No / Objective To assess the learning effect, test–retest reliability and measurement error associated with the SEBT. Design Repeated-measures study. Setting Controlled university laboratory environment. Participants Twenty-two healthy recreational athletes (11 male age 22.3 ± 3.7 years, 11 female age 22.8 ± 3.1 years). Main Outcome Measures Repeated-measures ANOVA assessed learning affects. Intraclass correlations coefficients, standard error of measurement and smallest detectable difference values were calculated to assess reliability and measurement error. Results Results showed that excursion distances stabilised after four trials, therefore trials five to seven were analysed for reliability. Test–retest reliability for all reach directions was high, with intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.84 to 0.92. 95% confidence intervals, standard error of measurement and smallest detectable difference ranged from 77.84 to 94.00, 2.21–2.94% and 6.13–8.15%, respectively. Conclusion These statistics will allow clinicians to evaluate whether changes in SEBT scores are due to change in an individual’s performance or random error. The findings of this study show that the SEBT is a reliable measure of lower limb function in healthy recreational athletes. Changes in normalised scores of at least 6–8% are needed to feel confident that a real change in SEBT performance has occurred.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal elucidar de que forma a crônica pode ser considerada um gênero de fronteira, entre o jornalismo e a literatura, e como é feita a referência ao regional, com alcance universal, em alguns textos da obra Quando cai a neve no Brasil: crônicas (2004), do escritor gaúcho Paulo Ribeiro. Tenta-se, também, demonstrar de que maneira a crônica, gênero de imprecisa definição, situada entre a ficção e o documentário, possui a capacidade representativa de oferecer uma imagem do ser humano que habita a cidade de Bom Jesus e a região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, por meio de experiências de caráter universalizante. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-06-04T19:49:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcell Bocchese.pdf: 1665903 bytes, checksum: 54de0fa3d9ca4dcb63e39b8cf0b95a96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T19:49:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcell Bocchese.pdf: 1665903 bytes, checksum: 54de0fa3d9ca4dcb63e39b8cf0b95a96 (MD5) / This paper has the major objective of elucidating how the chronicle can be considered a borderline gender, between journalism and literature, and how the reference of regional, with universal reach, is built, in some of the texts in Quando cai a neve no Brasil: crônicas (2004), by Paulo Ribeiro, author from Rio Grande do Sul. This research also tries to demonstrate how the chronicle, a genre of imprecise/vague definition, placed in between fiction and documentary, holds the capacity to offer a representative image, through universalizing experiences, of a kind of human being who inhabits Bom Jesus and the region of Campos de Cima da Serra.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal elucidar de que forma a crônica pode ser considerada um gênero de fronteira, entre o jornalismo e a literatura, e como é feita a referência ao regional, com alcance universal, em alguns textos da obra Quando cai a neve no Brasil: crônicas (2004), do escritor gaúcho Paulo Ribeiro. Tenta-se, também, demonstrar de que maneira a crônica, gênero de imprecisa definição, situada entre a ficção e o documentário, possui a capacidade representativa de oferecer uma imagem do ser humano que habita a cidade de Bom Jesus e a região dos Campos de Cima da Serra, por meio de experiências de caráter universalizante. / This paper has the major objective of elucidating how the chronicle can be considered a borderline gender, between journalism and literature, and how the reference of regional, with universal reach, is built, in some of the texts in Quando cai a neve no Brasil: crônicas (2004), by Paulo Ribeiro, author from Rio Grande do Sul. This research also tries to demonstrate how the chronicle, a genre of imprecise/vague definition, placed in between fiction and documentary, holds the capacity to offer a representative image, through universalizing experiences, of a kind of human being who inhabits Bom Jesus and the region of Campos de Cima da Serra.

Controlled Auto Ignition (CAI) combustion is a new combustion principle in internal combustion engines which has in recent years attracted increased attention. In CAI combustion, which combines features of spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) principles, air/fuel mixture is premixed, as in SI combustion and auto-ignited by piston compression as in CI combustion. Ignition is provided in multiple points, and thus the charge gives a simultaneous energy release. This results in uniform and simultaneous auto-ignition and chemical reaction throughout the whole charge without flame propagation. CAI combustion is controlled by the chemical kinetics of air/fuel mixture with no influence of turbulence. The CAI engine offers benefits in comparison to spark ignited and compression ignited engines in higher efficiency due to elimination of throttling losses at part and idle loads. There is a possibility to use high compression ratios since it is not knock limited, and in significant lower NOx emission (≈90%) and particle matter emission (≈50%), due to much lower combustion temperature and elimination of fuel rich zones. However, there are several disadvantages of the CAI engine that limits its practical application, such as high level of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, high peak pressures, high rates of heat release, reduced power per displacement and difficulties in starting and controlling the engine. Controlling the operation over a wide range of loads and speeds is probably the major difficulty facing CAI engines. Controlling is actually two-components as it consists of auto-ignition phasing and controlling the rates of heat release. As CAI combustion is controlled by chemical kinetics of air/fuel mixture, the auto-ignition timing and heat release rate are determined by the charge properties such as temperature, composition and pressure. Therefore, changes in engine operational parameters or in types of fuel, results in changing of the charge properties. Hence, the auto-ignition timing and the rate of heat release. The Thesis investigates a controlled auto-ignition (CAI) combustion in internal combustion engines suitable for transport applications. The CAI engine environment is simulated by using a single-zone, homogeneous reactor model with a time variable volume according to the slider-crank relationship. The model uses detailed chemical kinetics and distributed heat transfer losses according to Woschini's correlation [1]. The fundamentals of chemical kinetics, and their relationship with combustion related problems are presented. The phenomenology and principles of auto-ignition process itself and its characteristics in CAI combustion are explained. The simulation model for representing CAI engine environment is established and calibrated with respect to the experimental data. The influences of fuel composition on the auto-ignition timing and the rate of heat release in a CAI engine are investigated. The effects of engine parameters on CAI combustion in different engine concepts fuelled with various fuels are analysed. The effects of internal gas recirculation (IEGR) in controlling the auto-ignition timing and the heat release rate in a CAI engine fuelled with different fuels are investigated. The effects of variable valve timings strategy on gas exchange process in CAI engine fuelled with commercial gasoline (95RON) are analysed.

