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Ce présent mémoire a pour objectif de décrire les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle (TIÉ) chez les enfants d’âge préscolaire (p. ex., manque d’empathie, faible sentiment de culpabilité). Parmi les études existant sur les TIÉ auprès des jeunes, la majorité porte sur les adolescents ou les enfants d’âge scolaire. Les connaissances concernant les TIÉ à l’âge préscolaire sont limitées. Afin de contrer cette limite, 15 familles ayant un enfant âgé de 4 ans (moyenne : 4,61 ans, écart-type : 0,23) ont été recrutées aux fins de la présente étude. La mise en œuvre de ce projet s’est réalisée selon une approche qualitative, plus précisément par des entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des parents et des éducatrices des enfants en milieu de garde ainsi que par l’observation des enfants dans leur milieu familial et leur milieu de garde. Quatre groupes d’enfants ont été créés selon leur degré de troubles du comportement (TC) (p. ex., agression physique) et de TIÉ : enfants ayant un degré élevé de TIÉ seulement (TIÉ+; n = 3), enfants ayant des TC et des TIÉ élevés (TC+/TIÉ+; n = 4), enfants ayant des TC élevés seulement (TC+; n = 2) ainsi que des enfants ayant des TC et des TIÉ à un degré moindre (TC-/TIÉ-; n = 6). Les résultats ont été regroupés selon cinq thèmes : remords et culpabilité, empathie, souci à l’égard de la performance, sphère affective et gestion des émotions, découlant des critères d’une spécification du trouble des conduites, inclus dans le DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) ainsi qu’un aspect supplémentaire, soit le comportement général de l’enfant. Nos résultats suggèrent que les enfants des groupes TIÉ+ et TC+/TIÉ+ semblent se distinguer des enfants des autres groupes sur la base de la notion de persévérance face à aux difficultés, issue du thème souci à l’égard de la performance. Un plus grand nombre de distinctions ont pu être observées chez les enfants du groupe TC+/TIÉ+, telles que des difficultés dans la sphère affective et gestion des émotions, le comportement général de l’enfant ainsi que selon le thème remords et culpabilité. De plus, ces enfants ne semblent pas modifier leurs comportements à la suite de méthodes disciplinaires à leur égard, et ce, principalement dans leur milieu familial. Les résultats d’études scientifiques et du présent projet soutiennent l’importance de renforcer les capacités parentales et du lien d’attachement ainsi que de promouvoir les habiletés sociales et les comportements prosociaux chez les enfants présentant des TIÉ. / The aim of this study is to describe callous-unemotional (CU) traits (e.g., lack of empathy or guilt) in preschool-age children. The majority of existing studies focus on teenagers and school-age children. In this study, we recruited 15 families with a four-year-old child (mean age: 4.61 years, standard deviation: 0.23) in an effort to improve knowledge on CU traits in younger children. A qualitative approach was used in implementing this project by conducting semi-structured interviews with the parents and educators of children in childcare. The children were also observed at home and in their childcare environment. The children were divided into four groups according to their levels of CU traits and conduct problems (CP) (e.g., physical aggression): children with high levels of both CP and CU traits (CP+/CU+; n = 4), children with high levels of CP only (CP+; n = 2), children with high levels of CU traits only (CU+; n = 3) and children with low levels of both CP and CU-traits (CP/CU-; n = 6). The data were analysed according to five themes, based on the DSM-V: remorse and guilt, empathy, low concern for performance, affective sphere and emotional regulation (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The child’s general behavior was also taken into account. The results of this study suggest that children from groups CU+ and CP+/CU+ differed from the other groups on the notion of perseverance to face difficulties resulting from the area of low concern for performance. Moreover, the CP+/CU+ group showed additional difficulties in the following areas: affective sphere, emotional regulation and child’s general behavior as well as remorse and guilt. Children from this group do not easily modify their behavior following disciplinary action, regardless of the methods employed, especially within their home environment. The results from previous studies and this project support the importance of reinforcing parental skills, attachment and the development of social skills and prosocial behaviour in children who exhibit CU traits.

The purpose of this thesis was to examine associations between parenting and child callous-unemotional (CU) behavior in a high-risk sample of children aged 2-9 years. First, a narrative review examined the construct of CU behavior, focusing specifically on definitions and measurement of the affective and interpersonal dimensions of psychopathy, and their applicability to youth. Second, a systematic review examined evidence from 30 studies that had investigated associations between dimensions of parenting and CU traits. Studies were classified as testing one of five different research questions. Third, five different empirical studies tested various research questions pertaining to associations between parenting and CU behavior. Data from mother-child dyads N = 731; 49% female) were collected from a multi-ethnic and high-risk sample, and included multi-method observed measures of parenting. Study 1 found that observed harsh and positive parenting predicted child CU behavior from ages 2-4, controlling for earlier child behavior and various demographic covariates. Study 2 employed a moderator design, and found that harsh and warm parenting were more strongly related to the conduct problems of children with high versus low levels of CU behavior. Study 3 tested cross-lagged simultaneous and reciprocal effects models, and found that parental warmth (observed and expressed by parents in speech samples) uniquely predicted child CU behavior versus conduct problems. Study 4 tested the factor structure of Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU; Frick, 2004), finding support for a three-Bifactor structure. Finally, Study 5 found that parent-child affective interactions at ages 2-3 predicted CU traits at age 9, over and above general behavior problems. Taken together, the results of this thesis suggest that CU features are more malleable than previously thought. In particular, aspects of parental affect and warm parenting behavior appear to be important key targets of investigation for future empirical and intervention studies.

