O câncer é a segunda maior causa de morte no Brasil, atrás apenas de doenças cardíacas. Por isto, é evidente que grandes recursos sejam direcionados para a pesquisa no descobrimento de novas opções com a finalidade de erradicar esta doença. Dentre estas opções, a quimioprevenção do câncer tem chamado a atenção já que, mesmo com os imensos avanços no conhecimento sobre os mecanismos da carcinogênese e conseqüente desenvolvimento de novas drogas, os dados estatísticos de mortalidade não se tornaram menores. Somando-se a estes fatos, deve ser considerado que no Brasil o tratamento padrão do câncer não chega a todas as pessoas por ser extremamente caro. Desta forma, a quimioprevenção do câncer com fatores presentes na dieta ou oriundos de fontes consideradas baratas como fitoterápicos, deve ser apreciada. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos quimiopreventivos e antineoplásicos de uma planta brasileira, o guaraná (Paullinia cupana Mart var. sorbilis). Foram utilizados alguns experimentos em camundongos como indução genotóxica em fígado pela Dietilnitrosamina (DEN); carcinogênese pulmonar induzida pela 4-(metilnitrosamino)-1-(3-piridil)-1-butanona (NNK), uma nitrosamina presente no tabaco; tumor ascítico de Ehrlich; disseminação hematógena de melanoma B16/f10; e cultivo de células tumorais e não tumorais. Além disso, caracterizou-se o papel da Conexin43 na carcinogênese pulmonar induzida pelo NNK e os efeitos do guaraná sobre o receptor CAR e sua ação quando da administração do ligante do CAR, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropiridiloxi)]benzeno (TCPOBOP). Pudemos observar efeitos quimiopreventivos e antineoplásicos do guaraná dependendo do modelo utilizado, demonstrando que seu modo de ação principal é a redução da proliferação celular. Além disso, observamos que os tumores de pulmão dos animais tratados com a planta apresentavam menor tamanho, menor grau maligno, menor índice de proliferação celular e menor ativação do fator de transcrição CREB. Observamos também que a Conexina43 (Cx43) tem importante papel na carcinogênese pulmonar induzida pelo NNK, atuando como supressor tumoral e em fases tardias possivelmente tendo papel inverso, ou seja, como um oncogene. Caracterizamos os efeitos do guaraná sobre a ativação do receptor CAR e demonstramos que, por si só, o guaraná induz a expressão do CAR, além de alterar a expressão de alguns de seus transcritos como a CYP2B10 e CYP3A11. Ao analisarmos os efeitos de extratos de guaraná sobre células de tumor de pulmão (E9) in vitro, verificamos o mesmo efeito antiproliferativo, diminuindo a expressão do PCNA e da Conexina43 de maneira dose-dependente, além de verificar um aumento da expressão do receptor CAR. Ao fim propomos uma hipótese de mecanismo de ação baseando-se nas alterações encontradas oriundas da administração do guaraná. Concluímos que o guaraná apresenta componentes com ação antitumoral em camundongos, tendo efeito quimiopreventivo ou antineoplásico dependendo do modelo utilizado. / Cancer is the second biggest cause of deaths in Brazil, only behind of cardiac diseases. As a result, it is evident that great resources for research will be directed towards the discovery of new options to eradicate this disease. Among these options, cancer chemoprevention has calling for attention since the huge advances in the knowledge of carcinogenesis and development of new drugs did not decrease statistical data on mortality due to cancer. In addition, it must be considered that in Brazil, cancer therapy is not available for all given that it is too expensive. Therefore, cancer chemoprevention with dietary factors or from medicinal plants has got to be treasured. Following these lines, the aim of this work was to evaluate the chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects of a Brazilian plant, Paullinia cupana Mart var. sorbilis, most known as guarana. It was used several experiments in mice and cell culture essays as: protection against DEN-induced DNA damage; NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis; Ehrlich Ascitic Tumor; metastasis of B16/f10 melanoma cells; and cell culture of a tumorigenic and a non-tumorigenic cell lines. Additionally, it was characterized the role of Connexin43 in the NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis and the effects of guarana on the CAR receptor before and after the administration of TCPOBOP. We note a chemopreventive or antineoplastic effect of guarana depending on the model employed and showed that the mode of action responsible for these effects was reduced cell proliferation. Also, the lung tumors of guarana-treated animals were smaller, less aggressive, with decreased cell proliferation and CREB activation. On the other hand, we observed that Connexin43 have an important role on NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis because it may act as a tumor suppressor and in advanced stages as an oncogene. The effects of guarana on the CAR activation were characterized and we showed that guarana induces CAR mRNA expression, altering the levels of its transcripts as CYP2B10 and CYP3A11. We also examined the effects of guarana extracts on a lung tumor cell culture (E9 cells) and demonstrated the same antiproliferative effect observed previously, by decreased PCNA and Connexin43 proteins in a dose-dependent manner along with an increase in CAR protein. At last we hypothesized a mechanism of action for guarana effects basing in our findings. We concluded that guarana presents substances that have antitumoral effects in mice, enclosing a chemopreventive or antineoplastic effect depending on the model studied.

