Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar e reconstruir os fundamentos da Teoria da Tributação e do Direito Tributário que regem a incidência do Imposto de Renda sobre operações conduzidas nos mercados financeiro e de capitais. Examinam-se, num primeiro momento, os preceitos norteadores da eqüidade, eficiência (nos seus dois vieses de neutralidade e desenvolvimento), simplicidade e conveniência, verificando-se em que medida o ordenamento jurídico-tributário posto está em consonância com a Teoria da Tributação. Na seara da Teoria da Tributação, destaque é dado ao trade-off (ou dilema) entre eficiência e eqüidade relativo à tributação da renda auferida nos mercados. Em momento subseqüente, analisam-se as regras constitucionais e complementares que moldam a incidência do Imposto de Renda e a maneira pela qual princípios e mandamentos constitucionais, concernentes à seara tributária ou não, atuam em relação à tributação da renda obtida nos mercados financeiro e de capitais. Nessa toada, papel de relevo possui a relação conflituosa existente entre o mandamento da tributação conforme a capacidade contributiva e a possibilidade de instituição de normas tributárias indutoras visando a objetivos extrafiscais. / This paper aims at analyzing and reconstructing the fundamentals of the Taxation Theory and of the Tax Law that guide the assessment of the Income Tax on transactions carried out within the financial and capital markets. At a first moment, we examine the guiding precepts of equity, efficiency (in its two aspects of neutrality and development), simplicity and convenience, then verifying in what measure the legislation in force is adequate in light of the Taxation Theory. In the field of the Taxation Theory, we highlight the trade-off between efficiency and equity in relation to the taxation of the income obtained in the markets. Afterwards, we analyze the constitutional and complementary rules that shape the assessment of the Income Tax and the manner by which tax and non-tax constitutional principles and guidelines act as regards the taxation of the income obtained within the financial and capital markets. In this sense, a paramount role shall be attributed to the conflictive relation between the ability-to-pay rule and the possibility of enacting tax norms aiming at non-fiscal purposes.

Submitted by DANY Rogers (danyrogers@pontal.ufu.br) on 2012-11-13T17:38:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_VersãoFinal.pdf: 995043 bytes, checksum: b0f42b67aa58d63a0d387fff6aff0867 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2012-11-13T18:12:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_VersãoFinal.pdf: 995043 bytes, checksum: b0f42b67aa58d63a0d387fff6aff0867 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-11-13T18:14:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_VersãoFinal.pdf: 995043 bytes, checksum: b0f42b67aa58d63a0d387fff6aff0867 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-19 / A credit rating of low (or high) risk enables a reduction (or increase) the spread paid by the issuer at the time of issuance of credit, as well as in capturing financing and bank lendings. So, the rating appears as a relevant aspect in the decisions of the capital structure of a company, mostly for the possibility of influencing on their levels of debt. However, despite the importance given by the market players and the existence of empirical evidence of the effect of the rating about the capital structure of a company, the few existing studies on the associations between trends of reclassifications of credit ratings and decisions on structure of capital of a firm does not has approached the Latin American markets. In markets of Latin America are not common studies showing that companies internally evaluate the imminence of a reclassification about their rating and, from this, alter the composition of the capital structure so as to avoid causing a downgrade, or even to stimulate the occurrence of an upgrade, in their credit risk classification. Accordingly, the purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of trends in the credit rating reclassifications about decisions structure of capital of listed companies in Latin America. To verify the existence of this association were applied data belonging to all non-financial listed companies in Latin America, possessors of ratings issued by the three major international rating agencies (i.e. Stardand & Poor´s, Moody´s and Fitch) in January 2010. In this way, took part in the research all listed companies in six different Latin American countries, in the period 2001-2010. The main empirical results suggest that: (i) reclassifications of credit ratings have no informational content for the decisions of the capital structure of listed companies in Latin America, in other words, no association was observed between trends of reclassifications credit rating and decisions about the composition of the capital structure of listed companies in Latin America; (ii) between companies considered in the survey, those that were in worst levels of risk and the imminent reclassification of credit rating, tended to use more debt than other companies analyzed in this research. / Um rating de crédito de baixo (ou alto) risco possibilita uma redução (ou elevação) do spread pago pelo emissor na ocasião da emissão de títulos de crédito, bem como na captação de financiamentos e empréstimos bancários. Assim, o rating apresenta-se como um aspecto relevante nas decisões de estrutura de capitais de uma empresa, sobretudo pela possibilidade de influenciar nos seus níveis de dívidas. Todavia, apesar da importância atribuída pelos agentes de mercado e a existência de indícios empíricos do efeito do rating sobre a estrutura de capitais de uma empresa, os poucos estudos já realizados acerca das associações entre as tendências de reclassificações dos ratings de crédito e as decisões de estrutura de capitais de uma firma não têm abordado os mercados latino-americanos. Não são comuns nos mercados da América Latina estudos analisando se as empresas avaliam internamente a iminência de uma reclassificação do seu rating e, a partir disso, alteram a sua composição de estrutura de capitais de modo a evitar que ocorra um downgrade, ou mesmo para estimular a ocorrência de um upgrade, em sua classificação de risco de crédito. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar o impacto das tendências de reclassificações do rating de crédito sobre as decisões de estrutura de capitais de empresas listadas da América Latina. Para verificar a existência dessa associação foram empregados dados pertencentes a todas as empresas não-financeiras listadas da América Latina, possuidoras de ratings emitidos pelas três principais agências de ratings internacionais (i.e. Stardand & Poor´s, Moody´s e Fitch) em janeiro de 2010. Desse modo, fizeram parte da pesquisa todas as empresas listadas em seis diferentes países latino-americanos, no período 2001-2010. Os principais resultados empíricos obtidos sugerem que: (i) as reclassificações dos ratings de crédito não possuem conteúdo informacional para as decisões de estrutura de capitais das empresas listadas da América Latina, ou seja, não foi observada associação entre as tendências de reclassificações do ratings de crédito e as decisões sobre composição das estruturas de capitais das empresas listadas da América Latina; (ii) entre as empresas consideradas na pesquisa, aquelas que se encontravam em níveis piores de riscos e na iminência de reclassificações do rating de crédito, tenderam a utilizar mais dívidas do que as outras empresas analisadas na pesquisa.