Traços de insensibilidade (callous) e afetividade restrita (unemotional) estão associados à característica essencial de comportamento antissocial na infância e adolescência. O Inventory of callous-unemotional traits (ICU), traduzido como Inventário de traços de insensibilidade e afetividade restrita, é um instrumento de autorrelato, com 24 itens, que mensura esses traços. No entanto, o ICU ainda não foi adaptado para o português falado no Brasil. O presente estudo tem por objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural do ICU e verificar as evidências de validação psicométricas para adolescentes brasileiros. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira, de tradução, retradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e avaliação da clareza, da versão pré-final traduzida; e a segunda, a avaliação das evidências das seguintes propriedades psicométricas da versão final: validade de constructo, por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) e exploratória (AFE); consistência interna via confiabilidade intra e interavaliadores; e validade de convergência através da correlação com o Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades – versão criança (SDQ-C). A amostra foi composta por adolescentes, entre 10 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, matriculados em quatro escolas da rede pública de ensino fundamental. A AFC foi embasada em oito modelos de estrutura fatorial, conforme estudos prévios de validação do ICU. O instrumento foi aplicado novamente em 40 alunos sorteados, com intervalo de 15 dias, para verificar a confiabilidade intra-avaliadores (teste-reteste). A pesquisa foi aprovada em Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). Após as considerações do comitê de especialistas e a aprovação do autor do ICU, 40 alunos avaliaram a clareza da versão pré-final e os termos considerados de menor entendimento foram adequados, concluindo-se, então, a etapa de adaptação transcultural. A versão final do ICU foi aplicada em 1307 estudantes, sendo 673(51,5%) do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 12,7(DP=1,68) anos. Os modelos fatoriais com melhores ajustes foram: o bifatorial adaptado de dois fatores de Hawes et al. (2014), e o bifatorial de três fatores de Waller et al. (2015). Os resultados das cargas fatoriais após AFE foi aceitável para ambos os modelos, sendo a versão breve (ICU-B) com um fator geral de 12 itens e dois fatores definidos como: insensibilidade (callous – 7 itens) e indiferença (uncaring – 5 itens). A versão do ICU com 18 itens também permaneceu com um fator geral e os três fatores definidos como: insensibilidade (callous – 9 itens), indiferença (uncaring – 4 itens) e afetividade restrita (unemotional – 5 itens). A consistência interna intra-avaliadores foi satisfatória, com coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) >0,700, em ambos os modelos. A confiabiliadade interavaliadores foi considerada moderada, no fator geral, para o ICU com 12 itens (alfa Cronbach = 0,616) e o modelo ICU de 18 itens foi satisfatória (α= 0,700). Houve convergência do ICU com o SDQ-C, sendo as correlações significativas negativas (r >0,300) entre o domínio pró-social e correlação significativa positiva com o domínio conduta e hiperatividade. Após a realização da adaptação transcultural e a avaliação das evidências de validação psicométricas do ICU para adolescentes brasileiros, obteve-se dois modelos com bons ajustes: com 12 itens (ICU-B) e com 18 itens (ICU). O constructo, conforme foi determinado após as evidências de validação, poderá favorecer a detecção precoce de características psicopatológicas em adolescentes brasileiros e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas no tema. / Callous and unemotional traits are associated with the essential characteristics of antisocial behavior in infancy and adolescence. The Inventory of Callous-unemotional traits (ICU) is a self-report instrument, with 24 items that measure those traits. However, ICU has not being adapted for brazilian portuguese yet. The aim of this study is to perform cross-cultural adaptation of the ICU and verify the psychometric evidences for Brazilian adolescents. This study was divided in two stages: the first part in translation, backtranslation, consideration of the committee of experts and clarity evaluation, of the prefinal translated version. The second stage is evidence evaluations of the following psychometric propriety of the final version: construct validity throughout confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA); internal consistency via inter and intra-rater reliability; and convergence validation through the correlation with the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire– child version (SDQ-C). The sample was made up of teenagers between 10 and 17 years old, both sex, enrolled in four public primary schools. The CFA was based in eight factor structure models, according to previous studies of ICU validation. The instrument was applied again in 40 students randomly selected, with an interval of 15 days to verify intra-rater reliability (test-retest). The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). After the committee’s considerations and the approval of ICU’s author, 40 students evaluated the clarity of the pre-final version and adapted the terms that were less comprehensible, concluding then the cross-cultural