Orientador: Nashieli Rangel Loera / Resumo: Este trabalho é uma aproximação teórica e prática sobre um grupo de agricultores que saíram do Brasil em diversos momentos a partir de 1950, rumo ao leste do Paraguai, e que a partir de 1985 começam a retornar de forma organizada, são eles reconhecidos como brasiguaios. A pergunta que motivou esse trabalho foi a de pesquisar as razões de porque depois de tantas “idas e vindas”, inclusive desrespeitando as fronteiras nacionais, esse grupo lutou e segue lutando por uma identidade “camponesa” através da reforma agrária. Para isso a pesquisa buscou através de trabalho de campo as origens do termo junto aos primeiros retornados, hoje moradores do município de Novo Horizonte do Sul no Mato Grosso do Sul, e no acampamento “Antonio Irmão Brasiguaio”, em Itaquiraí – MS. Depois de uma discussão sobre a formação do campesinato na América Latina, no Brasil e na região estudada, o estudo buscou também reconstruir historicamente fatos que incentivaram o deslocamento do Brasil para o Paraguai, o histórico da estrutura agrária nos dois países e por fim o retorno e a inserção no processo de busca por reforma. A forma movimento e a forma acampamento servem para pensar desde o retorno a atualidade da questão, a linguagem utilizada para negociar com o Estado e a construção de uma identidade de projeto. A plasticidade do território é o resultado da movimentação dessas famílias no espaço. Buscamos relatos de diversos atores envolvidos nesse processo, que como em uma espiral seguem em curso, já qu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

The graduation theses were concered with analysis of management and marketing in specialization of tourism. The main aim was to propose certain improvement in managing process leading to improve the quality of production and to ensure competitive advantage.

In the Czech Republic the number of people interested in touring by water is continually increasing. That{\crq}s why the main object of this dissertation is to present both the benefits and the disadvantages of the river Ohře. We also want to match the Ohře with the Vltava, our most frequented river. There are three different possibilities how to navigate. They depend of physical ability and technical outfit and it can take three, five or seven days. Each option is specific for certain group of watermen to suit by its character and appeal everybody who is interested in it.

abstract: Time magazine called 1976 "the year of the evangelical" partly in response to the rapid political ascent of the previously little-known Georgia governor Jimmy Carter. A Sunday school teacher and deacon in his local church, Carter emphasized the important role of faith in his life in a way that no presidential candidate had done in recent memory. However, scholarly assessments of Carter's foreign policy have primarily focused on his management style or the bureaucratic politics in his administration. This study adds to the growing literature in American diplomatic history analyzing religion and foreign policy by focusing on how Carter's Christian beliefs and worldview shaped his policymaking and how his religious convictions affected his advisors. To better demonstrate this connection, this dissertation primarily discusses Carter's foreign policy vis-à-vis religious nationalist groups of the three Abrahamic faiths (Judaism, Christianity, Islam). By drawing on archival materials from the Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Carter's own voluminous writings, and memoirs of other administration officials, this dissertation argues that Carter's religious values factored into policymaking decisions, although sometimes in a subtle fashion due to his strong Baptist doctrinal commitment to the separation of church and state. Moreover, Carter's initial success in using his religious beliefs in the Camp David negotiations raised expectations among administration officials and others when crises arose, such as the hostage taking in Iran and the electoral threat of the Christian Right. Despite his success at Camp David, invoking religious values can complicate situations already fraught with sacred symbolism. Ultimately, this dissertation points to the benefits and limits of foreign policy shaped by a president with strong public religious convictions as well as the advantages and pitfalls of scholars examining the impact of religion on presidential decision making. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. History 2013

