Techn. Univ., Diss., 2001--Darmstadt

Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T02:38:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RodriguesJunior_ManoelTrindade_D.pdf: 6880388 bytes, checksum: 75844f02fc6611249ca702661e63582a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O núcleo b-carbolina encontra-se amplamente distribuído entre os produtos naturais, incluindo alcalóides ioimbina (ioimbina e aloioimbina), corinanteidina (corinanteidina), rauwolfia (reserpina) e vinca (vincamina). Além disso, essas substâncias também têm demonstrado um amplo espectro de propriedades farmacológicas, incluindo atividade antitumoral, ansiolítica, hipnótica, anticonvulsivante, antiviral, antiparasitária e antimicrobiana. Sínteses totais eficientes da (+)-tripargina (59), em 6 etapas e 46% de rendimento global (-)-tripargina (59), em 6 etapas e 38% de rendimento global, (+)-deplancheina (60), em 11 etapas e 47% de rendimento global, (+)-debromoarborescidina A (61), em 5 etapas e 73% de rendimento global, (+)-harmicina (62), em 5 etapas e 56% de rendimento global (-)-harmicina (62), em 5 etapas e 52% de rendimento global, catin-6-ona (64), em 8 etapas e 45% de rendimento global e 20-metoxi-cantin-6-ona (65), em 8 etapas e 35% de rendimento global, foram realizadas com base na construção do sistema b-carbolínico via reação de Bischler-Napieralski e redução enantiosseletiva do intermediário diidro-b-carbolínico via reação de transferência de hidrogênio assimétrica usando o protocolo de Noyori. Estes compostos foram avaliados como agentes antiproliferativos contra um painel de células cancerígenas. Apenas cantin-6-ona (64) mostrou atividade contra a linhagem de célula 786-0 (célula de câncer renal). Estes compostos foram avaliados em bioensaios in vitro contra Leishmania brasiliensis, Leishmania amazonesis e Leishmania major e novamente apenas a cantin-6-ona (64) apresentou atividade contra Leishmania major (IC50=16,9 mM) e um índice de segurança altamente promissor (Si=94,7).Testes preliminares de toxidade in vivo mostraram que a harmicina (62) e a tripargina (59) são substâncias com potencial efeito sobre o sistema nervoso central. / Abstract: The b-carboline skeleton is widely distributed among natural products incluiding yohimbine (yohimbine and alloyohimbine), corynantheidine (corynantheidine), rauwolfia (reserpine) and vinca (vincamine) alkaloids. Furthermore, these coumpounds have also demonstrated a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties including ansiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, antitumor, antiviral, antiparasitic as well as antimicrobial activities. Concise and efficient total syntheses of (+)-trypargine (59), in 6 steps and 46% overall yield, (-)- trypargine (59), in 6 steps and 38% overall yield, (+)-deplancheine (60), in 11 steps and 47% overall yield, (+)-debromoarborescidine A (61), in 5 steps and 73% overall yield, (+)-harmicine (62), in 5 steps and 56% overall yield, (-)-harmicine (62), in 5 steps and 52% overall yield, canthin-6-one (64), in 8 steps and 45% overall yield and 10-methoxy-canthin-6-one (65), in 8 steps and 35% overall yield, were developed based on the construction of the b-carboline moiety via Bischler- Napieralski reaction and the enantioselective reduction of the dihydro-b-carboline intermediate via an asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reaction using Noyori's protocol. These compounds were evaluated as antiproliferative agents against a panel of cancer cell lines. Only canthin-6-one (64) has shown promising activity against cell line 786-0 (renal cell carcinoma). These compounds were evaluated in vitro bioassays against Leishmania major, Leishmania brasiliensis and Leishmania amazonesis and again canthin-6-one (64) displayed promising activity against Leishmania major (IC50=16,9 mM) and a highly promising safety index (Si=94,7). Preliminary tests of in vivo toxicity showed that harmicine (62) and trypargine (59) are substances with potential effect on the central nervous system. / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

Malaria, a disease caused by the parasite Plasmodium, continues to be one of the deadliest diseases worldwide. The WHO reported over 627,000 deaths in 2020, and over 1 billion people are at risk of infection. Even though Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACT) are the current standard of care for malaria, the emergence of drug resistance generates a constant need to develop and synthesize new drugs. Tetrahydro-β-carboline acid (THβC) 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-2-ium-3-carboxylate (MMV008138) has promising antimalarial properties; it was discovered by screening the Malaria Box with the so-called IPP Rescue assay. This assay identified MMV008138 as an inhibitor of the MEP pathway, which produces essential isoprenoid precursors (IPP and DMAPP) in the malaria parasite P. falciparum (EC50 250 ± 70 nM, IPP rescue 100% @ 2.5 μM). Subsequent investigation revealed that (1R,3S)-configuration and 2',4'-dihalogen substitution were critical for the activity of this compound, and that substitution of the non-aromatic ring was not tolerated. To search for new antimalarial structures, our collaborator Dr. Max Totrov constructed a generalized 