adaptation step. The final version of ICU was applied in 1307 students, being 673(51,5%) male, with mean of 12,7(SD= 1,68) years old. The factorial models with best adjustments were bifactors adapted of two factors by Hawes et al. (2014), and bifactor of three factors by Waller et al. (2015). The factor loading results after EFA were acceptable for both models, being the brief version (ICU-B) with a general factor of 12 items and two factors defined as: callous (7 items) and uncaring (5 items). The ICU version with 18 items also remained with a general factor and three factors defined as: callous (9 items), uncaring (4 items) and unemotional (5 items). Intra-rater consistency was satisfactory, with intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) >0,700 in both models. Interrater reliability was considered moderated, in general factor, for the ICU with 12 items (alfa Cronbach = 0,616) and the ICU model of 18 items was satisfactory (α=0,700). There was convergence between ICU and SDQ-C, being the negative significant correlation (r >0,300) between pro-social dominance and positive significant correlation with conduct dominance and hyperactivity. After the ICU’s cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation evidences adapted for Brazilian adolescents, two models were obtained with good adjustments: ICU-B (12 items) and ICU (18 items). The construct as determined by validation evidences might help in earlier detection of psychopathologic characteristics in brazilian adolescents and contribute to the development of researches in this subject. / Rasgos de insensibilidad (callous) y afectividad restricta (unemotional) se asocian a la característica esencial del comportamiento antisocial en la niñez y adolescencia. El Inventory of callous-unemotional traits (ICU), traducido como inventario de trazos de insensibilidad y afectividad restricta, es un instrumento de auto-relato, con 24 ítems, que mensura estos trazos. Sin embargo, el ICU todavía no fue adaptado para el portugués hablado en Brasil. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo realizar la adaptación transcultural del ICU y verificar las evidencias de validación psicométricas para adolescentes brasileños. El estudio se divide en dos etapas: la primera, de traducción, re-traducción, evaluación por comité de expertos y evaluación de claridad, de la versión pre-final traducida; y la segunda, la evaluación de las evidencias de las siguientes propiedades psicométricas de la versión final: validad del constructo, por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y exploratorio (AFE); consistencia interna vía fiabilidad intra e inter-evaluadores; y validad de convergencia a través de la correlación con el cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades – versión para niños (SDQ-C). La muestra es compuesta por adolescentes, entre 10 a 17 años, de ambos los sexos, matriculados en cuatro escuelas públicas de enseñanza primaria. La AFC fue embazada en ocho modelos de estructura factorial, según estudios previos de evaluación del ICU. El instrumento se aplicó nuevamente en 40 alumnos sorteados, con intervalo de 15 días para verificar la fiabilidad intra-evaluadores (teste-reteste). La investigación fue aprobada en el Comité de Ética en Investigación (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). Después de las consideraciones del comité de expertos y la aprobación del autor del ICU, 40 alumnos evaluaron la claridad de la versión pre-final y se adecuaron los términos considerados de menor entendimiento, concluyendo, de esa forma, la etapa de la adaptación transcultural. La versión final del ICU se aplicó en 1307 estudiantes, siendo 673(51,5%) del sexo masculino, con edad media de 12,7(DP= 1,68) años. Los modelos factoriales con mejores ajustes fueron: el bi-factorial adaptado de dos factores de Hawes et al. (2014), y el bi-factorial de tres factores de Waller et al. (2015). Los resultados de las cargas factoriales tras el AFE fue aceptable para ambos los modelos, siendo la versión breve (ICU-B) con un factor general de 12 ítems y dos factores definidos como: insensibilidad (callous - 7 ítems) y indiferencia (uncaring - 5 ítems). La versión del ICU con 18 ítems también se quedó con un factor general y tres factores definidos como: insensibilidad (callous – 9 ítems), indiferencia (uncaring – 4 ítems) y afectividad restricta (unemotional – 5 ítems). La consistencia interna intra-evaluadores fue satisfactoria, con coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC) >0,700 en ambos modelos, la fiabilidad inter-evaluadores se consideró moderada, el factor general para el ICU con 12 ítems (alfa Cronbach =0,616) e o modelo ICU de 18 ítems fue satisfactoria (=0,700). Hubo convergencia del ICU con el SDQ-C, siendo las correlaciones significativas negativas (r>0,300) entre el dominio pro-social y correlación significativa positiva con el dominio conducta e hiperactividad. Después de la realización de la adaptación transcultural y la evaluación de las evidencias de validación psicométricas del ICU para adolescentes brasileños, se obtuvo dos modelos con buenos ajustes: con 12 ítems (ICU-B) y con 18 ítems (ICU). El constructo conforme determinado tras las evidencias de validación podrá favorecer la detección precoz de características psicopatológicas en adolescentes brasileños y contribuir para el desarrollo de investigaciones en el tema.