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao DAniella Ramos Martins.pdf: 914272 bytes, checksum: 038f97a7fcd95721aab346f4a3bd0587 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / The inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) increases intracellular levels of cyclic nucleotides 3 ': 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3 ': 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which has many physiological and biochemical effects, especially in cardiovascular system. The objective of this study was to analyze the pharmacological effects of a new compound derived from pyrazole, LQFM 021, which was indicated by molecular modeling studies as a possible inhibitor of PDE-3. For this purpose, aortas were isolated of rats and mounted in organ baths for isometric tension recording of the relaxing effect of LQFM 021, in preparations pre-contracted with phenylephrine. We analyzed the involvement of the vascular endothelium, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and adenylate cyclase (AC), the role of K+ channels and Ca2+, besides the contribution of Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As a result, was demonstrated that the LQFM 021 induces vascular relaxation (Emax: 54.9 ± 6.0%), being this relaxation potentiated by endothelium (Emax: 88.1 ± 2.1%). The inhibition of AC with MDL-12.330A (10 μM) or of the sGC with ODQ (1 μM) reduced the relaxation of 88.1 ± 2.1%, to 48.35 ± 3.01% and 19.95 ± 2.32%, respectively. The pre-contraction with KCl 45 mM or treatment of preparations with TEA (5 mM), reduced almost completely the relaxing effect of the compound. Inhibition of Ca2+ / ATPase reticular with CPA (10 mM) reduced the relaxation stimulated by 021 LQFM approximately 66.5%. Concentration-response curve contractile induced by phenylephrine (0.1 nM to 1 μM) or by CaCl2 (0-3 mM, zero-calcium + phenylephrine) were reduced by pretreatment of preparations with LQFM 021 (EC50). In conclusion, this study showed that the new synthetic derivative of pyrazole LQFM 021 is a potential inhibitor of PDE-3 and has vasorelaxant activity. The endothelium potentiates the relaxation stimulated by the compound. The route of sGC and AC are involved in the mechanism of action of LQFM 021. Was also evidenced by participation from sarcoplasmatic reticulum, well as the flow of K+ and Ca2+ through the cell membrane. / A inibição das fosfodiesterases (PDEs) aumenta os níveis intracelulares de nucleotídeos cíclicos 3' : 5'-monofosfato cíclico de adenosina (AMPc) e 3' : 5'-monofosfato cíclico de guanosina (GMPc), os quais tem muitos efeitos fisiológicos e bioquímicos, sobretudo no sistema cardiovascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos farmacológicos de um novo composto derivado do pirazol, LQFM 021, o qual foi apontado por estudos de modelagem molecular como possível inibidor de PDE-3. Para tanto, artérias aortas de ratos foram isoladas e montadas em banhos de órgão para registro da tensão isométrica do efeito relaxante do LQFM 021, em preparações pré-contraídas com fenilefrina. Foi analisada a participação do endotélio vascular, da guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs) e da adenilato ciclase (AC), o papel dos canais de K+ e de Ca2+, além da contribuição da captação de Ca2+ pelo retículo sarcoplasmático. Como resultado, foi demonstrado que o LQFM 021 induz relaxamento vascular (Emax: 54.9 ± 6.0%), sendo este relaxamento potencializado pelo endotélio (Emax:88.1 ± 2.1%). A inibição da AC com MDL-12.330A (10 μM) ou da GCs com ODQ (1 μM), reduziram o relaxamento de 88,1 ± 2,1%, para 48,35 ± 3,01% e 19,95 ± 2,32%, respectivamente. A pré-contração com KCl 45 mM ou o tratamento das preparações com TEA (5 mM), reduziram quase que por completo o efeito relaxante do composto. A inibição da Ca2+/ATPase reticular com CPA (10 μM), reduziu o relaxamento estimulado pelo LQFM 021 em aproximadamente 66,5%. Curva concentração-resposta contrátil induzida pela fenilefrina (0,1 nM a 1 μM) ou pelo CaCl2 (0 a 3 mM, em meio zero-cálcio + fenilefrina) foram reduzidas pelo pré-tratamento das preparações com LQFM 021 (EC50). Em conclusão, este estudo mostrou que o novo derivado sintético de pirazol LQFM 021 é um possível inibidor de PDE-3 e possui atividade vasorelaxante. O endotélio participa e potencializa o relaxamento estimulado pelo composto. A via da GCs e AC estão envolvidas no mecanismo de ação do LQFM 021. Também foi evidenciada a participação do retículo sarcoplasmático, bem como o fluxo de K+ e de Ca2+ através da membrana celular.

