Une micro-structuration de surface peut améliorer les propriétés en frottement d’un contact lubrifié grâce à la génération de pression hydrodynamique. Ce travail s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet ANR MicroGaMe, dont l’objectif était de structurer la surface d’une garniture mécanique en acier inoxydable austénitique. Nous avons développé un procédé basé sur l’utilisation des traitements thermochimiques à basse température (nitruration et carburation) assisté par plasmas froids. L’étude des couches obtenues après traitements a permis d’améliorer la compréhension de leur nature et de leur formation et de mettre en évidence la présence de précipités nanométriques. Lors des traitements, une déformation dans la direction perpendiculaire à la surface (appelée « gonflement »), et qui est la conséquence de fortes contraintes internes, peut être utilisée de façon originale comme moteur de structuration. Afin d’obtenir un motif « positif », nous avons traité les échantillons à travers des plaques d’acier percées par laser. La réalisation d’un motif « négatif » (cavité) nécessitant l’utilisation d’un masque discontinu, nous avons testé plusieurs voies de dépôts. La forme et les dimensions spécifiques à la garniture mécanique ne pouvant être obtenu par cette approche, nous avons également développé un procédé de gravure ionique, qui a pu être appliqué avec succès aux pièces à taille réelle / Surface patterning can improve friction properties of a lubricated contact by the generation of hydrodynamic pressure. The objective of the ANR project MicroGaMe was to pattern the surface of a mechanical seal in austenitic stainless steel. We developed a process based on the use of low-temperature plasma-assisted thermochemical treatments (nitriding and carburizing). The study of the treated layers leads to a better understanding of its nature and of the formation mechanisms and also reveals the presence of nanoprecipitates. During the treatments, a deformation occurs in a direction perpendicular to the surface (called “swelling”) as a consequence of high internal stresses, which can be used as an original patterning driving force. To obtain a “positive” pattern, we treated samples through laser-cut steel plates. A “negative” motif (cavitie) requires the use of a discontinuous mask so we tested different deposition techniques. As the specific shape and dimensions needed for the application to a mechanical seal cannot be obtained with this approach, we also develop an ion etching process, which has been successfully applied to real size piece

The carburizing atmosphere during the case hardening process contains a large proportion of hydrogen. Due to the rapid diffusion of hydrogen a high amount of hydrogen can be absorbed by the carburizing component. The amount of absorbed hydrogen is dependent on some factors such as for example the carburizing time and component dimensions. Hydrogen diffused in material can then cause hydrogen embrittlement and in some cases cause cracking under a static load. This hydrogen must therefore be removed. High amounts of hydrogen diffuse out spontaneously at room temperature. Tempering accelerates the process. The aim of this study was to experimentally measure the amount of absorbed hydrogen after case hardening and hydrogen content after storage at room temperature and also after tempering. The effect of the enriching gas in carburizing furnace on hydrogen absorption was investigated in this study. Three steel grades with different content of alloying elements were used in this investigation. Steel samples were case hardened by gas carburizing and tempering. The hydrogen content analyses included the measurement of hydrogen content before case hardening, after case hardening and after tempering using Leco-RHEN602. Based on the results in this study it was concluded that all steel grades used in this investigation absorb hydrogen during case hardening by gas carburizing. A major part of the absorbed hydrogen is then released by effusion after being stored at room temperature and during tempering. Around 50% of the absorbed hydrogen content during gas carburizing is due to the presence of the enriching gas in the carburizing atmosphere. Around 50 % of hydrogen diffuses out of the steel specimens after one day. It is likely that all of free diffusible) hydrogen has diffused out of the specimens of two steel grades after one week at room temperature or after tempering. / Vid sätthärdning består den uppkolande atmosfären till stor del av vätgas och p.g.a. vätets snabba diffusion kan stora mängder av väte absorberas i komponenten. Halten av absorberade väte beror bl.a. på sätthärdningstid och komponentens dimensioner. Väte i materialet kan sedan leda till sprickbildning vid statisk belastning. Detta väte måste därför avlägsnas. En stor