avaliados em diferentes idades. Ninhadas de ratos Wistar machos foram randomizadas em 6 grupos experimentais: controle, hipóxia-isquemia, isquemia, hipóxia, sham-ischemia, sham-hipóxia. O modelo experimental utilizado foi de HI unilateral descrito por Levine (1960) e adaptado por Rice e colaboradores (1981), realizando-se isquemia através da oclusão da carótida esquerda e hipóxia com câmara hipóxica de 92% de nitrogênio e 8% de oxigênio. Avaliaram-se os animais no 14° (P14), 30°(P30) e 60° (P60) dias de vida. Para avaliação da (s) resposta (s): nociceptiva térmica foram utilizados testes de tail-flick e placa quente; e alodinia mecânica utilizou-se teste de Von Frey eletrônico. Para as avaliações dos biomarcadores foram utilizados kits comerciais de BDNF e TNF por métodos ELISA e LDH por espectrofotometria. A ativação neuronal foi quantificada em lâminas de imunoistoquímica de c-fos em regiões CA1 e giro dentado de hipocampo bilateral. Foi observado que ratos com hypoxia e/ou isquemia tiveram diminuição irreversível de neurônios com ativação por c-fos em área CA1 do hipocampo, região ipsilateral do insulto. Maior sensibilidade em animais com HI em P14 foi observado no teste do Von Frey, mas não foi observada em P30 e P60. Independentemente do grupo experimental, a idade do animal desempenhou um papel significativo na resposta de comportamento nociceptivo, bem como sobre o BDNF e dos níveis séricos de TNF-α, mas não sobre os níveis séricos de LDH. Em conclusão, o insulto cerebral da HI induz uma redução significativa e irreversível sobre a ativação neuronal ipisilateral à lesão, com a evidência de uma alteração da resposta comportamental nociceptiva manifestada no curto, mas não a médio ou longo prazo. Biomarcadores de neuroplasticidade, inflamação e danos celulares apresentaram poucas alterações sobre o insulto cerebral, mas mudanças mais pronunciadas foram observadas com relação à idade. / Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is an important cause of neurological deficits. It is estimated that 3-5 in 1000 newborns suffer neonatal encephalopathy, and moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in 0,5-1/1000 of the newborns. Approximately 10 to 60% of the children with HIE die, and at least 25% of the survivors present permanent deficits such as cerebral palsy, epilepsy and learning difficulties. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the exposure to noxious stimuli at the beginning of the life might result in long lasting changes in sensorial processing. Despite the magnitude of the problem, few is known regarding pain modulation and its involved mechanisms during the HI process in neonates and its life lasting consequences. Hence, the present thesis aimed to evaluate behavioral and biochemical responses in rats’ litters submitted to HI during their seventh day of life, evaluated at different ages. Male Wistar rats’ litters were randomized into 6 experimental groups: control, HI, ischemia, hypoxia, sham-ischemia and sham-hypoxia. The experimental model was the one of unilateral HI described by Levine (1960) and adapted by Rice et al (1981), inducing ischemia by occlusion of the left carotid artery, and hypoxia using hypoxic chamber with nitrogen 92% and oxygen 8%. Animals were evaluated in their 14th (P14), 30th(P30) and 60th (P60) postnatal day. To assess the thermal nociceptive response the tail flick and hot plate test were employed; and mechanical allodynia was assessed by means of the digital Von Frey test. To evaluate biomarkers, commercial BDNF and TNF kits with ELISA, and LDH kits with spectrophotometry were used. Neuronal activation was quantified by c-fos immunohistochemistry in CA1 and dentate gyrus of bilateral hippocampi. It was observed that rats with hypoxia and/or ischemia had irreversible diminution of neurons with c-fos activation in the CA1 area of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the insult. Higher sensitivity in animals with HI at P14 was observed in the Von Frey test, but was not observed at P30 or at P60. Irrespective of the experimental group, animals’ age played a significant role in the nociceptive behavioral response, as well as on the BDNF and TNF-α serum levels, but not on the LDH serum levels. In conclusion, cerebral HI insult induces a significant and irreversible reduction on neuronal activation ipsilateral to the insult, with evidence of a significant alteration on the nociceptive behavioral response manifested in the short, but not in the medium or long term. Biomarkers of neuroplasticity, inflammation and cellular damage present few alterations after the cerebral insult, however more pronounced changes were observed related with age.