3D pharmacophore-based on MMV008138 and 92 of its analogs and used it for a virtual ligand screen (VLS) of the 13K compound hit set from which MMV008138 had been selected. This exercise identified TCMDC-140230, a THβC, 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-8-methyl-N-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxamide (undefined stereochemistry) reported having nearly the same potency of MMV008138. Synthesis of the stereoisomers of compound TCMDC-140230 was accomplished via Pictet-Spengler reaction of (S)- and (R)-7-methyl tryptophan methyl ester and 3,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde. The individual stereoisomeric esters were converted to the corresponding amides, but none of the stereoisomers of TCMDC-140230 were potent antimalarials (IC50 = 1,300 – 3,700 nM). However, a significant amount of oxidized byproduct 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-8-methyl-N-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxamide (MMV1803522) was observed in the synthesis of (1S,3S)- and (1R,3R)-TCDMC-140230. This achiral β-carboline amide (PRC1584, IC50 = 108 ± 7 nM) proved more potent towards P. falciparum than MMV008138 and its toxicity was not reversed by co-application of IPP. Thus, the antimalarial target of MMV1803522 is distinct from that of MMV008138. Most importantly, MMV1803522 at 40 mg/kg/day (oral) cured P. berghei malaria infection in mice. The lead compound also was found to have a good safety profile. Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) has expressed interest in this compound which is now also known as MMV1803522. The results from these biological assays gave the insight to develop new analogs that have better asexual blood stage inhibition potency. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies were conducted by synthesizing analogs of the compound MMV1803522. The studies were mainly focused on analyzing the effect of aliphatic substitutions, how well the potency can be improved with different D-ring substitutions, and amide substitutions. In addition to this structural optimization, several metabolism studies were also conducted on this new lead compound. The potency study results of C1 alkyl-substituted analogs of MMV1803522 showed that aromatic substitutions are required at C1 for maintaining good inhibition potency. The heteroaryl substituents at C1 were found to be slightly less potent than the lead compound MMV1803522. Synthesis of analogs without C8 methyl group as in lead compound showed an EC50 < 100 nM is possible with a C8 hydrogen substitution. Most noteworthy is 3,4,5-trichlotophenyl-bearing compound 3.20a, which had an EC50 of 54 ± 8 nM. This compound is twice as potent as MMV1803522. Equipotent analogs to MMV1803522 were also synthesized with different amide substituents. The metabolism studies showed low solubility for compounds having an EC50 less than or close to 100 nM. Unfortunately, the intrinsic clearance rate of several selected compounds was found to be higher than MMV1803522. These results left us with scope for the development of new analog compounds. The emerging structure-activity relationship within this scaffold and outline of remaining challenges to improve potency sub-100 nM without compromising moderate solubility and good metabolic stability are in progress. / Doctor of Philosophy / Malaria is a global health problem that causes significant sickness and death annually in the developing world. The emergence of resistant parasite strains of malaria massively challenges efforts to eliminate this threat. To control the spread of malaria, there is a continuous need for the development of new antimalarial drugs that ideally offer a single-dose cure and new mechanism of action. One such promising target, called, Methyl Erythrytol Phosphate (MEP) pathway which produces IPP and DMAPP, are important isoprenoid precursors required in living beings. A compound MMV008138 was identified from a collection of compounds that exhibited antimalarial activity, the so-called "Malaria Box", and this compound was further analyzed for several biological assays. Unfortunately, MMV008138 was unsuccessful Since it was found toxic in mice when ingested orally. The efforts to develop structurally similar analogs of MMV008138 resulted in the accidental discovery of a compound that inhibits the parasites' growth much better than the former compound. This compound has a similar molecular structure to MMV008138, and the Medicines for Malaria organization (MMV) has designated it as MMV1803522. The newly obtained compound and its analogs were investigated and found to have promising potency to inhibit the growth of the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Multiple biological assays were conducted and found that even though MMV1803522 is toxic to malarial parasites, it does not show toxicity to other cells. The studies in mice showed that it was not toxic orally. Also, it was found to be non-toxic towards several mammalian cell lines. The development of structurally similar analogs can help in improving the potency of the compound, make a better orally bioavailable compound, and improve oral efficacy. Analyzing these results will help to determine the mechanism of action of the compound.