Empathy is a construct that plays a pivotal role in the development of interpersonal relationships, and thus ones ability to function socially and often professionally. The development of empathy in children is therefore of particular interest to allow for further understanding of normative and atypical developmental trajectories. This thesis investigated the assessment of affective empathy in children aged 5-12, through the development and comparison of a multimethod assessment approach. Furthermore this thesis evaluated the differential relationships between affective empathy and global behavioural problems in children versus the presence of early psychopathic traits, such as callous-unemotional traits. The first component of this study incorporated; a measure of facial expression of affective empathy, and self-reported experience of affective empathy, as measured by the newly designed Griffith Empathy Measure - Video Observation (GEM-VO) and the Griffith Empathy Measure - Self Report (GEM-SR); the Bryant's Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (1982) which is a traditional child self-report measure; and a newly designed parent-report of child affective empathy (Griffith Empathy Measure - Parent Report; GEM-PR). Using a normative community sample of 211 children from grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 (aged 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, & 11-12, respectively), the GEM-PR and the Bryant were found to have moderate to strong internal consistency. As a measure of concurrent validity, strong positive correlations were found between the mother and father reports (GEM-PR) of their child's affective empathy, for grades 5 and 7, and for girls of all age groups. Using a convenience sample of 31 parents and children aged 5 to 12, the GEM-PR and the Bryant demonstrated strong test-retest reliability. The reliability of the GEM-VO and the GEM-SR were assessed using a convenience sample of 20 children aged 5 to 12. These measures involve the assessment of children's facial and verbal responses to emotionally evocative videotape vignettes. Children were unobtrusively videotaped while they watched the vignettes and their facial expressions were coded. Children were then interviewed to determine the emotions they attributed to stimulus persons and to themselves whilst viewing the material. Adequate to strong test-retest reliability was found for both measures. Using 30% from the larger sample of 211 participants (N=60), the GEM-VO also demonstrated robust inter-rater reliability. This multimethod approach to assessing child affective empathy produced differing age and gender trends. Facial affect as reported by the GEM-VO decreased with age. Similarly, the matching of child facial emotion to the vignette protagonist's facial emotion was higher in the younger grades. These findings suggest that measures that assess the matching of facial affect (i.e., GEM-VO) may be more appropriate for younger age groups who have not yet learnt to conceal their facial expression of emotion. Data from the GEM-SR suggests that older children are more verbally expressive of negative emotions then younger children, with older girls found to be the most verbally expressive of feeling the same emotion as the vignette character; a role more complimentary of the female gender socialization pressures. These findings are also indicative of the increase in emotional vocabulary and self-awareness in older children, supporting the validity of child self-report measures (based on observational stimuli) with older children. In comparing data from the GEM-VO and GEM-SR, this study found that for negative emotions the consistency between facial emotions coded and emotions verbally reported increased with age. This consistency across gender and amongst the older age groups provides encouraging concurrent validity, suggesting the results of one measure could be inferred through the exclusive use of the alternate measurement approach. In contrast, affective empathy as measured by the two measures; the accurate matching of the participant and vignette character's facial expression (GEM-VO), and the accurate matching of the self reported and vignette character's emotion (GEM-SR); were not found to converge. This finding is consistent with prior research and questions the assumption that facially expressed and self-appraised indexes of affective empathy are different aspects of a complex unified process. When evaluating the convergence of all four measures of affective empathy, negative correlations were found between the Bryant and the GEM-PR, these two measures were also found to not converge with the GEM-VO and GEM-SR in a consistent and predictable way. These findings pose the question of whether different aspects of the complex phenomena of affective empathy are being assessed. Furthermore, the validity of the exclusive use of a child self report measure such as the Bryant, which is the standard assessment in the literature, is questioned. The possibility that callous-unemotional traits (CU; a unique subgroup identified in the child psychopathy literature) may account for the mixed findings throughout research regarding the assumption that deficiencies in empathy underlie conduct problems in children, was examined using regression analysis. Using the previous sample of 211 children aged 5-12, conduct problems (CP) were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1999), and the CU subscale was used from the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Caputo, Frick, & Brodsky, 1999). Affective empathy when measured by the GEM-PR and the Bryant showed differing patterns in the relationship between affective empathy, CU traits and CP. While the GEM-Father reported that neither age, CU traits nor CP accounted for affective empathy variance, the GEM-Mother report supported that affective empathy was no longer associated with CP once CU traits had been partialled out. In contrast, the Bryant reported for girls, that CU traits were not found to have an underlying correlational relationship. It can be argued from the GEM-Mother data only that it was the unmeasured variance of CU traits that was accounting for the relationship between CP and affective empathy found in the literature. Furthermore, the comparison of an altered CU subscale with all possible empathy items removed, suggests that the constructs of CU traits and affective empathy are not synonymous or overlapping in nature, but rather are two independent constructs. This multimethod approach highlights the complexity of this research area, exemplifying the significant influence of the source of the reports, and suggesting that affective empathy consists of multiple components that are assessed to differing degrees by the different measurement approaches.

Some children develop externalizing and internalizing behavior problems at an early age. Previous research has often treated these children as a homogeneous group, the purpose of this study is to show that this group of children is in fact heterogeneous. Data from theSOFIAstudy was used and preschool pedagogues were informants. The sample contained 2121 boys and girls between 3-5 years. Groups of children with the behavior problems and the risk factors AD/HD symptoms, fearlessness and callous-unemotional traits were created. What different constellations of the behavior problems and the risk factors are there, and what constellations of risk factors occur in the constellations of behavior problems? Preschool children with externalizing and internalizing problems is a very heterogeneous group since children with the same constellation of behavior problems have different constellations of risk factors, this also shows heterogeneity regarding the risk factors. / Vissa barn utvecklar tidigt externaliserade och internaliserade beteendeproblem. Tidigare forskning har ofta behandlat dessa barn som en homogen grupp, denna studies syfte är att påvisa att dessa barn istället är en heterogen grupp. Data ifrån SOFIA studien användes där förskolepedagoger var informanter. Urvalet var 2121 pojkar och flickor mellan 3-5 år. Grupper av barn med beteendeproblemen och riskfaktorerna AD/HD symptom, oräddhet och brist i empati - flackt känsloliv skapades. Vilka olika konstellationer av beteendeproblemen och riskfaktorerna finns, och vilka konstellationer av riskfaktorerna förekommer i konstellationerna av beteendeproblemen? Förskolebarn med externaliserade och internaliserade problem är en mycket heterogen grupp då barn med samma konstellationer av beteendeproblemen har olika konstellationer av riskfaktorer närvarande, detta påvisar också heterogenitet vad gäller riskfaktorerna.