Les mécanismes impliqués dans les troubles cognitifs induits à la suite d’une ischémie cérébrale (IC) demeurent mal compris. En plus du cœur ischémique nécrosé et de la zone de pénombre entourant cette lésion, certaines régions éloignées de la zone ischémique peuvent être fonctionnellement affectées, un phénomène connu sous le nom de «diaschisis». Sachant qu’il existe de fortes interactions fonctionnelles entre l’hippocampe (HPC) et le cortex lors des processus mnésiques, nous avons émis la possibilité que les troubles mnésiques survenant après une IC focale qui préserve l’intégrité de l’HPC, auraient pour origine une perturbation de la connectivité cortico-hippocampique conduisant à un hypofonctionnement hippocampique induit par le phénomène de diaschisis. Afin d’éprouver cette hypothèse, nous avons utilisé le modèle d’occlusion permanente de l'artère cérébrale moyenne chez le rat (OPACM) qui reproduit l’ischémie cérébrale focale humaine. Dans ce modèle, le cortex somato-sensoriel (SS) est endommagé unilatéralement alors que l’intégrité de l’HPC est préservé. Les rats OPACM ont montré une diminution de l’expression du gène c-fos dans l’HPC lors de l'exploration d'un nouvel environnement, indiquant une hypoactivation neuronale. Les rats OPACM ont également présenté une perturbation des mémoires olfactive associative et spatiale lors des tests de transmission sociale de préférence alimentaire (TSPA) et du Barnes maze, respectivement. Afin de confirmer que l’hypofonctionnement hippocampique induit par l’IC résultait d’une réduction des afférences corticales («déactivation») provenant du cortex endommagé, nous avons réalisé des inactivations pharmacologiques spécifiques du cortex SS et ou de l’HPC par injection de lidocaïne ou de CNQX. Ces injections ont induit une hypoactivation hippocampique (réduction du nombre de noyaux Fos-positifs) associée à une perturbation mnésique dans le test de TSPA. L'activité hippocampique chez des rats anesthésiés pendant l’IC ou deux semaines après, ainsi que lors de l’inactivation pharmacologique du cortex SS, a également été examinée par une approche électrophysiologique. Les résultats ont montré une altération de la fréquence d’apparition des «sharp-wave ripples» hippocampiques et révélé une instabilité de la fréquence thêta hippocampique lors de la reperfusion ou deux semaines après IC, ainsi que lors de l’inactivation corticale, suggérant une altération de la dynamique d’interaction entre l’HPC et le cortex. Pris dans leur ensemble, ces résultats identifient le phénomène de diaschisis hippocampique comme un mécanisme crucial impliqué dans l’hypofonctionnement hippocampique et les déficits mnésiques observés après une IC. / The cognitive consequences and the underlying mechanisms leading to cognitive impairments after cerebrovascular occlusive diseases are still unclear. In addition to the infarct zone that suffer the deadly consequence of ischemic stroke, the penumbra surrounding the lesion site and some brain regions more remote to the ischemic areas can be functionally affected by the insult. This phenomenon is referred to as diaschisis. In light of the importance of interactions between hippocampus and cortex during memory processing, we hypothesized that the cognitive impairments observed following focal ischemia could occur in the absence of direct hippocampal insult, possibly via impaired connectivity within cortico-hippocampal networks leading to diaschisis-induced hypofunctioning in specific hippocampal subregions. To examine this possibility, we used the distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) ischemic model in rats which induces restricted cortical infarct in the somatosensory (SS) cortex in the absence of direct hippocampal injury. dMCAO rats exhibited reduced expression of the activity-dependent gene c-fos in the hippocampus when exploring a novel environment, indicating neuronal hypoactivation. Ischemic rats also showed impaired associative olfactory and spatial memory when tested in the social transmission of food preference (STFP) task and the Barnes maze test, respectively. To confirm that the ischemic-induced hippocampal hypofunctioning resulted from reduced afferent inputs (i.e. deactivation) originating in