L’objectif de ces travaux est de découvrir et de valoriser des petites molécules organiques inhibant l’influx de l’iode dans les cellules thyroïdiennes. Ces composés présentent en effet un double intérêt : à court terme, ils peuvent être dérivés en biosondes afin de mieux caractériser les protéines impliquées dans les mécanismes de transport d’iode par génétique chimique directe. A plus long terme, ces inhibiteurs représentent des candidats-médicaments potentiels pour le traitement de pathologies thyroïdiennes et/ou pour la protection de populations exposées aux radioisotopes de l’iode. Pour chacune des deux familles d’inhibiteurs considérées, nous avons donc tout d’abord synthétisé une chimiothèque d’une centaine d’analogues ; puis ces derniers ont été évalués biologiquement afin de fournir un ensemble de relations structure-activité. Par ailleurs, la configuration absolue des centres stéréogènes nécessaire à l’activité biologique a été déterminée : dans chacun des cas, une stéréochimie particulière est responsable du pouvoir inhibiteur des composés. A partir de ces informations, une dizaine d’analogues « de seconde génération » a été synthétisée dans chaque famille, en combinant plusieurs modifications structurales contribuant à l’activité biologique. Après évaluation biologique, neuf d’entre eux possèdent des IC50 < 6 nM et des propriétés physico-chimiques satisfaisantes pour des candidats-médicaments. Enfin, dans chaque famille, une biosonde photoactivable biotinylée a été synthétisée et utilisée en photomarquage d’affinité. Plusieurs protéines marquées spécifiquement ont été repérées, qui correspondraient à des protéines-cibles de chacun des inhibiteurs et dont l’identification reste à achever. / This work was intended to discover small organic molecules acting as iodide uptake inhibitors in thyroid cells. These compounds can indeed be derivatized into biochemical probes for further characterization of proteins involved in iodide transport mechanisms. On the long term, these inhibitors also appear as attractive drug candidates for treatment of thyroid pathologies or radioprotection against iodine isotopes. A similar strategy was adopted for both of the two inhibitor families. First, we synthesized a chemical library of around 100 analogues; we measured their IC50 against iodide uptake in FRTL-5 cells to get structure-activity relationships. Absolute configuration of stereogenic centers was also investigated, and a preferential stereochemistry was found to be responsible for activity. From this basis, around twenty « second-generation » analogues were synthesized by combining fragments contributing to biological activity. Biological evaluation indicated that nine were very potent inhibitors, with IC50 < 6 nM and satisfying physicochemical properties required for drug candidates. Finally, one photoactivatable biotinylated probe was developed in each family and used for photoaffinity labeling. Several specifically labeled proteins are still under identification and constitute new potential therapeutic targets.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-01T17:07:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Juliana Mariano Torres.pdf: 1156662 bytes, checksum: 6ae713d0002e13c804fc2eba73bd8f5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-01T17:07:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Juliana Mariano Torres.pdf: 1156662 bytes, checksum: 6ae713d0002e13c804fc2eba73bd8f5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq. / The increase in life expectancy is a worldwide occurrence that shows the relative success of public health politics, and Brazil is among the countries where people are living longer and in better physical health. But the increase in life expectancy has a negative effect: the appearance of degenerative diseases typical of old age, including several forms of dementia, like Alzheimer?s Disease (AD) that is certainly the most important. It is an irreversible and progressive disease characterized by neuronal deterioration that results in loss of cognitive functions such as memory, communication skills, judgment and reasoning. Donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine are medicines used for the treatment of AD and act reversibly inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Evidences suggest that the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), closely related to AChE, plays a significant role in AD because it is involved in neural functions such as cholinergic co-regulation and non-cholinergic neurotransmission. The aim of this research is to provide new substances with anticholinesterase action by using ?-carboline derivatives from the natural product harmane and carry out a kinetic study to determine the inhibition profile of the enzymes AChE e BChE, which could help in the discovery of new compounds which could be useful in the treatment of AD. Firstly, a screening was carried out with seven ?-carboline derivatives. In a second stage, a kinetic investigation, employing Ellman?s method, was run with these compounds and all of them presented high anticholinesterase action for both AChE and BChE. All seven derivatives presented a non-competitive reversible inhibition. / Torres, Juliana Mariano. ESTUDO CIN?TICO DA ATIVIDADE ANTICOLINESTER?SICA DE DERIVADOS -CARBOL?NICOS DO PRODUTO NATURAL HARMANA. 2011. Disserta??o (mestrado em Qu?mica Org?nica). Instituto de Ci?ncias Exatas, Departamento de Qu?mica, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2011. O aumento da expectativa de vida ? um fen?meno mundial que mostra o relativo sucesso de pol?ticas de sa?de p?blica, e o Brasil se inclui entre os pa?ses em que as pessoas est?o vivendo por mais tempo e em condi??es melhores de sa?de. No entanto, o aumento da expectativa de vida tem como efeito negativo o aparecimento de doen?as degenerativas, t?picas de idades mais avan?adas, incluindo-se as v?rias formas de dem?ncia e entre estas, a mais importante ?, sem d?vida, a Doen?a de Alzheimer (DA), patologia irrevers?vel e progressiva caracterizada pela deteriora??o neuronal que resulta em perda de fun??es cognitivas, tais como mem?ria, capacidade de comunica??o, julgamento e racioc?nio. Para o tratamento da DA s?o utilizados f?rmacos como o donepezil, galantamina e rivastigmina, os quais agem inibindo revers?velmente a acetilcolinesterase (AChE). Evid?ncias sugerem que a enzima butirilcolinesterase (BChE), intimamente relacionada com a AChE, tem um papel significante na DA, uma vez que est? envolvida em fun??es neurais tais como a corregula??o da neurotransmiss?o colin?rgica e n?o-colin?rgica. Esta pesquisa pretendeu estudar novas subst?ncias com a??o anticolinester?sica utilizando derivados -carbol?nicos do produto natural harmana, bem como fazer um estudo cin?tico a fim de descobrir qual o perfil de inibi??o das enzimas AChE e BChE, a fim de buscar novos compostos que poderiam ser ?teis no tratamento dos sintomas da DA. Desta forma, foi efetuada preliminarmente uma triagem com 7 derivados -carbol?nicos e posteriormente foi realizada uma investiga??o cin?tica com estes compostos, uma vez que, todos apresentaram alta a??o anticolinester?sica tanto para AChE quanto para BChE. A cin?tica enzim?tica foi estudada segundo o m?todo de Ellman. Contudo, observou-se que todos os 7 derivados apresentaram uma inibi??o revers?vel n?o competitiva.

Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:56:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pirovani_RodrigoVezula_D.pdf: 8130990 bytes, checksum: 09b4b459a43a3e2d8f59756e8bcc77bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: No capitulo um, apresentamos o planejamento e a síntese de nucleases artificiais baseadas na estrutura da (+/-)-tripargina (19), que poderia intercalar no ADN e apresenta um grupo guanidínico que pode se ligar a grupos fosfatos. Esta foi preparada usando uma estratégia desenvolvida no nosso laboratório em escala multigramas. Dois novos análogos contendo um resíduo guanidínico adicional foram preparados, visto que estes podem aumentar a atividade catalítica desses compostos. O derivado 1,2-bisguanilado 20 foi preparado em 8 etapas com 37% de rendimento global. O análogo 1,9-bisguanilado 21 foi sintetizado com 13% de rendimento para 10 etapas. Também foram preparados três análogos 22-24 contendo uma cadeia hidroxílica lateral em bons rendimentos totais (55, 52 e 31%, respectivamente) a partir do ácido 4-aminoburitírico, bem como três intermediários avançados 70d-72d com duas cadeias guanidínicas e uma cadeia hidroxílica. Estes últimos foram preparados em 12 etapas a partir da triptamina em rendimentos globais variando entre 9-14%. Apesar dos esforços, não encontramos uma condição em que observássemos a atividade catalítica para a (+/-)-tripargina (19) e os derivados bisguanilados 20 e 21, mesmo tendo sido observado que se tenha visto por titulação usando-se RMN-31P uma interação supramolecular entre 19 e o p-nitrofenilfosfato de sódio, com predominância do complexo 1:1 em solução. No capítulo dois, descrevemos a síntese convergente da lingbiabelina M (95) com a finalidade de elucidar sua estrutura tridimensional. Pela estratégia inicial, esta foi dividida em três fragmentos principais: dois deles continham anéis tiazólicos 101 e 106 e foram preparados usando-se uma química clássica para a formação desses heterociclos. A parte policetídica foi sintetizada aplicando-se a metodologia de Masamune para se obter o ácido 107 em 19% de rendimento para 6 etapas. Para finalizar a síntese, os fragmentos 101, 106 e 107 foram acoplados em 49% de rendimento para 6 etapas. Pode-se, assim, confirmar que o produto natural 95 apresenta a esterioquímica (2S, 3S, 14R, 20S) proposta por Gerwick e colaboradores quando de seu isolamento / Abstract: In chapter one, the design and synthesis of artificial nucleases based on the structure of (+/-)-trypargine (19) are introduced. These compounds which contain a guanidine group known to be involved in molecular recognition in biological systems could present the propensity to insert into DNA. Two new analogues containing an additional guanidinic group were prepared, since these may enhance the catalytic activity of these compounds. 1,2-Bisguanylated compound 20 was prepared in 8 steps in 37% overall yield. The analogous 1,9-bisguanylated 21 was synthesized in 13% global yield over 10 steps. Three more analogs 22-24 containing a hydroxylic side chain were prepared in good overall yields (55, 52 and 31%, respectively) from 4-aminoburitiric acid. The synthesis of three advanced intermediates 70d-72d with two guanidinic groups and one hydroxylic chain in 13 steps from tryptamine (31) in overall yields ranging from 9-14% is also disclosed. Despite all efforts, we were not able to find a condition to observe the catalytic activity for (+/-)-trypargine (19) and bisguanylated derivatives 20 and 21, although some supramolecular interaction was observed by 31P-NMR titration between 19 and the p-nitrophenylphosphate sodium salt, predominantly a 1:1 complex in solution. In chapter two, we have described the convergent synthesis of lyngbyabellin M (95) in order to elucidate its stereochemical nature. By retrosynthetic analysis, our target was divided into three main portions: two of them contained thiazole rings 101 and 106, which were prepared using traditional hetericyclic chemistry. The polyketide core was synthesized through the Masamune anti-aldol reaction, giving acid 107 in 19% overall yield over 6 steps. To complete the synthesis, the fragments 101, 106 and 107 were coupled in 49% yield over 6 steps. Thus, we confirmed that the natural product 95 has the stereochemistry (2S, 3S, 14R, 20S) proposed by Gerwick et al, as described in their work of isolation / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