Submitted by João Batista Fraga (fragab@gmail.com) on 2013-04-15T00:50:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 versao final joao batista fraga.pdf: 2079339 bytes, checksum: 7700dcba3cd9fd143c2d2d505ce0f367 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-04-15T13:07:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 versao final joao batista fraga.pdf: 2079339 bytes, checksum: 7700dcba3cd9fd143c2d2d505ce0f367 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-15T13:10:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 versao final joao batista fraga.pdf: 2079339 bytes, checksum: 7700dcba3cd9fd143c2d2d505ce0f367 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-25 / This study investigates the activity of stock lending in Brazil and its connection with short selling. It describes the organization of the market, identifies factors that determine the level of short interest and analyzes the effects on the efficiency of the stock prices. It finds that short-sellers act as contrarians and that the activity is directly related to the trading volume and inversely related to the daily price range. Periods of lock up and stabilization, these after the IPOs, and periods prior to seasoned offers also influence the level of open interest, as well as tax arbitrage that occurs at the time of payment of interest on equity by companies and have disruptive effect on stock prices. Short-sellers position themselves to earn excess returns and prefer stocks with higher betas. It is also shown that the addition of long-short positions to existing investment portfolio would increase returns and reduce market risk. When it comes to market efficiency, the study shows that the prices of stocks with high levels of short interest react more quickly to market movements than those with lower level. The study also contributes with specific recommendations for changes in the regulation and in the operational organization of the activity in Brazil. / Este trabalho investiga a atividade de empréstimo de ações no Brasil e sua conexão com operações de venda a descoberto em bolsa de valores. Descreve a organização do mercado, identifica fatores que determinam o nível de empréstimos e analisa os efeitos na eficiência da formação de preços das ações. Conclui que os vendedores atuam como contrários e que a atividade tem relação direta com o volume de negociação e inversa com a amplitude diária dos preços. Períodos de lock up e estabilização, esses após os IPOs, e o que antecede às ofertas subsequentes também influenciam o saldo de empréstimos, assim como a arbitragem tributária na distribuição, pelas empresas, de juros sobre capital próprio que tem efeito disruptivo sobre os preços das ações. Investidores a descoberto posicionam-se de modo a auferir excesso de retornos negativos e preferem ações com betas mais elevados. Os resultados também demonstram que o acréscimo de posições long-short a portfólio de investimento já existente aumentaria o retorno e reduziria o risco de mercado. Sobre a eficiência do mercado brasileiro, o estudo mostra que os preços das ações com saldos elevados de empréstimos ajustam-se com mais rapidez aos movimentos do mercado do que aquelas com menor saldo. O trabalho contribui, ainda, com recomendações pontuais para alterações da regulação e da organização operacional da atividade no País.