Traços de insensibilidade (callous) e afetividade restrita (unemotional) estão associados à característica essencial de comportamento antissocial na infância e adolescência. O Inventory of callous-unemotional traits (ICU), traduzido como Inventário de traços de insensibilidade e afetividade restrita, é um instrumento de autorrelato, com 24 itens, que mensura esses traços. No entanto, o ICU ainda não foi adaptado para o português falado no Brasil. O presente estudo tem por objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural do ICU e verificar as evidências de validação psicométricas para adolescentes brasileiros. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira, de tradução, retradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e avaliação da clareza, da versão pré-final traduzida; e a segunda, a avaliação das evidências das seguintes propriedades psicométricas da versão final: validade de constructo, por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) e exploratória (AFE); consistência interna via confiabilidade intra e interavaliadores; e validade de convergência através da correlação com o Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades – versão criança (SDQ-C). A amostra foi composta por adolescentes, entre 10 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, matriculados em quatro escolas da rede pública de ensino fundamental. A AFC foi embasada em oito modelos de estrutura fatorial, conforme estudos prévios de validação do ICU. O instrumento foi aplicado novamente em 40 alunos sorteados, com intervalo de 15 dias, para verificar a confiabilidade intra-avaliadores (teste-reteste). A pesquisa foi aprovada em Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). Após as considerações do comitê de especialistas e a aprovação do autor do ICU, 40 alunos avaliaram a clareza da versão pré-final e os termos considerados de menor entendimento foram adequados, concluindo-se, então, a etapa de adaptação transcultural. A versão final do ICU foi aplicada em 1307 estudantes, sendo 673(51,5%) do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 12,7(DP=1,68) anos. Os modelos fatoriais com melhores ajustes foram: o bifatorial adaptado de dois fatores de Hawes et al. (2014), e o bifatorial de três fatores de Waller et al. (2015). Os resultados das cargas fatoriais após AFE foi aceitável para ambos os modelos, sendo a versão breve (ICU-B) com um fator geral de 12 itens e dois fatores definidos como: insensibilidade (callous – 7 itens) e indiferença (uncaring – 5 itens). A versão do ICU com 18 itens também permaneceu com um fator geral e os três fatores definidos como: insensibilidade (callous – 9 itens), indiferença (uncaring – 4 itens) e afetividade restrita (unemotional – 5 itens). A consistência interna intra-avaliadores foi satisfatória, com coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) >0,700, em ambos os modelos. A confiabiliadade interavaliadores foi considerada moderada, no fator geral, para o ICU com 12 itens (alfa Cronbach = 0,616) e o modelo ICU de 18 itens foi satisfatória (α= 0,700). Houve convergência do ICU com o SDQ-C, sendo as correlações significativas negativas (r >0,300) entre o domínio pró-social e correlação significativa positiva com o domínio conduta e hiperatividade. Após a realização da adaptação transcultural e a avaliação das evidências de validação psicométricas do ICU para adolescentes brasileiros, obteve-se dois modelos com bons ajustes: com 12 itens (ICU-B) e com 18 itens (ICU). O constructo, conforme foi determinado após as evidências de validação, poderá favorecer a detecção precoce de características psicopatológicas em adolescentes brasileiros e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas no tema. / Callous and unemotional traits are associated with the essential characteristics of antisocial behavior in infancy and adolescence. The Inventory of Callous-unemotional traits (ICU) is a self-report instrument, with 24 items that measure those traits. However, ICU has not being adapted for brazilian portuguese yet. The aim of this study is to perform cross-cultural adaptation of the ICU and verify the psychometric evidences for Brazilian adolescents. This study was divided in two stages: the first part in translation, backtranslation, consideration of the committee of experts and clarity evaluation, of the prefinal translated version. The second stage is evidence evaluations of the following psychometric propriety of the final version: construct validity throughout confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA); internal consistency via inter and intra-rater reliability; and convergence validation through the correlation with the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire– child version (SDQ-C). The sample was made up of teenagers between 10 and 17 years old, both sex, enrolled in four public primary schools. The CFA was based in eight factor structure models, according to previous studies of ICU validation. The instrument was applied again in 40 students randomly selected, with an interval of 15 days to verify intra-rater reliability (test-retest). The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). After the committee’s considerations and the approval of ICU’s author, 40 students evaluated the clarity of the pre-final version and adapted the terms that were less comprehensible, concluding then the cross-cultural adaptation step. The final version of ICU was applied in 1307 students, being 673(51,5%) male, with mean of 12,7(SD= 1,68) years old. The factorial models with best adjustments were bifactors adapted of two factors by Hawes et al. (2014), and bifactor of three factors by Waller et al. (2015). The factor loading results after EFA were acceptable for both models, being the brief version (ICU-B) with a general factor of 12 items and two factors defined as: callous (7 items) and uncaring (5 items). The ICU version with 18 items also remained with a general factor and three factors defined as: callous (9 items), uncaring (4 items) and unemotional (5 items). Intra-rater consistency was satisfactory, with intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) >0,700 in both models. Interrater reliability was considered moderated, in general factor, for the ICU with 12 items (alfa Cronbach = 0,616) and the ICU model of 18 items was satisfactory (α=0,700). There was convergence between ICU and SDQ-C, being the negative significant correlation (r >0,300) between pro-social dominance and positive significant correlation with conduct dominance and hyperactivity. After the ICU’s cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation evidences adapted for Brazilian adolescents, two models were obtained with good adjustments: ICU-B (12 items) and ICU (18 items). The construct as determined by validation evidences might help in earlier detection of psychopathologic characteristics in brazilian adolescents and contribute to the development of researches in this subject. / Rasgos de insensibilidad (callous) y afectividad restricta (unemotional) se asocian a la característica esencial del comportamiento antisocial en la niñez y adolescencia. El Inventory of callous-unemotional traits (ICU), traducido como inventario de trazos de insensibilidad y afectividad restricta, es un instrumento de auto-relato, con 24 ítems, que mensura estos trazos. Sin embargo, el ICU todavía no fue adaptado para el portugués hablado en Brasil. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo realizar la adaptación transcultural del ICU y verificar las evidencias de validación psicométricas para adolescentes brasileños. El estudio se divide en dos etapas: la primera, de traducción, re-traducción, evaluación por comité de expertos y evaluación de claridad, de la versión pre-final traducida; y la segunda, la evaluación de las evidencias de las siguientes propiedades psicométricas de la versión final: validad del constructo, por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y exploratorio (AFE); consistencia interna vía fiabilidad intra e inter-evaluadores; y validad de convergencia a través de la correlación con el cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades – versión para niños (SDQ-C). La muestra es compuesta por adolescentes, entre 10 a 17 años, de ambos los sexos, matriculados en cuatro escuelas públicas de enseñanza primaria. La AFC fue embazada en ocho modelos de estructura factorial, según estudios previos de evaluación del ICU. El instrumento se aplicó nuevamente en 40 alumnos sorteados, con intervalo de 15 días para verificar la fiabilidad intra-evaluadores (teste-reteste). La investigación fue aprobada en el Comité de Ética en Investigación (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). Después de las consideraciones del comité de expertos y la aprobación del autor del ICU, 40 alumnos evaluaron la claridad de la versión pre-final y se adecuaron los términos considerados de menor entendimiento, concluyendo, de esa forma, la etapa de la adaptación transcultural. La versión final del ICU se aplicó en 1307 estudiantes, siendo 673(51,5%) del sexo masculino, con edad media de 12,7(DP= 1,68) años. Los modelos factoriales con mejores ajustes fueron: el bi-factorial adaptado de dos factores de Hawes et al. (2014), y el bi-factorial de tres factores de Waller et al. (2015). Los resultados de las cargas factoriales tras el AFE fue aceptable para ambos los modelos, siendo la versión breve (ICU-B) con un factor general de 12 ítems y dos factores definidos como: insensibilidad (callous - 7 ítems) y indiferencia (uncaring - 5 ítems). La versión del ICU con 18 ítems también se quedó con un factor general y tres factores definidos como: insensibilidad (callous – 9 ítems), indiferencia (uncaring – 4 ítems) y afectividad restricta (unemotional – 5 ítems). La consistencia interna intra-evaluadores fue satisfactoria, con coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC) >0,700 en ambos modelos, la fiabilidad inter-evaluadores se consideró moderada, el factor general para el ICU con 12 ítems (alfa Cronbach =0,616) e o modelo ICU de 18 ítems fue satisfactoria (=0,700). Hubo convergencia del ICU con el SDQ-C, siendo las correlaciones significativas negativas (r>0,300) entre el dominio pro-social y correlación significativa positiva con el dominio conducta e hiperactividad. Después de la realización de la adaptación transcultural y la evaluación de las evidencias de validación psicométricas del ICU para adolescentes brasileños, se obtuvo dos modelos con buenos ajustes: con 12 ítems (ICU-B) y con 18 ítems (ICU). El constructo conforme determinado tras las evidencias de validación podrá favorecer la detección precoz de características psicopatológicas en adolescentes brasileños y contribuir para el desarrollo de investigaciones en el tema.

Traços de insensibilidade (callous) e afetividade restrita (unemotional) estão associados à característica essencial de comportamento antissocial na infância e adolescência. O Inventory of callous-unemotional traits (ICU), traduzido como Inventário de traços de insensibilidade e afetividade restrita, é um instrumento de autorrelato, com 24 itens, que mensura esses traços. No entanto, o ICU ainda não foi adaptado para o português falado no Brasil. O presente estudo tem por objetivo realizar a adaptação transcultural do ICU e verificar as evidências de validação psicométricas para adolescentes brasileiros. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira, de tradução, retradução, avaliação por comitê de especialistas e avaliação da clareza, da versão pré-final traduzida; e a segunda, a avaliação das evidências das seguintes propriedades psicométricas da versão final: validade de constructo, por meio da análise fatorial confirmatória (AFC) e exploratória (AFE); consistência interna via confiabilidade intra e interavaliadores; e validade de convergência através da correlação com o Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades – versão criança (SDQ-C). A amostra foi composta por adolescentes, entre 10 a 17 anos, de ambos os sexos, matriculados em quatro escolas da rede pública de ensino fundamental. A AFC foi embasada em oito modelos de estrutura fatorial, conforme estudos prévios de validação do ICU. O instrumento foi aplicado novamente em 40 alunos sorteados, com intervalo de 15 dias, para verificar a confiabilidade intra-avaliadores (teste-reteste). A pesquisa foi aprovada em Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). Após as considerações do comitê de especialistas e a aprovação do autor do ICU, 40 alunos avaliaram a clareza da versão pré-final e os termos considerados de menor entendimento foram adequados, concluindo-se, então, a etapa de adaptação transcultural. A versão final do ICU foi aplicada em 1307 estudantes, sendo 673(51,5%) do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 12,7(DP=1,68) anos. Os modelos fatoriais com melhores ajustes foram: o bifatorial adaptado de dois fatores de Hawes et al. (2014), e o bifatorial de três fatores de Waller et al. (2015). Os resultados das cargas