SUMMARY: Cancers represent one of the main causes of death worldwide. Together with surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapy constitutes a main therapeutic tool in cancer treatment. However, combat remains challenging because of the intrinsic and/ or acquired resistance mechanisms displayed by cancers to these agents. In order to maintain their continuous growth, multiplication and dissemination, cancer cells display a number of biological hallmarks. Growing evidence of the remarkable association of the protein synthesis process with the onset and progression of cancer has led to extensive revision and research on the role of translation in this disease as well as its potential in therapy. Initiation of translation is especially dysregulated in cancer. Thus, strategies targeting different translation steps, ranging from upstream inhibitors - like mTOR inhibitors - to direct inhibition of specific translation initiation factors, represent potential and selective recent alternatives to conventional chemotherapies. In this work, we have investigated the antiproliferative effects of the previously synthetized harmine derivative CM16, with a particular emphasis on its effects on the protein synthesis of cancer cells. We confirmed CM16 cytostatic effects and showed its selectivity towards cancerous cells. The correlation of the growth inhibition profile of CM16 in the NCI 60-cell-line with those of other protein synthesis inhibitors led us to investigate such potential inhibition in vitro. CM16 induced inhibition of protein synthesis and it seems to specifically affect the initiation phase of translation, as it affected the organization of ribosome and polysomes. Phosphorylation on the initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) could be partly responsible for the inhibitory effect observed, as evidenced in this work. Also, the transcriptomic comparison of cell models displaying different levels of sensitivity to CM16 suggested that EIF1AX, EIF3E and EIF3H could drive, at least partly, their sensitivity to this compound. Proteomic study of glioma cells treated or not with CM16 was then conducted. Although the proteins of the genes mentioned above were not identified by this technic, we evidenced tiny but significant changes in Hs683 glioma cell proteomic profile through LC-MS shotgun approach. Thanks to 2-DE gel comparison, proteins differentially expressed in these conditions were identified, such as HspB1, Ebp1, BTF3, galectin, cofilin, dUTPase, PGAM1 and CK-18. These might be involved in the antiproliferative and protein synthesis inhibitory activities of CM16, particularly when considering their roles in cancer cell biology, bringing additional insights to the elucidation of the mechanism of action of this harmine derivative in cancer cells. / RÉSUMÉ: Les cancers figurent parmi les principales causes de mortalité dans le monde. Avec la chirurgie et la radiothérapie, la chimiothérapie reste une des principales manières de lutter contre le cancer. Néanmoins, en raison des mécanismes de résistance intrinsèques et / ou acquis à ces agents, le traitement du cancer reste difficile. Pour assurer leur prolifération, leur dissémination et le développement de la maladie, les cellules cancéreuses présentent certaines caractéristiques biologiques. La mise en évidence de liens remarquables entre la synthèse protéique et l'apparition et la progression du cancer a conduit à une révision et à une recherche plus approfondie de la dérégulation de la traduction au sein des cellules cancéreuses ainsi que de son potentiel en tant que cible thérapeutique. La phase d’initiation de la traduction est particulièrement dérégulée dans le cancer. Ainsi, les stratégies ciblant différentes étapes de la traduction, depuis l’inhibition des voies de signalisation en amont du processus - comme les inhibiteurs de mTOR - à l'inhibition directe des facteurs spécifiques d'initiation de la traduction, représentent de potentielles alternatives sélectives aux chimiothérapies actuelles. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons étudié les effets antiprolifératifs du composé CM16, un dérivé de l'harmine préalablement synthétisé, et, en particulier, ses effets sur la synthèse des protéines des cellules cancéreuses. Nous avons confirmé les effets cytostatiques du composé CM16 et avons montré sa sélectivité vis-à-vis des cellules cancéreuses. Le profil de réponse des 60 lignées cellulaires cancéreuses du panel du NCI s’est avéré corréler avec ceux d'autres inhibiteurs connus de la synthèse protéique, ce qui nous a conduits à investiguer in vitro cette potentielle inhibition. Le CM16 inhibe la synthèse protéique et semble affecter spécifiquement la phase d'initiation de la traduction étant donné que nous avons observé une désorganisation des ribosomes et polysomes. L’induction de la phosphorylation du facteur d'initiation 2α (eIF2α) pourrait en partie être responsable de l'effet inhibiteur de la synthèse