the damaged cortex, we performed region-specific pharmacological inactivation of SS and/or HPC using lidocaine or CNQX. Fos imaging revealed that these treatments induced hippocampal hypoactivation and impaired memory performance as measured in the STFP task. We additionally performed electrophysiological recordings of hippocampal activity in anesthetized rats during acute stroke and two weeks later or after SS cortex inactivation. We found an alteration in the occurrence of sharp-wave ripples associated with instability of theta frequency during reperfusion after stroke and SS cortex inactivation, suggesting an alteration in the dynamics of hippocampal-cortical interactions. Taken collectively, these findings identify hippocampal diaschisis as a crucial mechanism for mediating stroke-induced hippocampal hypofunction and associated memory deficits.

Afin d'avancer sur la fonction du sommeil paradoxal, il est nécessaire d'étudier son impact sur le fonctionnement cortical. Nous avons ainsi comparé l'expression génique corticale à l'aide de puces à ADN chez trois groupes de rats présentant différentes quantités de sommeil paradoxal (SP) : témoins, privé de SP ou en hypersomnie de SP. 71 et 83 transcrits montrent un niveau d'expression modifié par notre protocole dans le néocortex et l'hippocampe, respectivement. Ces résultats moléculaires ont été confirmés par PCR quantitative. Dans l'hippocampe l'expression des gènes de plasticité (Fos, Arc, Cox2, Homer1...) augmente en hypersomnie de SP. Au contraire, dans le néocortex le niveau d'expression de ces gènes augmente après privation de SP. Au niveau systémique, les aires limbiques (le gyrus dentelé, le cortex cingulé antérieur et rétrosplénial et le claustrum) contiennent un nombre de neurones immunoréactifs au FOS, un marqueur d'activation indirect, élevé après hypersomnie de sommeil paradoxal. En revanche, le nombre de neurones immunoréactifs au FOS dans les cortex sensoriels est diminué après hypersomnie par rapport à la privation de sommeil paradoxal L'éjection de traceurs rétrogrades dans le gyrus dentelé, le cortex rétrosplénial et le cortex cingulaire antérieur des rats en hypersomnie de SP a permis d'observer des neurones afférents et actifs dans les noyaux supramamillaires et le claustrum. Nous avons ensuite observé que le nombre de neurones immunoréactifs pour FOS, ARC dans le gyrus dentelé, le claustrum et certaines structures limbiques est fortement diminué pendant l'hypersomnie de SP chez des rats porteurs d'une lésion des noyaux supramamillaires. De plus, la lésion du Sum est accompagnée d'une diminution de la puissance du thêta enregistrée par l'électroencéphalogramme pendant le sommeil paradoxal en hypersomnie. Il semble donc que les projections des noyaux supramamillaires soient responsables de l'activation des régions limbiques corticales pendant le SP / To move forward on the PS function, it is necessary to study its impact on the cortical functioning. We so compared the cortical genic expression by using DNA microarrays in three groups of rats with different PS amounts: control, deprived of PS and in PS hypersomnia. 71 and 83 transcripts have an expression level modified by our protocol in the neocortex and the hippocampal formation, respectively. These molecular results were confirmed by quantitative PCR. In the hippocampal formation the genes involved in synaptic plasticity (Fos, Arc, Cox2, Homer1) have an expression level increased after PS hypersomnia. In the contrary, in the neocortex the expression level of these genes increases after PS deprivation. At the systemic level, limbic areas (the dentate gyrus, anterior cingulate and retrosplenial cortex and claustrum) contain a number of FOS immunoreactive neurons, an indirect marker of neuronal activation, increased after PS hypersomnia. On the other hand, the number of FOS immunoreactive neurons in the sensory-motor cortices is decreased after PS hypersomnia compare to PS deprivation. The ejection of retrograde tracers in the dentate gyrus, retrosplenial and anterior cingulate cortex in PS hypersomniac rats showed that active neurons project to the supramammillary nucleus and claustrum. We then observed that the number of FOS and ARC immunoreactive neurons in the dentate gyrus, claustrum and limbic structures is strongly decreased during PS hypersomnia in rats bearing a supramammillary nucleus lesion. Furthermore, the supramammillary nucleus lesion leads to a decrease of the theta power recorded by electroencephalogram during PS in hypersomnia. It thus seems that the supramammillary nucleus projections are responsible for the limbic cortical regions activation during PS

