This thesis aims at investigating the challenges and barriers of reducing car dependency culture to achieve urban sustainability in Egypt. This is operationalised by identifying different policy options and theoretically examining a nested-case study empirically. A more important purpose behind this academic enterprise was to find more robust and nuanced explanations of the constant failure of the transport planning system in Egyptian cities. The adoption of a cultural-oriented analytical framework to examine decision-making processes demonstrated a way forward in the re-evaluation of current transport policy directions in Egypt. The research applies qualitative methods to a nested case study in Alexandria through the Sustainable Urban Transport Project, 2032. The rigorous data-collection methods included extensive documentary analysis, elite interviews, semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations. The results obtained from applying these unconventional methods of social and political sciences in transport planning studies show the richness of these research methods in providing comprehensive explanations. This research illustrates the value of placing policy and transport-planning-related studies into the centre of different research positions. The main contributions of this research are grounded on a number of key research findings. First, the development of a cultural-oriented analytical framework based on the central thesis of polyrationality. Second, the research pioneers the approach of identifying the relevant stakeholders and contexts in transport decision-making processes in Egypt which serves as a basis for other future transport-related research for Egypt. This research builds the foundation for conducting multidisciplinary research for transport planning studies. The final contribution of this research suggests the need for mediators or policy analysts who have relevant education and knowledge in the transport planning sector to influence the decision-making processes.

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Car dependency which corresponds to excessive and inappropriate usage of the car itself is becoming a major problem all around the world. It shapes urban areas in such a way that the overall urban form as well as individual activities all develop to accommodate cars. However, introducing nonmotorized modes is seen as a remedy to overcome the car dependency. It offers a chance for retrieving healthy urban environments and healthy social lives and also for revitalizing/enhancing public spaces in cities. This means increasing the quality and quantity of pedestrian areas which have been receiving increasing emphasis all around the world. In this thesis, it is intended to show that pedestrianization can be, and should be, a valid transport policy in growing metropolitan areas that are becoming more and more car-oriented, such as Ankara. As a case study, this study assesses potentials and possibilities for creating a pedestrian environment in Ankara, Tunali Hilmi Street. To do so, detailed pedestrian surveys/analyses including v pedestrian counts, pedestrian movement analysis, pedestrian static analysis and pedestrian space analysis throughout the street and questionnaires with potential stakeholders including pedestrians, shop-owners and taxi-drivers are carried out. Through these analyses, it is assessed whether Tunali Hilmi Street is suitable for such an arrangement in terms of pedestrianization or not. As a result, this thesis makes an emphasis on non-motorization and pedestrianization as a method of preventing increasing car-oriented arrangements and revitalizing city centre for the case of Tunali Hilmi Street.

Accessibility is a gateway to accessing opportunities or service sites, i.e., grocery shopping, healthcare and jobs and it has been used as a proxy to measure inequalities. The equity, in travel time or distance, to accessing of these services is vital to ensure high accessibility hence providing equality. Population increase leading to urban sprawl affects accessibility in the absence of prudent residential spatial planning and transport systems and infrastructure. Urban sprawl creates a distance between populations and centres of services such as grocery stores. This promotes the growth of car-dependency to accessing these services that are not easily reachable by non-motorised transport of walking and biking.This thesis measures accessibility to grocery stores by comparing the travel time of populations in the four neighbourhoods, of Ålidhem, Tomtebo, Carlshem and Sofiehem, by walking and biking. The measuring is done by using the ArcGIS Network Analyst to create and build a single-modal network dataset of pedestrian and bike lanes in the study area. Accessibility to grocery stores is measured using the service areas created based on the grocery store location and it highlights all the accessible streets from the centre within a time impedance. Afterwards, the populations are aggregated in each service area of each neighbourhood to compare the time difference of accessibility to a grocery store.With distance decay effects, the walking time distance restricts accessibility to grocery stores to a limited population in the neighbourhoods. The bike time distance, however, increased the residents in the study area who can access the grocery stores. The new location for a Coop grocery store provides the highest accessibility to grocery stores compared to the Ålidhem Centre grocery store.From the results of the analysis, the bike travel is the most equitable hence equal mode of active transport for all the four neighbourhoods. / <p>The best time to build walk and cycle paths was 20 years ago. The second best time is now! This publication is my first and very close to my heart as it shows how land use and transport are related to reduce travel times and also promote more non-motorised transport usage. </p>