protéique. La comparaison transcriptomique des modèles du NCI présentant des degrés divers de sensibilité au CM16 suggère que EIF1AX, EIF3E et EIF3H puissent, au moins en partie, être impliquées dans la sensibilité des cellules cancéreuses au composé CM16. Nous avons ensuite réalisé une étude du profil protéomique des cellules de gliomes traitées ou non par le CM16. Bien que les cibles identifiées ci-dessus n’ont pu être identifiées par cette technique, de légères mais significatives différences dans le protéome des cellules de gliomes traitées avec le CM16 ont été mises en évidence par LC-MS shotgun. Grâce à étude comparative de gels en deux dimensions, des protéines différentiellement exprimées dans ces conditions ont été identifiées, telles que HspB1, Ebp1, BTF3, galectine 1, cofiline, dUTPase, PGAM1 et CK-18. Celles-ci pourraient être impliquées dans les effets antiprolifératifs et inhibiteurs sur la synthèse protéique induits par le CM16, notamment suite à leurs rôles dans la biologie tumorale, contribuant ainsi à l'élucidation du mécanisme d'action de ce dérivé harmine dans les cellules cancéreuses. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

β-Carboline sind heterozyklische Indolalkaloide, die ubiquitär in unserer Umwelt und Nahrung vorkommen, aber auch endogen aus Tryptophan gebildet werden können. Aufgrund der strukturellen Verwandtschaft bestimmter β-Carboline zu dem dopaminergen Neurotoxin MPP+ wird ein möglicher Beitrag zur Pathogenese der Parkinson-Krankheit diskutiert. MPP+ ist seit langem für seine selektive Toxizität gegenüber dopaminergen Neuronen und das Auslösen von Parkinsonsymptomen bekannt. Insbesondere 2,9-DiMe-BC wurde in erhöhter Konzentration in der lumbalen cerebrospinalen Flüssigkeit von Parkinsonpatienten detektiert, jedoch nicht in Kontrollprobanden. Eine Inhibierung von Komplex I der mitochondrialen Atmungskette und eine selektive Toxizität auf DA Neurone konnten nachgewiesen werden. Die genauen Mechanismen des Zelltodes bleiben jedoch ungeklärt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die Mechanismen des Zelltodes, ausgelöst durch 2,9-DiMe-BC, in dopaminergen Primärzellkulturen des Mesencephalons von C57Bl/6-Mäusen untersucht. Drei weitere BC 2-Me-BC, 9-Me-BC und 1,9-DiMe-BC standen für Untersuchungen zur Verfügung. In ersten Experimenten wies 9-Me-BC und 1,9-DiMe-BC keine Toxizität gegenüber DA Neuronen auf. Aufgrund der höheren Toxizität von 2,9-DiMe-BC verglichen mit 2-Me-BC wurden nachfolgende Experimente mit dem zweifach methylierten BC durchgeführt. Durch die Behandlung mit 2,9-DiMe-BC konnte ein höherer Verlust der DA Neurone gegenüber anderen neuralen Zellen festgestellt werden. Eine selektive Aufnahme über den Dopamintransporter und damit verbundene Schädigung der DA Neurone, wie bei MPP+, konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Für 2,9-DiMe-BC wurde eine LC50 der DA Neurone von 14,1 µM und für MPP+ von 4,4 µM bestimmt. 2,9-DiMe-BC verursachte in der Gesamtkultur eine erhöhte Entstehung von reaktiven Sauerstoffspezies und eine gesteigerte Laktatproduktion. In diesem Zusammenhang kann eine Hemmung von Komplex I der Atmungskette vermutet werden. Des Weiteren konnte eine Verringerung des mitochondrialen Membranpotentials und des ATP-Gehaltes gemessen werden. Eine Aktivierung des apoptotischen Zelltodes wurde mit einer erhöhten Aktivität von Caspase-3 nachgewiesen. Durch die Behandlung mit 2,9-DiMe-BC wurde in der Primärzellkultur jedoch auch in erhöhtem Maß Nekrose ausgelöst. Dabei wurde eine höhere Sensitivität von jüngeren Kulturen (8. DIV) gegenüber älteren (10. DIV) festgestellt. Genexpressionsanalysen konnten das Auslösen von oxidativem Stress und Apoptose durch 2,9-DiMe-BC bestätigen, da mehrere Gene dieser Prozesse hochreguliert wurden. Des Weiteren wurden Gene reguliert, die im Zusammenhang mit der Hitzeschock-Antwort, Entzündungsprozessen, DNA-Schädigung und Reparatur, Zellalterung und Proliferation stehen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass 2,9-DiMe-BC die Mitochondrienaktivität hemmt, sowohl nekrotische als auch apoptotische Prozesse in der dopaminergen mesencephalen Primärzellkultur auslöst und die Entstehung von oxidativem Stress eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Untersuchung von unerwarteten neuroprotektiven Effekten von 9-Me-BC in der Primärzellkultur. Durch die Behandlung mit 9-Me-BC verringerte sich die LDH-Freisetzung und reduzierte sich die Anzahl der nekrotischen Zellen um 50 %. Nach 24 h konnte eine verminderte Caspase 3-Aktivität gemessen werden, die allerdings nach 48 h im Vergleich zur Kontrolle wieder zunahm. Hier wären längerfristige Untersuchungen zur Klärung dieser Frage anzuschließen. Des