fatoriais após AFE foi aceitável para ambos os modelos, sendo a versão breve (ICU-B) com um fator geral de 12 itens e dois fatores definidos como: insensibilidade (callous – 7 itens) e indiferença (uncaring – 5 itens). A versão do ICU com 18 itens também permaneceu com um fator geral e os três fatores definidos como: insensibilidade (callous – 9 itens), indiferença (uncaring – 4 itens) e afetividade restrita (unemotional – 5 itens). A consistência interna intra-avaliadores foi satisfatória, com coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) >0,700, em ambos os modelos. A confiabiliadade interavaliadores foi considerada moderada, no fator geral, para o ICU com 12 itens (alfa Cronbach = 0,616) e o modelo ICU de 18 itens foi satisfatória (α= 0,700). Houve convergência do ICU com o SDQ-C, sendo as correlações significativas negativas (r >0,300) entre o domínio pró-social e correlação significativa positiva com o domínio conduta e hiperatividade. Após a realização da adaptação transcultural e a avaliação das evidências de validação psicométricas do ICU para adolescentes brasileiros, obteve-se dois modelos com bons ajustes: com 12 itens (ICU-B) e com 18 itens (ICU). O constructo, conforme foi determinado após as evidências de validação, poderá favorecer a detecção precoce de características psicopatológicas em adolescentes brasileiros e contribuir para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas no tema. / Callous and unemotional traits are associated with the essential characteristics of antisocial behavior in infancy and adolescence. The Inventory of Callous-unemotional traits (ICU) is a self-report instrument, with 24 items that measure those traits. However, ICU has not being adapted for brazilian portuguese yet. The aim of this study is to perform cross-cultural adaptation of the ICU and verify the psychometric evidences for Brazilian adolescents. This study was divided in two stages: the first part in translation, backtranslation, consideration of the committee of experts and clarity evaluation, of the prefinal translated version. The second stage is evidence evaluations of the following psychometric propriety of the final version: construct validity throughout confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA); internal consistency via inter and intra-rater reliability; and convergence validation through the correlation with the Strengths and Difficulty Questionnaire– child version (SDQ-C). The sample was made up of teenagers between 10 and 17 years old, both sex, enrolled in four public primary schools. The CFA was based in eight factor structure models, according to previous studies of ICU validation. The instrument was applied again in 40 students randomly selected, with an interval of 15 days to verify intra-rater reliability (test-retest). The research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). After the committee’s considerations and the approval of ICU’s author, 40 students evaluated the clarity of the pre-final version and adapted the terms that were less comprehensible, concluding then the cross-cultural adaptation step. The final version of ICU was applied in 1307 students, being 673(51,5%) male, with mean of 12,7(SD= 1,68) years old. The factorial models with best adjustments were bifactors adapted of two factors by Hawes et al. (2014), and bifactor of three factors by Waller et al. (2015). The factor loading results after EFA were acceptable for both models, being the brief version (ICU-B) with a general factor of 12 items and two factors defined as: callous (7 items) and uncaring (5 items). The ICU version with 18 items also remained with a general factor and three factors defined as: callous (9 items), uncaring (4 items) and unemotional (5 items). Intra-rater consistency was satisfactory, with intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) >0,700 in both models. Interrater reliability was considered moderated, in general factor, for the ICU with 12 items (alfa Cronbach = 0,616) and the ICU model of 18 items was satisfactory (α=0,700). There was convergence between ICU and SDQ-C, being the negative significant correlation (r >0,300) between pro-social dominance and positive significant correlation with conduct dominance and hyperactivity. After the ICU’s cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation evidences adapted for Brazilian adolescents, two models were obtained with good adjustments: ICU-B (12 items) and ICU (18 items). The construct as determined by validation evidences might help in earlier detection of psychopathologic characteristics in brazilian adolescents and contribute to the development of researches in this subject. / Rasgos de insensibilidad (callous) y afectividad restricta (unemotional) se asocian a la característica esencial del comportamiento antisocial en la niñez y adolescencia. El Inventory of callous-unemotional traits (ICU), traducido como inventario de trazos de insensibilidad y afectividad restricta, es un instrumento de auto-relato, con 24 ítems, que mensura estos trazos. Sin embargo, el ICU todavía no fue adaptado para el portugués hablado en Brasil. El presente estudio tiene por objetivo realizar la adaptación transcultural del ICU y verificar las evidencias de validación psicométricas para adolescentes brasileños. El estudio se divide en dos etapas: la primera, de traducción, re-traducción, evaluación por comité de expertos y evaluación de claridad, de la versión pre-final traducida; y la segunda, la evaluación de las evidencias de las siguientes propiedades psicométricas de la versión final: validad del constructo, por medio del análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y exploratorio (AFE); consistencia interna vía fiabilidad intra e inter-evaluadores; y validad de convergencia a través de la correlación con el cuestionario de capacidades y dificultades – versión para niños (SDQ-C). La muestra es compuesta por adolescentes, entre 10 a 17 años, de ambos los sexos, matriculados en cuatro escuelas públicas de enseñanza primaria. La AFC fue embazada en ocho modelos de estructura factorial, según estudios previos de evaluación del ICU. El instrumento se aplicó nuevamente en 40 alumnos sorteados, con intervalo de 15 días para verificar la fiabilidad intra-evaluadores (teste-reteste). La investigación fue aprobada en el Comité de Ética en Investigación (CAEE nº 19651113.5.0000.5338). Después de las consideraciones del comité de expertos y la aprobación del autor del ICU, 40 alumnos evaluaron la claridad de la versión