潘世華. / "2005年8月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(leaves 139-145). / "2005 nian 8 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Pan Shihua. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 139-145). / Chapter 第一章： --- 緒論 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 列國志小說系列的成書經過 --- p.3 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 硏究目的及方法 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章： --- 列國志小說系列編撰者對小說的看法 --- p.11 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 小說與經史的關係 --- p.11 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 列國志小說的編撰特色 --- p.23 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 小結 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三章： --- 列國志小說系列材料組織比較 --- p.30 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 《列國志傳》及《新列國志》的小說主線 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 《歹幌志傳》與《新列國志》敘事單元的內容 --- p.32 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 《列國志傳》則目與《新列國志》回目所構成之敘事單元比較 --- p.42 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 小結 --- p.47 / Chapter 第四章： --- 列國志小說系列內容之異同 --- p.48 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 〈(列國志傳》及《新列國志》的開首及斷限 --- p.48 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 列國志小說系列所涉之史實與虛構 --- p.57 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 《新列國志》對《列國志傳》的內容改寫 --- p.60 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 小結 --- p.80 / Chapter 第五章： --- 列國志小說系列文本所見之史論 --- p.83 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 列國志小說系列史史評論的形式 --- p.83 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 列國志小說系列史事評論的表達方式 --- p.88 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 列國志小說系列史事評論的結構安排 --- p.96 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 列國志小說系列史事評論的發展背景 --- p.99 / Chapter 第五節、 --- 列國志小說系列、《左傳》及《史記》有關春秋史事評論比較 --- p.102 / Chapter 第六節、 --- 從《東周列國志》史評看作者對君臣關係的態度 --- p.109 / Chapter 第七節、 --- 小結 --- p.117 / Chapter 第六章： --- 列國志小說評點分析 -以蔡奡《東周列國志》評點爲例 --- p.118 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 蔡奡《東周列國志》評點的模式 --- p.118 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 蔡奡《東周列國志》評點的內容 --- p.121 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 蔡奡《東周列國志》評點的特色 --- p.129 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 小結 --- p.135 / Chapter 第七章： --- 結語 --- p.137 / 參考書目 --- p.139 / 附錄 / 附錄一：《列國志傳》及《新列國志》敘事單元內容比對表 --- p.146 / 附錄二：《列國志傳》史事評論輯錄 --- p.158 / 附錄三：《東周列國志》史事評論輯錄 --- p.295 / 附錄四：《左傳》史事評論輯錄 --- p.400 / 附錄五：蔡奡《東周列國志》夾評輯錄 --- p.429