Weiteren erhöhte sich der intrazelluläre ATP-Gehalt. Möglicherweise fand eine energieabhängige Verschiebung von Nekrose zu Apoptose statt. Genexpressionsanalysen zeigten, dass verschiedene Gene von inflammatorischen und apoptotischen Signaltransduktionswegen herrunterreguliert wurden. Überraschenderweise erhöhte sich nach der Behandlung mit 9-Me-BC die Anzahl DA Neurone konzentrationsabhängig um bis zu 20 %. Diese Beobachtung ist neu und wurde über noch kein anderes BC berichtet. Der Effekt wurde durch die Inhibierung des DAT aufgehoben und lässt eine DAT-abhängige Aufnahme von 9-Me-BC vermuten. Die signifikante Erhöhung der Anzahl beschränkte sich nur auf DA Neurone, während sich der Gesamtanteil der Neurone nur geringfügig erhöhte und die übrigen Zellen unbeeinflusst blieben. Zusätzlich wurden ein erhöhter intrazellulärer DA-Gehalt und eine gesteigerte Aufnahme von [3H]DA um 20 % nachgewiesen. Die [3H]DA-Aufnahme und morphologische Untersuchungen zeigten funktionale und reife DA Neurone, es wurde aber auch die Theorie der Neuentstehung durch mögliche Differenzierungsprozesse untersucht. Interessanterweise wurde die Genexpression von einem breiten Spektrum neurotropher Faktoren (Shh, Wnt1, Wnt5a) und Transkriptionsfaktoren (En1, Nurr1, Pitx3), die für die Differenzierung und Entwicklung DA Neurone entscheidend sind, durch die Behandlung mit 9-Me-BC hochreguliert. Zusätzlich erhöhte sich die Expression der DA Markergene Aldh1a1, Dat und Th. Dabei war die Hochregulierung der Genexpression bei allen Faktoren bis auf Shh und Wnt1 von der Anwesenheit des BC abhängig. Ein weiterer Aspekt, der auf eine Differenzierung hindeuten könnte, war die verringerte Anzahl mitotischer BrdU-positiver Zellen. Das Erscheinen DA Neurone könnte also auf Differenzierung und Entwicklung von undifferenzierten Zellen oder Vorläuferzellen beruhen. Jedoch wäre auch eine Induktion der TH von vorher TH-negativen Zellen denkbar. Eine weitere Erklärung könnte das Vorherrschen eines dynamischen Gleichgewichts von Absterben und Neuentstehung DA Neurone innerhalb der Primärzellkultur sein und der Absterbeprozess durch protektive Effekte von 9-Me-BC unterbunden wurde. Zukünftige Experimente sollten zu einer weiteren Aufklärung, der diesem Phänomen zu Grunde liegendenen Mechanismen beitragen. Auch durch die Behandlung mit dem Harman 1,9-DiMe-BC erhöhte sich die Anzahl der DA Neurone konzentrationsabhängig, jedoch erwies sich im Vergleich zu 9-Me-BC nur eine Konzentration von 50 µM als signifikant. Innerhalb dieser Arbeit wurden auf Genexpressionsebene mit Hilfe von Microarrays und qRT-PCR mögliche neuroprotektive Effekte des Dopaminagonisten Lisurid im gleichen Zellkulturmodell untersucht. Lisurid gehört zur Substanzklasse der Ergotalkaloide und wird zur Behandlung der Parkinson-Krankheit eingesetzt. Bei Voruntersuchungen in der DA mesencephalen Primärzellkultur wies Lisurid eine protektive Wirkung für DA Neurone gegen Glutamattoxizität auf. Durch qRT-PCR konnten nur 50 % der ausgewählten Gene der Microarraydaten validiert werden. Nach 24 h Behandlung mit Lisurid wurde die Genexpression von dem Transportprotein Transthyretin (Ttr) hochreguliert, dessen erhöhte Biosynthese und Sekretion interessanterweise mit einer Verminderung der Aggregation des Amyloid-β-Proteins assoziiert wird. Die Genexpression der Aldoketoreduktase 1c20 (Ark1c20) wurde um 50 % herrunterreguliert. Die Bedeutung dieses Ergebnisses bedarf weiterer Abklärung, da eine gewebspezifische Expression bisher nur für die Leber gefunden wurde. Das Thyroidhormonrezeptorbindende Protein 3 (Thrap3), die Mitogen aktivierte Kinase Kinase Kinase 12 (Map3k12) und der G-Protein gekoppelte Rezeptor 27 (Gpr27) waren in ihrer Genexpression hochreguliert. Ein Einfluss von Lisurid auf Signaltransduktionswege konnte somit nachgewiesen werden. Des Weiteren wurde durch Lisurid die Expression der Transkriptionsfaktoren NeuroD1 und Tcf3 hochreguliert, die in Differenzierungsprozesse involviert sind. NeuroD1 gilt dabei als proneurales Gen und ist somit möglicherweise an Vorgängen der Neuroprotektion beteiligt. Keines der validierten differentiell exprimierten Gene des 24 h Experimentes war nach einem Behandlungszeitraum von 6 h reguliert. Die Änderungen der Genexpression nach Preinkubation mit Lisurid und anschließender Glutamatbehandlung und Behandlung mit Glutamat allein überschnitten sich weitestgehend. Demnach war vor allem die Glutamatbehandlung für die differentielle Genexpression verantwortlich. Eine zusätzliche Neusynthese von radikalfangenden Proteinen durch Preinkubation mit Lisurid konnte auf Genebene nicht gefunden werden. Es ist jedoch nicht auszuschließen, da eine Regulation auf post-transkriptioneller Ebene möglich ist.