Externhandelsområden står inför stora utmaningar i och med den digitaliserade handeln och samhällets utveckling mot det hållbara samhället. I takt med att städerna växer blir de externa handelsområdena en del av staden. Järfälla kommun i Stockholms län, nämner i sin översiktsplan att Barkarby Handelsplats år 2050 ska ha en stadsmässig bebyggelse som binder samman kommunens centrum till en stor kommunkärna. Syftet med arbetet var att undersöka möjligheterna att minska den externahandelns bilberoende genom förtätning. Frågan besvarades genom ett områdesförslag för Barkarby Handelsplats där handeln har anpassats till en stadsmässig struktur, med god tillgänglighet och fortsatt ekonomiskt värde. Genom teoretiska studier om förtätning kunde det konstateras att förtätning är en fungerande strategi för minskad biltrafik, om det görs i samband med en förbättrad kollektivtrafik. Studierna visade också att handeln anpassas allt mer till ett digitaliserat samhälle samtidigt som vikten av fysiska butiker fortfarandeär viktig för lönsamheten. Genom att minska butiksytorna och implementera hemleverans för stora varor kunde handeln anpassas till en stadsmässig struktur. För att behålla områdets tillgänglighet förbättrades områdets gång- och cykelnät, parkeringsplatser samlades vid områdets utkant och en ny kollektivtrafiklinje drogs genom området. / Decentralized retail sites are facing increased challenges with retail digitalization. Another challenge is that societies are progressing towards sustainable cities. As the cities grow the decentralized retail sites are becoming a centralized part of the city. Järfälla municipality in Stockholm County, mentions in their latest comprehensive plan that Barkarby Retail Center will have an urban development scheme in 2050. The plan also states that the area will be a part in connecting the local municipality centers. The aim of this study was to determine the possibilities of reducing car dependency in decentralized retail sites with compact development. The study resulted in an area proposal for Barkarby Retail Center, where the existing retail were adapted to an urban development with an improved accessibility and continued economic value. Theoretical studies concluded that compact development is a working strategy to make people drive less, if it is combined with an improved public transport. The studies also concluded that even though the retail is getting more digitalized, the importance of physical stores is still proven to be important for profitability. By minimizing the retail space and implementing home delivery for bulky goods, the decentralized retail could be adapted to an urban development scheme. In order to maintain the accessibility of the area, the area’s pedestrian and bicycle networks were improved, parking spaces were gathered at the outskirts of the area and a new public transport line was drawn through the area.

This research project is designed to enhance the planning process that can aid authorities moving towards sustainable and economically feasible local and regional mobility systems. The improvements that have been made to transit so far have not been successful in breaking the trend of increasing car traffic and decreasing transit trip making. This means that sustainable mobility is a complex system which also encompasses changing attitudes and behaviours, integrating spatial and energy planning into it, and looking upstream to affect the causes of the problem instead of downstream to just fix its consequences. Environmental impacts (noise, pollution, health problems), accidents and congestion are all by-products of transport activities – they are the so-called external costs – and must be made part of the equation. European guidelines were analysed, as well as the results of many of the European Union‘s mobility research programs. The core of the research analyses how to move Karlskrona municipality‘s mobility system towards its vision of success in the future through the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development – Sustainable Mobility (FSSD-SM). Backcasting from a sustainable vision in the long-term future is central to this process. The Municipality of Karlskrona, in Sweden, is the case study. A sustainability analysis of Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) systems was undertaken to determine the feasability of integrating this modal system into the mobility solution for Karlskrona municipality.

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Bilen är fortfarande ett samhällsproblem som allt fler städer vill komma bort ifrån och istället värna om den mänskliga dimensionen. Gaturummen anses därför vara den plats i staden som ska leda förändringen, ritbordet och kartan är numera negligerade. Denna studie undersöker med hjälp av sex kvalitativa intervjuer Härnösands kommuns arbete med att reducera biltrafiken i gaturummet för att skapa ett gaturum för människor och minskad biltrafik. Resultatet visar att Street Moves är svaret på planeringens svårigheter i de centrala delarna av Härnösands bildominans, gestaltning och acceptans från medborgarna för att få legitimitet i att driva förändring i gaturummet. Slutsatsen är att arbetssättet med Street Moves är gynnsamt och eftersträvansvärt samtidigt som medborgarna som ett verktyg förblir kontradiktoriskt / The car has long been and is still a societal problem that more cities want to get away from and protect the human dimension instead. The street spaces are considered as places in the city that will lead to change to a more sustainable development, the drawing board and map are now neglected. This study examines Härnösand municipality's work to reduce car traffic in the street space to create spaces for people while reducing car traffic. Six qualitative interviews have been conducted. The result shows that Street Moves, a project that is the answer to the difficulties of planning in the city of Härnösand's to reduce car dependency, and to work with conformation and acceptance from citizens, to gain legitimacy in driving change in the street space. The conclusion is that the approach with Street Moves is beneficial and desirable, while citizens as a tool remain adversarial.