By reconstructing his lecture activities, I found and discussed the conflicts and debates Li had with other philosophical schools of his times. In so doing, I also discussed the interaction between Li's learning and the philosophical traditions of places where he taught, for example, his difference with the traditions of the Zhu Xi school in Fujian. What emerged is that Li was a strong and unyielding philosopher who was able to give theoretical coherence to his disciples but failed to spread his teachings into established schools of thought. / From the case of Li Cai, this dissertation finds that three elements were common and crucial to the founding of a new philosophical school in middle and late Ming times---a doctrine couched in some terse expressions, expressions deriving from the Great Learning as key terms of the doctrine, and organized lecture activities. The dissertation also argues that it was the fundamental notions of achieving learning by oneself (zide) and transmission of the orthodox Way (daotong) that drove the creation of original arguments and "discussion of learning" activities in the late Ming. Li Cai worked himself to distinction amid this practice of the time by formulating his own doctrine on ethics. His emphasis on "cultivation of the person" is a deliberate counteraction to the "extension of innate knowledge" of Wang Yangming, whose school by Li's time had much indulged in the liberation of the individual to the neglect of social norms. Engaging himself as a teacher, Li Cai also cast himself as a rival to Wang Yangming. He considered his endeavor as an act of transmitting the Way and his doctrine as providing true insights into the teaching of Confucianism. More precisely, he considered his zhixiu doctrine a loyal representation of the teachings of Confucius and his great disciple Zeng Shen. / Li talked about his zhi-xiu doctrine everywhere he went. He advanced this doctrine by means of establishing academies (shuyuan), publishing his own works, organizing discussions and debates, lecturing to large audiences, and engaging in philosophical exchanges through correspondence with his discussants. He engaged himself in activities like these when he was director of a bureau in the minister of War, an assistant surveillance commissioner in Guangdong, and an administrative vice commissioner in charge of military affairs in the southwestern border region of the Ming empire. He lost no enthusiasm in championing his doctrine even when he was an exile in Fujian province for more than ten years. / The study begins with an analysis of the Daxue (Great Learning) , the most important Neo-Confucian classic in late imperial times, which exists in a large number of versions since Northern Song times. I first analyze the most cited versions, identifying especially the differences between Zhu Xi's orthodox version and the so-called Old Text derived from the classic Record of Rites. The latter version gained ascendance from the late fifteenth century when Wang Yangming's school strongly advocated it. / This dissertation studies a well-known, but not yet well studied, statesman and philosopher of the sixteenth century, Li Cai, and his relationship to the building of philosophical schools in the world of Ming Confucianism. It hopes to throw lights on the study of Ming intellectual communities as well as on the general intellectual history of late imperial China. / To distinguish himself from both Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, Li Cai provided a new version of the Great Learning by rearranging the texts of the Old Text and Zhu Xi's version as well as the text in the Shijing daxue (Stone Classics Great Learning), which is a forgery but acclaimed by many scholars of the time. Li Cai formulated his own philosophical doctrine from this new version and summed it up with the term zhixiu, which stands for the word zhi and the word xiu, respectively, which in turn are abbreviations of the phrases zhi yu zhishan (abiding by the supreme good) and xiushen (cultivation of the person), phrases that denote key notions in the Great Learning. He theorized that zhi refers to the substance and xiu refers to the practice of his doctrine. In actuality, he takes zhi to mean focusing on nourishing the mind and xiu to mean self-examination and watchfulness in the cultivation of the self. / 劉勇. / Adviser: Chu Hung-Lam. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: 2187. / Thesis (doctoral)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 362-389). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / School code: 1307. / Liu Yong.

本研究提出「紐約當代藝術家經營模式」的研究架構，其後進行個案研究，觀察蔡國強與村上隆兩位國際級的當代藝術家的創作內涵與經營事蹟，使讀者與後續研究者能夠有系統地解讀其藝術事業的具體結構。 / This study first proposes the research framework of " Business Model of New York contemporary artists ", then does a case study on two world-class contemporary artists, Cai Guo Qiang and Takashi Murakami, and observe their creation and business in order that the readers and future researchers can interpret the concrete structure of their artistic business in a systematic manner.

Educators who teach international students English as a second language (ESL) or English speakers teaching English as a foreign language (EFL) in universities in non- English speaking countries in the Asia-Pacific region are often challenged to develop culturally appropriate curriculum for a diverse group of learners. Prompted by educational policy over the past two decades, the technological infrastructure in most universities throughout the world has advanced. Innovative tools for language learning have been developed for computer-assisted instruction. The purpose of the present study was to assess to what extent teachers use multimedia in EFL/ESL university classrooms in relation to the theoretical underpinnings of constructivism as well as Rogers' (1995) theory of diffusion of innovations and adopter categories. Further, the study aimed to ascertain what factors contribute to or discourage teachers' use of multimedia in tertiary level English language teaching classrooms. A mixed- method research design was used and both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. One hundred and seventy-nine English-language teachers from five universities in the Asia-Pacific region were interviewed and data were collected on their use of multimedia. Complex relationships were found among teacher-held educational and cultural values, teaching experience, formal computer professional learning, nationality, institution, region, age, gender, and collaboration with colleagues. Results showed that even with adequate access to hardware, software, technical support and computer professional learning, most teachers in the study made limited use of multimedia in the EFL/ESL classroom. As well, the results indicated that teachers in all three universities in Taiwan used multimedia in the EFL/ESL classroom less than teachers in Australia and in Thailand. Teachers who endorsed constructivist teaching methodologies tended to use multimedia more. Also, teachers with fewer than ten years teaching experience tended to use technology in teaching more. Data showed the use of integrated technology by teachers usually diminished as teachers got older. However, results showed that teachers who engaged in professional learning tended to use multimedia more regardless of age. Future directions in technology integration and recommendations for creating and sustaining a culture of technology at educational institutions are offered. Suggestions for professional development to encourage the integrated use of technology in English language teaching programs are outlined.

Virtual manipulatives are employed by both preservice and inservice teachers to enhance the instructional effectiveness of physical manipulatives and related tools by addressing limitations of access, cost, and adaptability. While research into the use of emerging technologies continues, there are several variables to consider when measuring the effects of virtual manipulative use. Research design, sampling characteristics, and the type of manipulative used may influence achievement. Variables that may influence the effectiveness of virtual manipulatives include: previous experience with computers, grade level, mathematical topic, treatment length, student attitudes toward mathematics, and computer-to-student ratio.

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