Master of Science / Department of Psychology / Mary E. Cain / Previous research has shown that both the environment and psychostimulant use influence dopamine levels via the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. C-fos expression has also been observed following exposure to novel environments and psychostimulants. The present study looked to determine the effects of acute amphetamine exposure on locomotor activity and c-fos expression in the basolateral and central nucleus of the amygdala, for rats raised in either an enriched condition (EC), impoverished condition (IC), or social condition (SC). Rats were reared in either the EC, IC, or SC for 30 days, after which they received an acute amphetamine injection (1.0 mg/kg) and locomotor activity was measured. Following the locomotor test rats were perfused and immunohistochemistry was used to measure c-fos levels in the basolateral and central nucleus of the amygdala. Results showed that EC amphetamine rats had significantly greater locomotor activity compared to EC saline rats. There were no significant group or treatment differences in c-fos expression in the ACe. In the BLA SC amphetamine rats had significantly greater c-fos expression than EC amphetamine rats. Overall, the current study revealed that environmental enrichment and amphetamine do significantly alter locomotor activity and c-fos expression in the BLA.

Les mécanismes neurologiques responsables du déclenchement et de l'homéostasie du sommeil, et du sommeil paradoxal (SP) en particulier, sont l'objet d'un nombre toujours plus important d'études du fait notamment de l'attention croissante portée aux pathologies associées. Les travaux rapportés dans cette thèse s'inscrivent parfaitement dans cette dynamique puisqu'ils ont pour objectif de mieux caractériser les populations neuronales mises en jeu dans la régulation du SP ainsi que leurs interactions. Dans cette optique, nous avons combiné différentes approches techniques complémentaires à savoir : neuroanatomie fonctionnelle, polysomnographie et pharmacologie sur animal libre de se mouvoir. Nous avons ainsi pu démontrer pour la première fois la nature glutamatergique des neurones du SLD, région pontique jouant un rôle central dans la mise en place du SP. De plus, s'il est généralement admis que ces neurones du SLD sont sous le contrôle de neurones GABAergiques situés au niveau de la partie ventrolatérale de la substance grise périaqueducale (VLPAG), le contrôle de ces derniers est encore soumis à controverse. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus suggèrent fortement que l'aire latérale de l'hypothalamus (LH) serait responsable de ce contrôle et donc de celui du SP. En effet, la LH est l'afférence majeure à la VLPAG activée lors d'une hypersomnie de SP. En outre, son inactivation par application locale de muscimol entraine la disparition totale du SP et l'activation des neurones GABAergiques de la VLPAG projetant sur le SLD. En parallèle, nous avons étudié le rôle du noyau réticulé paragigantocellulaire dorsal (DPGi) dans la genèse du SP. Bien que le DPGi fût déjà connu pour être responsable de l'inhibition du locus coeruleus (LC) durant les phases de SP, nous apportons ici un certain nombre d'arguments suggérant que le DPGi pourrait être responsable de l'inhibition, non seulement du LC, mais également de l'ensemble des neurones adrénergiques et noradrénergiques. Cela suggère donc que ce noyau joue également un rôle majeur dans la régulation du SP. Les données rapportées dans cette thèse permettent donc de mieux appréhender les mécanismes neuronaux contrôlant la survenue et la régulation du SP. En particulier, ils apportent de nouvelles données en faveur d'un rôle central de l'hypothalamus dans la régulation du SP puisqu'il constituerait le générateur principal de cet état.