pre-final y se adecuaron los términos considerados de menor entendimiento, concluyendo, de esa forma, la etapa de la adaptación transcultural. La versión final del ICU se aplicó en 1307 estudiantes, siendo 673(51,5%) del sexo masculino, con edad media de 12,7(DP= 1,68) años. Los modelos factoriales con mejores ajustes fueron: el bi-factorial adaptado de dos factores de Hawes et al. (2014), y el bi-factorial de tres factores de Waller et al. (2015). Los resultados de las cargas factoriales tras el AFE fue aceptable para ambos los modelos, siendo la versión breve (ICU-B) con un factor general de 12 ítems y dos factores definidos como: insensibilidad (callous - 7 ítems) y indiferencia (uncaring - 5 ítems). La versión del ICU con 18 ítems también se quedó con un factor general y tres factores definidos como: insensibilidad (callous – 9 ítems), indiferencia (uncaring – 4 ítems) y afectividad restricta (unemotional – 5 ítems). La consistencia interna intra-evaluadores fue satisfactoria, con coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC) >0,700 en ambos modelos, la fiabilidad inter-evaluadores se consideró moderada, el factor general para el ICU con 12 ítems (alfa Cronbach =0,616) e o modelo ICU de 18 ítems fue satisfactoria (=0,700). Hubo convergencia del ICU con el SDQ-C, siendo las correlaciones significativas negativas (r>0,300) entre el dominio pro-social y correlación significativa positiva con el dominio conducta e hiperactividad. Después de la realización de la adaptación transcultural y la evaluación de las evidencias de validación psicométricas del ICU para adolescentes brasileños, se obtuvo dos modelos con buenos ajustes: con 12 ítems (ICU-B) y con 18 ítems (ICU). El constructo conforme determinado tras las evidencias de validación podrá favorecer la detección precoz de características psicopatológicas en adolescentes brasileños y contribuir para el desarrollo de investigaciones en el tema.

Les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle, tels le manque d’empathie, le manque de remords et l’affect superficiel, sont corrélés avec les troubles de comportement chez les jeunes. La recherche suggère que les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et les troubles de comportement sont influencés par des facteurs génétiques communs, et pourraient aussi être influencés, du moins en partie, par des facteurs environnementaux communs. Bien que travaux antérieurs suggèrent que les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle soient positivement (p. ex., hyperactivité) ou négativement (p. ex., anxiété) associés à d’autres symptômes de psychopathologie, les études portant sur les facteurs étiologiques communs aux traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et ces autres symptômes de psychopathologie sont plus limitées. Objectifs. Nous proposons d’examiner les associations étiologiques entre les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et 1) les troubles de comportement, 2) l’hyperactivité, et 3) l’anxiété, à l’aide d’un échantillon de jumeaux. Méthode. Les participants sont 204 paires complètes et 18 paires incomplètes de jumeaux de même sexe (n = 426; 42% filles; 43% MZ; âge = 15 ans) issus du Child and Adolescents Twin Study in Sweden, une étude longitudinale composée de jumeaux suédois. Des mesures auto-révélées ont été utilisées pour évaluer les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle, les troubles de comportement, l’hyperactivité et l’anxiété. Des modèles d’équations structurelles ont été estimés afin d’évaluer les contributions génétiques et environnementales des traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle ainsi que leur chevauchement étiologique avec les troubles de comportement, l’hyperactivité et l’anxiété. Résultats. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation génétique forte et positive entre les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et les troubles de comportement, mais aucune corrélation significative sur le plan des facteurs environnementaux. Nous avons trouvé une corrélation génétique modérée entre les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et l’hyperactivité. Nous avons également trouvé une corrélation génétique modeste et négative entre les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et l’anxiété. Conclusion. Ces résultats suggèrent l’existence de facteurs génétiques communs expliquant les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et les troubles de comportement, plus particulièrement, et dans une moindre mesure les traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle et l’hyperactivité. En outre, les résultats suggèrent que des facteurs génétiques contribuant à la présence de traits d’insensibilité émotionnelle contribueraient aussi à la diminution des symptômes d’anxiété. / Callous-unemotional (CU) traits, such as lack of empathy, lack of guilt and shallow affect, are associated with conduct problems in youth. Research suggests that CU traits and conduct problems share common genetic factors and, possibly environmental factors. Despite evidence for a behavioural association between CU traits and hyperactivity and between CU traits and low anxiety, the etiological associations between these pairs have been considerably less explored. Objectives. Using a twin model-fitting approach, we investigated the etiological associations between CU traits and 1) conduct problems, 2) hyperactivity and 3) anxiety. Method. Participants were 204 complete pairs and 18 incomplete pairs of same-sex twins (n = 426; 42% female; 43% MZ; age = 15) drawn from the Child and Adolescents Twin Study in Sweden, a longitudinal study of twins born in Sweden. CU traits, conduct problems, hyperactivity and anxiety were assessed through self-reports. Structural equation modeling was used to conduct model-fitting analyses. Results. We found a strong positive genetic correlation between CU traits and conduct problems but no significant environmental correlations. We found a moderate genetic correlation between CU traits and hyperactivity. We also found a modest but significant negative genetic correlation between CU traits and anxiety. Conclusion. These findings suggest that common genetic factors explain CU traits and conduct problems, more particularly, and to a lesser extent CU traits and hyperactivity. In addition, these findings suggest that some of the genetic factors contributing to CU traits may also contribute to decreasing levels of anxiety.

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