del av väte diffunderar ut spontant vid rumstemperatur. Vid anlöpning går processen fortare. Syftet med denna studie var att experimentellt mäta halten av väte som absorberas under sätthärdning, samt efter att metallen har lagrats i luft vid rumstemperatur. Dessutom mättes vätehalten efter anlöpning. Dessutom undersöktes effekten av ugnsatmosfärens tillsatsgas på mängden absorberad väte efter uppkolning. Tre olika höghållfasta och låg legerade stål sorter sätthärdades genom gas uppkolning. Mängden väte analyserades innan sätthärdning, efter sätthärdning, efter lagring i rumstemperatur och efter anlöpning med hjälp av Leco-RHEN602. Enligt resultaten i denna studie, absorberar alla av de tre undersökta stålsorterna väte under sätthärdning. En stor del av det absorberade vätet diffunderar ut efter att stålet har lagrats i luft vid rumstemperatur och under anlöpning. Omkring 50 % av den absorberade vätehalten under uppkolningen är på grund av reaktionen med tillsatsgasen i ugnsatmosfären. Omkring 50 % av vätet diffunderar ut ur proverna efter en dag. Möjligen all fritt (diffunderbart) väte har diffunderat ut ur proverna i två av stålsorterna efter en vecka i rumstemperatur eller efter anlöpning.

Submitted by Douglas dos Santos (santosdouglas@bol.com.br) on 2017-02-14T16:15:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DOUGLAS SANTOS.pdf: 21576460 bytes, checksum: bffe3cdab84e078db037d13093fdd016 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-02-16T15:17:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_d_dr_guara.pdf: 21576460 bytes, checksum: bffe3cdab84e078db037d13093fdd016 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T15:17:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_d_dr_guara.pdf: 21576460 bytes, checksum: bffe3cdab84e078db037d13093fdd016 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / O aço 300M surgiu como uma melhoria do aço de alta resistência SAE 4340, este foi desenvolvido para adquirir melhor tenacidade e soldabilidade em aplicações que exigem melhores propriedades mecânicas, foram feitas pequenas alterações nos elementos de liga como a adição de vanádio e elevação no teor de silício. Este trabalho realizou tratamentos de superfície de nitretação a Plasma e de carbonetação a Laser na superfície de um aço 300M com estrutura bainítica. A microestrutura bainítica foi obtida por resfriamento isotérmico na temperatura de 300°C durante 60 minutos, a partir da região de austenitização, elevando a dureza de 380 para 474 HV. O tratamento de superfície de carbonetação, utilizando um laser de CO2 de baixa potência (125 W) utilizou como revestimento negro de fumo, com objetivo de adicionar carbono e criar uma camada protetora. O tratamento de superfície por nitretação a plasma ocorreu na temperatura de 500ºC durante 3 horas, em uma atmosfera com mistura de gases N2 e H2. As amostras foram caracterizadas por microscopia óptica. Foram analisadas as espessuras da camada de compostos formada na superfície, em torno de 20 μm, e da zona termicamente afetada pelo calor (ZTA), em torno de 45 μm, para tratamento a laser. Pelo tratamento de nitretação, a camada formada na superfície do aço, apresentou uma região branca com aproximadamente 3 μm e uma camada de difusão atômica endurecida com cerca de 20 μm. As propriedades mecânicas foram avaliadas por meio de ensaios de tração e fadiga uniaxial. Os resultados mostraram que o comportamento mecânico em tração foi fortemente afetado pela microestrutura bainítica, aumentando os níveis do limite de escoamento e de resistência. Estas propriedades em tracão não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos de superfície. No desempenho da vida em fadiga, o tratamento de superfície a plasma apresentou melhor comportamento, melhorando significativamente as propriedades em fadiga. / 300M steel was developed from high-strength steel SAE 4340, the goal of this improvement was get better toughness and weldability in applications requiring improved mechanical properties; with small changes in alloy elements, addition of vanadium and especially the silicon content. This work uses low-power laser CO2 (125 W) for introducing carbon into the surface of 300M steel with bainitic structure. The bainitic microstructure was obtained by isothermal cooling at 300 °C for 60 minutes after austenitizing at 850 ºC for 30 minutes; this heat treatment increased the hardness of 360 HV for 474 HV. The CO2 laser parameters as resolution and power were kept constant and the speed is varied. It was used as carbon black coating to better the absorption of light laser. Treatment plasma nitriding surface was at a temperature of 500° C for 3 hours in atmosphere having a gas mixture N2 e H2. The samples were characterized by optical microscopy. They were analyzed thicknesses of the layers formed on the surface around 20 μm, and the heat affected zone (HAZ) about 45 μm, for laser treatment. To nitriding treatment, the layer formed on the surface of the steel showed a white area of approximately 3 μm and 20 μm near HAZ. The mechanical properties were analyzed using tensile and fatigue tests. The results showed that the mechanical properties in tensile tests was strongly affected by the bainitic microstructure. The steel that received the nitriding surface plasma treatment showed better fatigue behavior.