No description available.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

This graduation thesis is exploring using of Information and Communication Technologies in the course of analysis of capital markets. The basic financial theory is described at the begging of the thesis. After this we investigate information dilemmas. Expansion of information science allowed modern stock exchanges to change their traditional trading model to electronically trading model, which is much cheaper and faster. Stock exchange trading systems, clearing centers, depositors of securities and trading platforms are described in this thesis. These technologies allow us to automate a process of trading. Nowadays the modern stock exchange is a provider of high-quality IT services. In addition, IT offers a number of tools for analysis of capital markets. These tools are applications for technical and fundamental analyses. Stock screeners allowed us to filter a big set of securities. It is the most usable analysis technology. In the last section of the thesis the technical stock screener which allowed identifying market opportunities was created. We used Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 and C# the programming language. We found a volume indicator which allowed us to achieve above-average gain 5% during the analysis of the big set of market data.

From the United Kingdom's Brexit on June 23, 2016, to the formal Brexit on January 30, 2020, there has been a large amount of academic literature discussing the possible effects of Brexit. Among them, the literature on the impact of Brexit on tax policy reforms and capital markets in EU countries is too numerous to enumerate. However, the current research literature lacks a discussion of Central and Eastern European countries, and there is even less research on the link between capital markets and tax policy reforms. This article assumes that the impact of Brexit on the capital markets of CEE countries will cause the government to turn to tax increases to increase fiscal revenue. Three hypotheses are proposed under this assumption. In addition, the empirical research in this article uses the combination of the Poisson model and the Heckman selection model to conduct regression research on the overall taxation of CEE countries, changes in direct and indirect taxation tax policies and bond interest rates, government changes, and political parties left or right. It is concluded that Brexit has no significant impact on the capital markets of CEE countries, and has not caused enough shocks that the government will turn to the government to increase revenue by issuing more tax increases. And Brexit...

No description available.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to examine the evolution of corporate leverage of companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) from 1994 to 2016. Analysis of the data set is organized around a sample of 126 listed companies across twelve sub-sector industries, namely, Banks, Financial Services, Life Insurance, Fixed Line Telecommunications, Nonlife Insurance, Health Care Equipment and Services, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology, Media, Technology Hardware and Equipment, Software and Computer Services, Electronic and Electrical Equipment and Support Services. 621 delisted companies were also briefly analysed to eliminate survivorship bias. Results of multiple regressions using two primary leverage measures and six commonly used determinants of capital structure were varied. Tangibility and growth were negatively related to debt while cost of debt was positively related to debt. Firm size, profitability and corporate tax rate yielded a varied relationship with corporate leverage. Only the growth capital structure determinant showed statistical significance. The overall findings indicate a rise in corporate leverage that coincides in tandem with major local and international economic events.

This dissertation concentrates on the interplay between politics and financial markets using various empirical tools applied on historical financial statistics. The first essay examines the effect of stock transaction taxation on trading activity and asset prices, specifically focusing on the case of early 20th century Sweden. The main finding is that the tax substantially reduced trading as well as the level of asset prices. In the second essay, modern ex post historical writing is contrasted with the ex ante views of contemporaries which are estimated from historical price data. The specific case study is the events around World War II related to the Nordic countries and Germany. The comparisons point out considerable differences between the assessments of historical events in the ex post and ex ante approaches. The third essay is an empirical study of price controls on asset price movements and how these controls affect asset returns. The study finds that the controls have large significant effects which even may influence estimates of the long-run equity premium. Altogether, this raises concerns about the use of century-long series of asset returns without correcting for the impact of institutional variation and market constraints. Finally, the fourth essay examines the growth effects of international financial liberalization and integration using a large country- industry sample from the 1980s. The main result is that industries highly dependent on external financing do not experience higher value added growth in countries with liberalized financial markets. Liberalization does, however, increase the growth rates of both output and firm creation among externally dependent industries. These results are consistent both with increased competition and increased outsourcing. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2003</p>