A maturação in vitro do oócito é um dos fatores limitantes na produção in vitro de embriões. In vivo, esta maturação é um processo altamente orquestrado no qual a meiose é retomada pela onda de gonadotrofina que antecede a ovulação e que induz à queda dos níveis de AMPc no oócito. No entanto, os oócitos aspirados ao serem retirados dos folículos ovarianos retomam espontaneamente a maturação comprometendo a competência de seu desenvolvimento. O AMPc é sintetizado pela adenilato ciclase (AC) e degradado pelas fosfodiesterases (PDE), existindo algumas relacionadas à degradação do AMPc e outras do GMPc. Sendo assim, a proposição deste trabalho foi averiguar a contribuição de diferentes isoformas de fosfodiesterases na retomada da meiose e nos níveis de GMPc, AMPc e ainda, determinar quando há manutenção de AMPc em níveis elevados observando sua influência na competência oocitária e ativação da MAPK. Para isso, os complexos cumulus-oócito (CCOs) foram maturados in vitro na ausência, presença ou associação de inibidores de PDEs-AMPc e GMPc específicas e FSHr. As amostras foram avaliadas em relação a: 1) taxa de maturação; 2) níveis intracelulares de AMPc e GMPc nos CCOs; 3) taxa de desenvolvimento de blastocistos ; 4) ativação da MAPK em oócitos e células do cumulus. Os resultados obtidos no primeiro experimento indiaram que o inibidor da PDE3 foi o mais eficaz (p<0,05) em atrasar a retomada da meiose, às nove horas de maturação, porém, isolado ou em associação com o inibidor da PDE8, não foi capaz de alterar (p>0,05) os níveis de AMPc. No experimento dois, o inibidor da PDE5 isolado não influenciou a retomada da meiose (p>0,05), porém, quando associado aos inibidores da PDE3 e 8 houve atraso na retomada (p<0,05) e ainda alteraram os níveis de GMPc e AMPc (p<0,05) nas primeiras horas de maturação. O experimento três mostrou a influencia do FSHr durante a MIV, o qual estimulou a retomada da meiose, mas em associação com inibidores da PDE5 e 8 atrasa a retomada (p<0,05). Além disso, o FSHr provoca aumento do nível de AMPc e sua associação com inibidores de PDE5 e PDE8 ocasionou elevação adicional (p<0,05). As condições de cultivo estudadas no experimento quatro mostraram que a maturação induzida (pré-MIV de duas horas com agentes para elevar AMPc seguindo de 22 horas de MIV com FSH associado a inibidores de PDEs) atrasaram a retomada da meiose às nove horas de maturação, mas não afetaram progressão da meiose às 24, 28 e 30 horas. Os tratamentos, porém, não melhoraram a competência oocitária após a fertilização in vitro e ocasionaram pequenas variações na ativação da MAPK em oócitos e células do cumulus. / In vitro maturation of oocytes is a limiting factor in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. In vivo, this maturation is a highly orchestrated process in which meiosis resumption by the gonadotropin surge that precedes ovulation induces the decrease in cAMP levels in the oocyte. However, when oocytes are removed from follicles, they spontaneously resume maturation compromising the competence for its development. cAMP is synthesized by adenylyl cyclase (AC) and degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDE), and there are some PDEs related to degradation of cAMP and/or cGMP. Thus, the purpose of this work was to investigate the contribution of different isoforms of phosphodiesterases in the resumption of meiosis and levels of cAMP and, also, to determine differences in signaling pathways when maintaining high levels of cAMP and its influence on oocyte competence. For this purpose, cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were matured in vitro in the presence, absence or combination of inhibitors of cAMP- and cGMP-specific PDEs and FSH. Samples be were evaluated in relation to: 1) maturation rate, 2) intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP in COCs, 3) rate of blastocyst development and 4) activation of MAPK in oocytes and cumulus cells. The results of the first experiment showed that the PDE3 inhibitor is more effective (p <0.05) in delaying meiosis resumption, at nine hours of maturation, but was not capable of altering cAMP levels (p> 0.05) either alone or in combination with the PDE8 inhibitor. In experiment two, the PDE5 inhibitor alone did not affect the meiosis resumption (p> 0.05), however, when associated with PDE3 and PDE8 inhibitors it delayed their resumption (p <0.05) and also altered cGMP and cAMP levels of (p <0.05) in the early hours of maturation. The third experiments showed the influence of FSHr during IVM, which stimulated the resumption of meiosis, but in combination with PDE5 and PDE8 inhibitors meiosis was delayed (p <0.05). Furthermore, FSHr causes increased levels of cAMP and its association with PDE5 and PDE8 inhibitors caused an additional increase (p <0.05). Culture conditions studied in experiment four showed that induced maturation (pre-IVM for two hours with agents to elevate cAMP followed by 22 hours IVM with FSH associated with PDE inhibitors) delayed the resumption of meiotic maturation at nine hours, but has no effect on meiosis progression at 24, 28 and 30 hours. The treatments, however, did not improve oocyte competence after in vitro fertilization and caused minor variations in the activation of MAPK in oocytes and cumulus cells.