Orientador: Itamar Ferreira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T13:08:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandor_LeonardoTaborda_D.pdf: 12861330 bytes, checksum: 648e60efeced3118f4ec8272c46bddcc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Este trabalho propõe uma metodologia para avaliar pontualmente as variações de tenacidade à fratura e taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga ao longo da camada cementada de um aço SAE 4320. A pequena espessura dessas camadas impede a retirada de corpos de prova nas dimensões especificadas pelas normas de ensaios de tenacidade à fratura. Assim, para simular uma camada cementada retirou-se amostras de aços SAE 43xx variando-se apenas teor de carbono de 0,20 a 1,00%. Os corpos de prova após eletrodeposição de cobre foram tratados termicamente numa carga de cementação, têmpera e revenimento para serem submetidos aos efeitos térmicos sem absorção de carbono. Os resultados da análise microestrutural, dos ensaios de microdureza, de tração e de tenacidade à fratura e de taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga foram agrupados em um único gráfico e comparados com o perfil de cementação de peças de aço SAE 4320 tratadas nas mesmas condições. Foi confirmado que as propriedades de fadiga variam de forma inversamente proporcional à microdureza (HV1) e que a previsão do comportamento de uma trinca numa camada cementada pode ser feita por meio de equação ou diagrama que relacionam a microdureza HV1 com a tenacidade à fratura ou taxa de crescimento de trinca de fadiga (KIC ou da/dN x ??) / Abstract: The purpose of this work is to propose a methodology for evaluating the crack growth rate and the fracture toughness along the SAE 4320 steel carburized layer. Due to the small thickness of those layers, it is impossible to machine specimens from those layers in accordance with standards. For simulating the microstructures of the carburized layer in order to get samples for tensile and the fracture toughness testing, specimens of SAE 43xx, from 0.20 %C to 1.00 %C, steels melted in vacuum induction melting, hot rolled and have been machined, assuming the local influence just the variation of the content of carbon and considering that the contents of the other alloy elements are essentially constant. The specimens after electroplated copper layer were heat treated in an industrial load of carburizing, quenching, and tempering for they be submitted to the thermal effects without absorption of carbon. The results of the microstructure analysis and microhardness, crack growth rate, and the fracture toughness tests were placed in a single graph and compared with the profile of the carburizing of the steel SAE 4320 heat treated in the same conditions. It was confirmed that the crack growth rate and the fracture toughness varies inversely proportional to the microhardness (HV1) and that the forecast of the behavior of a crack in a carburized layer can be made through equation or it designs that relate the microhardness (HV1) with the fracture toughness (KIC or CTODC) and crack growth rate (da/dN X ??) / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Le grenaillage de précontrainte est un procédé couramment utilisé dans l’industrie (automobile, aréonautique, …) pour augmenter la durée de vie des pièces mécaniques et de structure : des contraintes de compression sont générées par déformation plastique de la surface. Dans le cas des aciers TRIP (TRansformation Induced Plasticity), qui possèdent une microstructure complexe, l’austénite métastable est susceptible de se transformer en martensite lors du grenaillage. L’état de contraintes obtenu est donc complexe : il résulte de l’effet combiné de la déformation plastique induite par le procédé et de la transformation martensitique qui conduit à une redistribution des contraintes entre l’austénite et la martensite. Ce travail a pour objectif de caractériser expérimentalement l’état mécanique, à l’échelle des phases, de différents aciers TRIP (AISI 301LN, TRIP 780 et 23MnCrMo5) ainsi que leurs fractions de phase respectives après grenaillage et d’en proposer une modélisation par éléments finis pouvant être, à terme, utilisée en bureaux d’études. Le modèle élastoplastique à transformation de phase, développé dans cette thèse, permet de prédire