<p>The last past years have seen the emergence of some changes in the whole society as well in the concerns than in the behaviour. Indeed, people are now more and more concerned about the ecology and it is in this optic that the researchers have dealed with this thesis. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a new model in order to measure how deep a company is involved in the Green Marketing. In this thesis the authors have leaded a multiple-case study about the automotive industry in order to see how deep are the companies involved in the green marketing, and how the deal with this new kind of marketing. </p><p>The results showed that the four brands studied are deeply involved in the green marketing and that they plan it and change their processes in order to be more environmental friendly using a lot of different means. This study is a good starting point to implement a green marketing strategy for the companies as until now it was clear about how to become green for a lot of companies.</p>

Die Technologie der Computer Erweiterten Realität (engl.: Computer Augmented Reality, CAR) ermöglicht die Anreicherung der Sinneswahrnehmung des Menschen mit computergenerierten Informationen. Diese situationsangepassten Informationen unterstützen den Benutzer bei der Ausführung seiner Handlungen in der Realität. Durch den Einsatz dieser Technologie im industriellen Bereich wird eine Steigerung der Qualität und Effizienz von Industrieprozessen erwartet. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht den CAR-Einsatz zur Unterstützung von Tätigkeiten im Bereich technischer Instandhaltung. Am Institut für Prozess- und Produktionsleittechnik der Technischen Universität Clausthal wurde der Prototyp eines CAR-basierten Informations- und Dokumentationssystems für die Instandhaltung entwickelt. Er stellt eine alternative, praxistaugliche und kostengünstige Systemlösung dar, verglichen mit traditionellen CAR-Systemen, deren industrieller Einsatz durch technische, ergonomische und kostenbedingte Probleme nach wie vor erschwert wird. In einer Reihe von Benutzertests wurde die Gebrauchstauglichkeit dieses Prototyps zur Unterstützung von Instandhaltungstätigkeiten durch die Bereitstellung CAR-basierter Bedienungsanleitungen evaluiert. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss der speziellen interaktiven Eigenschaften des virtuell erweiterten Umgebungsbildes dieses Prototyps auf die räumliche Orientierung des Benutzers in einer größeren, unbekannten Umgebung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sprechen deutlich für eine Eignung des Systems. Neben zeitlichen Einsparungen sind insbesondere reduzierte Fehlerzahlen und eine erleichterte räumliche Orientierung in größeren, komplex aufgebauten sowie in nicht oder wenig bekannten Umgebungen zu nennen. Durch die Möglichkeit, Objekte einer Anlage eindeutig zu identifizieren, wird letztlich die Arbeitssicherheit erhöht. / The technology of Computer Augmented Reality (CAR) enriches the perception of a person with computer-generated information. This virtual information supports the user when acting in the real environment. Increased quality and efficiency of industrial processes are expected by applying this technology. This thesis examines the potentials of CAR for supporting activities in industrial maintenance. At Clausthal University of Technology the prototype of a system for information and documentation in maintenance was developed. Compared to traditional CAR-systems with their technical, ergonomic and financial problems it is an alternative solution that can easily be used in industrial environments. In various tests the usability of this prototype for giving operating instructions was evaluated. Also, the influence of this prototype’s interactive augmented live-video on the spatial orientation was examined. The results clearly speak for the suitability of this system. It reduces execution time and error rates. Allowing exact identification of objects in complex or unknown environments it increases the operational safety.

The last past years have seen the emergence of some changes in the whole society as well in the concerns than in the behaviour. Indeed, people are now more and more concerned about the ecology and it is in this optic that the researchers have dealed with this thesis. The purpose of this thesis is to provide a new model in order to measure how deep a company is involved in the Green Marketing. In this thesis the authors have leaded a multiple-case study about the automotive industry in order to see how deep are the companies involved in the green marketing, and how the deal with this new kind of marketing. The results showed that the four brands studied are deeply involved in the green marketing and that they plan it and change their processes in order to be more environmental friendly using a lot of different means. This study is a good starting point to implement a green marketing strategy for the companies as until now it was clear about how to become green for a lot of companies.