After the onset of the Syrian civil conflict, over one million refugees and asylum seekers landed on Greece’s shores, and were met with chaotic asylum processing, uncoordinated non-governmental organizations, and generally debilitating discordance among all actors responsible for service provisions. (UNHCR, n.d.) Despite a long history of an obligation to burden sharing, the European Union failed to implement cross-regional policies to support Greece. And despite building policies to expedite immigration processing, the SYRIZA-led government in Greece failed to implement substantive improvement to the migratory pathway. Finally, this mismanagement is fatal, and has resulted in migrant isolation, entrapment, and in the worse cases, death. This research seeks to identify the causes of the persistence of this painful mismanagement of the humanitarian crisis, especially within camps, in Greece. To answer this question, this research will look at two common explanations for the mismanagement of camps: those that blame the Greek federal government and those that blame the European Union. Ultimately, however, this research will argue that it is the relationship between both the Greek state and the EU, marked by tension and discordance, which makes the problem of mismanagement of the crisis so persistent.

Prostate cancer is the leading male cancer form i Sweden and maybe worldwide as well. Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin following the exposure to sunlight. Researcers have long been aware of the positive effect that vitamin D3 has on prostate tumour growth. 1,25(OH)2D3 have for a long time been the target of these studies and have shown good results. The steroid hormone induces cAMP accumulation and activiates the cAMP dependent protein kinaseA (PKA). PKA is then able to activate a transcription regulating protein. 1,25(OH)2D3 is known to cause LNCaP cells to accumulate in the G1 phase ofthe cell cycle. It has also been shown that 1,25(OH)2D3 is under negativefeedback control via 24-hydroxylase. In this study, PKA activity was observed by transfecting LNCaP cells with a viral vector carrying firefly and Renillaluciferase genes. The successfully transfected LNCaP cells would then express luciferase as a response to PKA gene expression. The LNCaP cells were then treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 and GDP-β-S (100μM), a G-protein coupled receptorinhibitor, in order to examine if 1,25(OH)2D3 regulate PKA dependent gene expression through a G-protein coupled receptor. The study could show that 1,25(OH)2D3 regulate gene expression in LNCaP cells through a PKAdependent pathway. Furthermore, the PKA dependent gene expression was demonstrated to be independent of G-protein coupled recpetor activation.

PURPOSE. Na, K-ATPase activity in lens epithelium is subject to control by Src family tyrosine kinases (SFKs). Previously we showed hyposmotic solution causes an SFK-dependent increase in Na, K-ATPase activity in the epithelium. Here we explored the role of cAMP in the signaling mechanism responsible for the SFK and Na, K-ATPase response. METHODS. Intact porcine lenses were exposed to hyposmotic Krebs solution (200 mOsm) then the epithelium was assayed for cAMP, SFK phosphorylation (activation) or Na, K-ATPase activity. RESULTS. An increase of cAMP was observed in the epithelium of lenses exposed to hyposmotic solution. In lenses exposed to hyposmotic solution SFK phosphorylation in the epithelium approximately doubled as did Na, K-ATPase activity and both responses were prevented by H89, a protein kinase A inhibitor. The magnitude of the SFK response to hyposmotic solution was reduced by a TRPV4 antagonist HC067047 added to prevent TRPV4-mediated calcium entry, and by a cytoplasmic Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM. The Na, K-ATPase activity response in the epithelium of lenses exposed to hyposmotic solution was abolished by BAPTA-AM. As a direct test of cAMP-dependent SFK activation, intact lenses were exposed to 8-pCPT-cAMP, a cell-permeable cAMP analog. 8-pCPT-cAMP caused robust SFK activation. Using Western blot, two calcium-activated adenylyl cyclases, ADCY3 and ADCY8, were detected in lens epithelium. CONCLUSIONS. Calcium-activated adenylyl cyclases are expressed in the lens epithelium and SFK activation is linked to a rise of cAMP that occurs upon hyposmotic challenge. The findings point to cAMP as a link between TRPV4 channel-mediated calcium entry, SFK activation, and a subsequent increase of Na, K-ATPase activity.

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