L'objectif de ces travaux est de découvrir et de valoriser des petites molécules organiques inhibant l'influx de l'iode dans les cellules thyroïdiennes. Ces composés présentent en effet un double intérêt : à court terme, ils peuvent être dérivés en biosondes afin de mieux caractériser les protéines impliquées dans les mécanismes de transport d'iode par génétique chimique directe. A plus long terme, ces inhibiteurs représentent des candidats-médicaments potentiels pour le traitement de pathologies thyroïdiennes et/ou pour la protection de populations exposées aux radioisotopes de l'iode. Pour chacune des deux familles d'inhibiteurs considérées, nous avons donc tout d'abord synthétisé une chimiothèque d'une centaine d'analogues ; puis ces derniers ont été évalués biologiquement afin de fournir un ensemble de relations structure-activité. Par ailleurs, la configuration absolue des centres stéréogènes nécessaire à l'activité biologique a été déterminée : dans chacun des cas, une stéréochimie particulière est responsable du pouvoir inhibiteur des composés. A partir de ces informations, une dizaine d'analogues " de seconde génération " a été synthétisée dans chaque famille, en combinant plusieurs modifications structurales contribuant à l'activité biologique. Après évaluation biologique, neuf d'entre eux possèdent des IC50 < 6 nM et des propriétés physico-chimiques satisfaisantes pour des candidats-médicaments. Enfin, dans chaque famille, une biosonde photoactivable biotinylée a été synthétisée et utilisée en photomarquage d'affinité. Plusieurs protéines marquées spécifiquement ont été repérées, qui correspondraient à des protéines-cibles de chacun des inhibiteurs et dont l'identification reste à achever.

Malaria is a serious mosquito-borne disease affecting the majority of Earth's southern hemisphere. While consistent efforts to curb malaria spread throughout 20th and early 21st century were largely successful, the recent rise in resistance to antimalarial treatments resulted in an increasing incidence rate and stalling mortality rate. This trend clearly signifies the need for the development of novel antimalarial agents able to circumvent current drug-resistance mechanisms. In 2014, in collaboration with Prof. Maria Belen Cassera from the University of Georgia, our group found that compound 1a (1R,3S-MMV008138), discovered from the publicly available Malaria Box, targets an essential biosynthetic pathway (MEP pathway) of malaria-causing parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Analogs of 1a synthesized in our laboratory were found effective against multi-resistant Dd2 strain of P. falciparum which, together with an absence of MEP pathway in humans, suggests that potent analogs of 1a may be safe and efficient antimalarial drug candidates. The initial bioassay studies determined that only one of four possible MMV008138 stereoisomers satisfactorily inhibits the target PfIspD enzyme. Thus a secure determination of stereochemistry in 1a analogs was of utmost importance to the structure-activity relationship studies performed in our group. The second chapter of this work discusses the validation of the previously known empirical stereoassignment method based on analysis of relative shift of 13C NMR resonances between cis and trans diastereomers and compares it to a new method based on 3JHH coupling constants developed in our laboratory. We demonstrate that the new method relying on the analysis of 1H-1H coupling is reliable over large samples of experimental data and suitable even when only a single diastereomer is produced in the synthetic process. Importantly, the origin of 3JHH coupling constants is well understood, unlike the source of relative differences in 13C NMR shifts observed in the older method. The empirical observations for both stereoassignment methods are supported by extensive density-functional theory calculations, which validate the new 1H-1H coupling-based assignment but do not provide a conclusive explanation for the origin of the 13C NMR-based method. In the third chapter, we discuss the replacement of the carboxylic acid moiety in 1a by alternative functional groups promising improved toxicity and bioavailability profile. The total synthesis of tetrazole (trans-23a) and phosphonic acid ((±)-62a) derivatives of 1a is discussed in detail. The tetrazole analog 23a was previously synthesized in the Carlier group as a diastereomeric mixture of cis and trans isomers (dr = 3:7), and it was tested for growth inhibition of multi-resistant P. falciparum with promising results. Later, the synthesis was revisited to obtain a stereochemically pure sample of trans-23a, which was expected to show improved potency compared to the original sample. Furthermore, the synthesis of pure trans-23a confirmed the accuracy of the previous assignment of cis and trans diastereomers in the mixture. Unfortunately, neither analog showed an improvement in potency relative to 1a. / Doctor of Philosophy / The most severe form of malaria disease is caused by the parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, which gives rise to over 200 million infections and more than 400 thousand deaths every year, the majority of which affect young children. In recent years, the effectiveness of clinically used antimalarial medicines decreased due to an increase in drug-resistant strains of P. falciparum. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antimalarial agents that could bypass the emerging resistance. A promising candidate for a new antimalarial drug is a molecule named MMV008138. This molecule exists in four distinct forms called stereoisomers. Stereoisomers are molecules with the same chemical formula, but the atoms in each molecule are positioned differently. Only one of MMV008138's four stereoisomers (1a) was effective in killing the P. falciparum. The second chapter of this work discusses a new method for identifying stereoisomers in molecules like MMV008138. We demonstrate that the new method is both reliable and simpler than the previously used procedures. The third chapter of this dissertation discusses the preparation of two new compounds based on the structure of 1a that contain modifications promising improved biological activity. Unfortunately, neither of these two molecules was able to kill the P. falciparum efficiently.