Följande rapport bygger på examensarbetet inom CAD-teknikerprogrammet påHögskolan i Halmstad. Arbetet innefattar framtagning av ett höjdjusterbartarmstöd till bilförare, en produkt som inte finns på marknaden idag.Utförandet av arbetet har bl.a. inneburit kriterieuppställning med krav ochönskemål, framtagning av produktförslag i form utav skisser och 3D-modeller, valav material genom undersökningar, även protoyptillverkning och produktanalyser.En del vikt har lagts på att genomföra marknadsundersökningar för att se om detfinns ett intresse för produkten. / The following report is based on the final thesis within the CAD-technicianprogram at Halmstad University. The work includes the development of a heightadjustable armrest for the driver, a product that’s not available on the market yet.The execution of the work has involved a criterion lineup with demands andrequirements, development of product proposals in the shape of sketches and 3Dmodels, choice of materials through studies, prototypes were produced for producttesting. Some attention has been given to carry out market research to see if thereis an interest in the product.

Dans le cadre d’une analyse longitudinale centrée sur l’Ile-de-France, nous abordons la question du Peak Car, hypothèse de recherche selon laquelle le plafonnement de l’usage automobile dans de nombreux pays développés pourrait être le signe d’un repli de long terme de la mobilité automobile.En utilisant les données des EGT et du panel Parc Auto depuis les années 1970, on constate que le plafonnement du kilométrage des ménages apparait dès le début des années 1990 suivie d’une baisse continue à partir de 2000, et même actuellement dans un contexte de prix bas des carburants.Face au débat sur le Peak Car, nous montrons que si le prix des carburants a joué un rôle important sur le retournement de tendance, d’autres facteurs multidimensionnels influencent. C’est le cas de la forte baisse de la mobilité des jeunes, qui s’étend aux classes d’âges plus avancés, prémisses d’un changement d’usage à venir. Certains moteurs de la croissance sont aussi en voie d’achèvement et pourraient venir renforcer le Peak Car : rapprochement de la mobilité homme/femme, fin de la hausse de la mobilité des retraités et de la diffusion sociale de la voiture. La décorrélation de l’effet du revenu, synonyme d’une saturation du besoin de mobilité, s’opère aussi sur la motorisation. Le rapprochement du comportement entre groupes de revenu pourrait venir renforcer ce phénomène.Enfin, le rôle des opinions reste incertain. La conscience écologique ne semble pas jouer sur les comportements et si l’image de l’automobile a évolué, elle conserve son attrait utilitaire, symbole d’indépendance et de liberté et demeure un objet essentiel dans les déplacements limitant le report vers d’autres modes. / As part of a longitudinal analysis focused on the Ile-de-France region, we approach the question of Peak Car, a research hypothesis that the cap on car use in many developed countries could be the sign of a long-term decline in automobile mobility.Using the data from the EGT and the Auto since the 1970s, we note that the limit on household mileage appeared in the early 1990s, followed by a continuous decline from 2000, and even now in the context of cheap fuel prices.In view of the Peak Car debate, we show that while fuel prices have played an important role in the reversal trend, other multidimensional factors are influencing. This is the case of the sharp decline in youth mobility. It also extends to the older age classes and could be the premise of a future change of use. Some engines of growth are also nearing completion and could reinforce the Peak Car: mobility between men and women is merging, the end of the increase in the mobility of retirees and the end social diffusion of the car. The decorrelation of the effect of income, synonymous with a saturation of the need for mobility, also takes place on motorisation. The merger of behaviour among income groups may reinforce this phenomenon.Finally, the role of opinion remains uncertain. Ecological consciousness does not seem to play on behaviour. And if the image of the automobile has evolved, it retains its useful appeal, symbol of independence and freedom and remains an essential object for trips limiting the transfer to others modes.

Works on Car Wrecking deals with the possibilities of environmentally friendly disposal or recycling of individual parts of a passenger car. The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe the possibilities of liquidation or recycling of individual car parts made from different materials, to describe the necessary duty of the given vehicle during permanent decommissioning of the traffic inspectorate, to carry out the practical liquidation of the selected car wreck, to describe the procedure of dismantling the car wreck and to express weight its individual parts. I believe that I will acquire other valuable theoretical and practical knowledge, which I will apply in the technical practice.