l’évolution des différents champs mécaniques, de manière macroscopique mais également à l’échelle des phases, ainsi que l’évolution de la fraction d’austénite résiduelle. / Shot-peening is commonly used in mechanical industries to increase life duration of mechanical and structural parts: residual compressive stresses are developed at the sub-surface of the material by plastic stretching of the surface. In the case of TRIP-effect steels (TRansformation Induced Plasticity), the metastable austenite can transform into martensite during shot-peening. The final distribution of stress is then more complex than for “standard steels” as it results from the mechanical strain imposed by the process and the martensitic transformation leading to a stress redistribution between austenite, martensite and the other phases. This work aims to characterize experimentally the mechanical state, at phase scale, of different TRIP steels (AISI 301LN, TRIP 780 and 23MnCrMo5) as well as the fraction of each phase after shot-peening and to propose a numerical model by finite elements which could be used in the future by engineering offices. An elastoplastic model with phase transformation was developed in this thesis which permits to predict the evolution of mechanical variables, macroscopically and at the phase scale, as well as the evolution of austenite volume fraction

No description available.

Uppvärmning av stål kan leda till korntillväxt vilket har en avgörande roll på materialets mekaniska egenskaper och generellt sett så resulterar det i sämre hållfasthet. I följande examensarbete har olika modeller tagits fram för att prediktera förändringar i kornstorleken som sker till följd av sätthärdning. Modellerna tas fram via en litteraturöversikt och är ämnade att prediktera korntillväxt på provbitar med tillsatser av Niob samt provbitar utan Niob. Målet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka vilka modeller som finns tillgängliga för att prediktera korntillväxt samt analysera hur predikteringen ser ut i jämförelse med observationsvärden från experimentella försök. Examensarbetet består av en experimentell del och en modelleringsdel. Den experimentella delen sker genom att provbitar analyseras med hjälp av ljusoptisk mikroskopi med avseende på förändringar i kornstorlek före och efter värmebehandling. Detta för att kunna estimera förändringar i kornstorlek och validera beräkningsmodellerna för prediktering av förändringar i kornstorlek. Modelleringsdelen används för att testa hur olika modeller predikterar korntillväxten. Beräkningsdelen och den experimentella delen jämförs sedan med varandra i resultatet där en sammanställning på alla värden sker. Resultatet visar vilka modeller som finns tillgängliga för att prediktera korntillväxt samt hur predikteringarna ställer sig mot observationsvärden från experimentella prover.  För att säkerställa att modellerna kan användas för att prediktera korntillväxten så krävs en djupare analys av modellerna då alla materialparametrar inte kunde tas fram till samtliga modeller. En utveckling av arbetet är att ta fram alla parametrar för att sedan kunna avgöra vilken modell som ställer sig närmast till uppmätta värden från den experimentella delen. / Heating steel may lead to grain growth, which results in deterioration of mechanical properties of the steel. In the present study, different models that predict changes in grain size, occurring in heat treatments such as case hardening, have been validated. The models were retrieved via a literature review and were intended to predict grain growth on test pieces with and without Niob precipitates. The aim of this thesis is to investigate which models that are available for predicting grain growth and to validate the models in a comparison with experimental results. This thesis consists of an experimental part and a modeling part. The experimental part is done by analyzing specimens using light-optical microscopy regarding changes in grain size before and after heat treatment. This is to be able to estimate changes in grain size and validate calculation models for predicting changes in grain size. The modeling part is used to evaluate how different models predict grain growth. The calculation part and the experimental part then compare with each other in the result where a compilation of all values takes place. The results show which models are available for predicting grain growth and how the predictions compare with observation values from experimental samples. To ensure that the models can be used to predict grain growth, a deeper analysis of the models is required; not all material parameters could be obtained for all models. A development of the work is to retrieve all parameters in order to then be able to determine which model is closest to the measured values from the experimental part.