Studies have suggested the possibility that there is sensory (SS) afferent signaling from white adipose tissue (WAT) to the brain, which may play an important role in communication with the brain sympathetic nervous system (SNS) outflow to WAT. Therefore, we tested whether the SNS-SS feedback loop between the subcutaneous inguinal WAT (IWAT) and the epididymal WAT (EWAT) exists. These fat pads were chosen due to 1) their divergent role in manifestation of metabolic disorders with the IWAT being beneficial and the EWAT being detrimental, as well as 2) different lipolytic response to glucoprivic 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). By using retrograde tract tracers Fast Blue (FB) and Fluorogold (FG), we found that the IWAT is more innervated than EWAT by both the SS and SNS ganglia (T13-L3). Surprisingly, we found ~12-17% of double-labeled cells in the SNS and SS ganglia innervating fat depots, implying SNS-SS crosstalk loops between the IWAT and EWAT. Increased neuronal activation by 2DG was observed in the SNS ganglia to both IWAT and EWAT but not in the SS dorsal root ganglia. In addition, 2DG induced lipolysis in both fat pads with greater lipolytic properties in the IWAT as a result of higher density of the SNS-SS fibers. Collectively, our results show neuroanatomical reality of the IWAT and EWAT SNS-SS neural crosstalk with a coordinated control of lipolytic function.

O estudo do comportamento sexual em ratos machos envolve a análise da motivação e da performance sexuais. A distinção está entre procurar o contato sexual e estar apto para realizar o ato copulatório. Este comportamento é necessário para a preservação da espécie e não para sobrevivência do indivíduo, uma vez que abstinência sexual não tem, a curto prazo, consequências adversas para o organismo. Sendo assim, difere consideravelmente de outros comportamentos espontâneos como alimentação, hidratação, termorregulação ou respiração. Estudos mostram que o estresse com consequente ativação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófiseadrenal (HHA) e secreção de glicocorticóides pode alterar diversos parâmetros hormonais e comportamentais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a motivação e performance sexuais de ratos machos e suas possíveis alterações diante da administração aguda e crônica de dexametasona (DEXA), um glicocorticóide sintético. Foram utilizados ratos da linhagem Wistar, mantidos em grupos com até 4 animais por caixa, em ciclo claro-escuro de 12hs a 21±1ºC. Para análises de performance sexual, ratos machos adultos sexualmente experientes, tratados com veículo ou com DEXA, aguda e cronicamente, foram expostos a fêmeas receptivas, filmando-se por 40 minutos. Os resultados das análises comportamentais e de imunoistoquímica para c-Fos mostraram que a administração aguda melhorou parâmetros do comportamento sexual e reduziu a expressão de neurônios marcados com c-Fos no BST, no MnPOd, no MnPOv, PVN e SON. Por outro lado, a administração crônica não alterou nenhum dos parâmetros do comportamento e aumentou o número de células positivas para c-Fos no SON. Para avaliação da motivação sexual, ratos machos, sexualmente inexperientes, tratados com veículo ou DEXA, foram colocados em um aparato onde havia uma fêmea receptiva (incentivo sexual) e um macho sexualmente experiente (incentivo social), filmandose por 20 minutos, tratados com veículo ou tratados com DEXA. Os resultados mostraram que a administração aguda de dexametasona aumentou a motivação sexual, enquanto a administração crônica não modificou este comportamento. Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que a administração aguda de dexametasona aumentou a motivação sexual em ratos machos sexualmente inexperientes através de mecanismos envolvidos com a supressão do eixo HHA. Além disso, administração aguda de DEXA melhorou parâmetros da performance sexual às custas de diminuição da atividade neuronal em áreas hipotalâmicas relacionadas ao controle neuroendócrino em ratos machos sexualmente experientes. / The study of sexual behavior in male rats involves the analysis of motivation and sexual performance. The distinction between them is seeking sexual contact and be able to perform the copulatory act. This behavior is required for preservation of the species and not to survival of the individual, as abstinence has not, the short-term adverse effects for the organism. Thus, it differs considerably from other spontaneous behaviors such as feeding, hydration, thermoregulation or respiration. Studies show that stress and consequent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) and secretion of glucocorticoids can alter various hormonal and behavioral parameters. The aim of this study was to analyze the motivation and sexual performance of male rats and its possible changes in the face of acute and chronic administration of dexamethasone (DEXA), a synthetic glucocorticoid. We used Wistar rats, kept in groups with up to four animals per cage in light-dark cycle of 12h at 21 ± 1 ° C. For analyzes of sexual performance, sexually experienced adult male rats treated with vehicle or DEXA, acute and chronic, were exposed to receptive females, recording 40 minutes. The results of behavioral analysis and immunohistochemistry for c-Fos showed that acute administration improved parameters of sexual behavior and decreased the c-Fos neurons in BST, the MnPO d in MnPOv, PVN and SON. Moreover, the chronic administration did not affect any of the parameters of performance and increased the number of positive cells in the SON c-Fos. For assessment of sexual motivation, male rats, sexually inexperienced, treated with vehicle or DEXA, were placed in an apparatus where there was a receptive female (sexual incentives) and a sexually experienced male (social incentive), recording 20 minutes, treated treated with vehicle or DEXA. The results showed that the acute administration of dexamethasone increased sexual motivation, while the chronic administration did not modify this behavior. Together, these results suggest that acute administration of dexamethasone increased sexual motivation in male rats by inexperienced sexually mechanisms involved in suppression of the HPA axis. Furthermore, acute administration of DEXA improved sexual performance parameters by decreased neuronal activity in hypothalamic areas related to the neuroendocrine control of sexually experienced male rats. / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais - FAPEMIG

c-fos est un proto-oncogène et un gène de réponse précoce. Son activation transcriptionnelle est très rapide et transitoire, ce qui suggère un contrôle très strict.<br />Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons abordé deux aspects de la régulation transcriptionnelle de c-fos par des séquences intragéniques. Le premier consiste en un blocage de l'allongement des transcrits dans le premier intron, dont nous avons montré qu'il intervient dans les fibroblastes Ltk-, comme cela avait été découvert dans les macrophages. Ce blocage est levé par l'augmentation de la concentration en calcium intracellulaire, et nous avons montré que ce phénomène est indépendant des CaM-Kinases et de la calcineurine, mais implique la calmoduline dans une nouvelle voie de signalisation.<br />Dans la seconde partie de mon travail de thèse, nous avons identifié, en aval de la région décrite ci-dessus, une nouvelle séquence intronique très fortement conservée qui possède les caractéristiques d'un promoteur. Nous avons montré que ce promoteur est fonctionnel en transfection transitoire, ce qui nous a encouragé à recourir aux souris transgéniques pour explorer ses territoires d'expression au cours du développement. Nos résultats préliminaires montrent que cette expression semble être limitée au système nerveux et aux glandes mammaires en développement.<br />Nous avons donc étudié deux régions régulatrices de la transcription de c-fos qui sont proches dans le gène, ce qui suggère un dialogue entre ces différentes fonctions.