O câncer é a segunda maior causa de morte no Brasil, atrás apenas de doenças cardíacas. Por isto, é evidente que grandes recursos sejam direcionados para a pesquisa no descobrimento de novas opções com a finalidade de erradicar esta doença. Dentre estas opções, a quimioprevenção do câncer tem chamado a atenção já que, mesmo com os imensos avanços no conhecimento sobre os mecanismos da carcinogênese e conseqüente desenvolvimento de novas drogas, os dados estatísticos de mortalidade não se tornaram menores. Somando-se a estes fatos, deve ser considerado que no Brasil o tratamento padrão do câncer não chega a todas as pessoas por ser extremamente caro. Desta forma, a quimioprevenção do câncer com fatores presentes na dieta ou oriundos de fontes consideradas baratas como fitoterápicos, deve ser apreciada. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos quimiopreventivos e antineoplásicos de uma planta brasileira, o guaraná (Paullinia cupana Mart var. sorbilis). Foram utilizados alguns experimentos em camundongos como indução genotóxica em fígado pela Dietilnitrosamina (DEN); carcinogênese pulmonar induzida pela 4-(metilnitrosamino)-1-(3-piridil)-1-butanona (NNK), uma nitrosamina presente no tabaco; tumor ascítico de Ehrlich; disseminação hematógena de melanoma B16/f10; e cultivo de células tumorais e não tumorais. Além disso, caracterizou-se o papel da Conexin43 na carcinogênese pulmonar induzida pelo NNK e os efeitos do guaraná sobre o receptor CAR e sua ação quando da administração do ligante do CAR, 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropiridiloxi)]benzeno (TCPOBOP). Pudemos observar efeitos quimiopreventivos e antineoplásicos do guaraná dependendo do modelo utilizado, demonstrando que seu modo de ação principal é a redução da proliferação celular. Além disso, observamos que os tumores de pulmão dos animais tratados com a planta apresentavam menor tamanho, menor grau maligno, menor índice de proliferação celular e menor ativação do fator de transcrição CREB. Observamos também que a Conexina43 (Cx43) tem importante papel na carcinogênese pulmonar induzida pelo NNK, atuando como supressor tumoral e em fases tardias possivelmente tendo papel inverso, ou seja, como um oncogene. Caracterizamos os efeitos do guaraná sobre a ativação do receptor CAR e demonstramos que, por si só, o guaraná induz a expressão do CAR, além de alterar a expressão de alguns de seus transcritos como a CYP2B10 e CYP3A11. Ao analisarmos os efeitos de extratos de guaraná sobre células de tumor de pulmão (E9) in vitro, verificamos o mesmo efeito antiproliferativo, diminuindo a expressão do PCNA e da Conexina43 de maneira dose-dependente, além de verificar um aumento da expressão do receptor CAR. Ao fim propomos uma hipótese de mecanismo de ação baseando-se nas alterações encontradas oriundas da administração do guaraná. Concluímos que o guaraná apresenta componentes com ação antitumoral em camundongos, tendo efeito quimiopreventivo ou antineoplásico dependendo do modelo utilizado. / Cancer is the second biggest cause of deaths in Brazil, only behind of cardiac diseases. As a result, it is evident that great resources for research will be directed towards the discovery of new options to eradicate this disease. Among these options, cancer chemoprevention has calling for attention since the huge advances in the knowledge of carcinogenesis and development of new drugs did not decrease statistical data on mortality due to cancer. In addition, it must be considered that in Brazil, cancer therapy is not available for all given that it is too expensive. Therefore, cancer chemoprevention with dietary factors or from medicinal plants has got to be treasured. Following these lines, the aim of this work was to evaluate the chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects of a Brazilian plant, Paullinia cupana Mart var. sorbilis, most known as guarana. It was used several experiments in mice and cell culture essays as: protection against DEN-induced DNA damage; NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis; Ehrlich Ascitic Tumor; metastasis of B16/f10 melanoma cells; and cell culture of a tumorigenic and a non-tumorigenic cell lines. Additionally, it was characterized the role of Connexin43 in the NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis and the effects of guarana on the CAR receptor before and after the administration of TCPOBOP. We note a chemopreventive or antineoplastic effect of guarana depending on the model employed and showed that the mode of action responsible for these effects was reduced cell proliferation. Also, the lung tumors of guarana-treated animals were smaller, less aggressive, with decreased cell proliferation and CREB activation. On the other hand, we observed that Connexin43 have an important role on NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis because it may act as a tumor suppressor and in advanced stages as an oncogene. The effects of guarana on the CAR activation were characterized and we showed that guarana induces CAR mRNA expression, altering the levels of its transcripts as CYP2B10 and CYP3A11. We also examined the effects of guarana extracts on a lung tumor cell culture (E9 cells) and demonstrated the same antiproliferative effect observed previously, by decreased PCNA and Connexin43 proteins in a dose-dependent manner along with an increase in CAR protein. At last we hypothesized a mechanism of action for guarana effects basing in our findings. We concluded that guarana presents substances that have antitumoral effects in mice, enclosing a chemopreventive or antineoplastic effect depending on the model studied.

This thesis characterizes the products mandatory liability insurance of car traffic, car insurance and some additional insurances of cars. The main objective is the analysis of calculation and of criterias, that determinate the price of insurance. The end point is approach comparison to setting up the price by insurance companies on the Czech insurance market.

This thesis deals with the design and implementation of car computer with multi-user mode and data recording. The measurement is performed by using a direct connection to the sensors and fuel injector of engine. The measured signals are processed and evaluated by Atmel Atmega128A microcontroller. Measured and recorded data are displayed on the graphical LCD.