As the world becomes more focused on sustainability, there is increasing pressure on steel-bearing companies to improve their energy efficiency and reduce their carbon footprint. The heat treatment process accounts for about 25% of SKF's energy consumption, and it aims to achieve decarbonized operations by 2030 and the supply chain by 2050. Therefore, improving the energy efficiency of the heat treatment process can have significant economic and environmental benefits for the company. This thesis project aimed to conduct an energy mapping of different heat treatment processes at SKF to develop a methodology and standard key performance indicator for establishing energy performance and ensuring comparability between installations and processes. Three heat treatment processes were studied: through hardening, location A; case carburizing, location B; and surface induction hardening, location C. A detailed methodology and guidelines for carrying out energy mapping were developed. A standard key performance indicator known as Specific Energy consumption in kWh/kg at a particular utilization in % was set for comparisons among different heat treatment processes. Regression analysis was used to normalize the results. On the same utilization level, case carburizing, location B consumes more energy than through hardening, location A. Surface induction hardening, location C consumes 90% less than others and is less dependent on utilization. The carbon intensity in g CO2-eq/kg for greenhouse gas scopes 1, 2 and 3 were also studied. Case carburizing, location B had the highest climate impact due to the coal-based electricity mix of the country. Hence, the future availability of renewable electricity is critical when switching from gas to electricity across factories in SKF.

No description available.

Os tratamentos de cementação, têmpera, revenimento e jateamento por granalhas são muito utilizados na produção seriada de peças da indústria automobilística, como engrenagens e eixos. Variações destes processos podem influenciar a vida em fadiga por flexão dos componentes descritos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência de variações no tempo de jateamento por granalhas, variações na temperatura de revenimento e de diferentes profundidades de oxidação intergranular, no crescimento de trincas curtas por fadiga na camada cementada do aço DIN 20MnCr5. Para isso foram feitos ensaios de fadiga por flexão em quatro pontos, utilizando corpos de prova de seção retangular e sem entalhe. Para o acompanhamento do crescimento de trincas curtas foi utilizado o método de réplicas de acetato. Foram estudados seis níveis de jateamento, quatro níveis de revenimento e dois níveis de oxidação intergranular. Como resultados principais, foram obtidas curvas de comprimento de trinca por número de ciclos e taxa de crescimento de trinca por tamanho médio da trinca. Amostras jateadas entre trinta minutos e uma hora, revenidas à 160&#176C e com oxidação intergranular por volta de dez mícrons, apresentaram os melhores resultados em relação à vida em fadiga. / Carburizing, quenching, tempering and shot peening treatments are often used in mass production of automotive parts, such as gears and shafts. Changes in these treatments can influence the bending fatigue life of these parts. The purpose of this study was to measure the influence of different shot peening times, different tempering temperature and different internal oxidation depths, on the short fatigue crack growth in case carburized DIN 20MnCr5 steel. Four-point-bend fatigue tests were carried out in rectangular section specimens without notch. The surface short crack growth was monitored by means of acetate replication technique. Six levels of shot peening, four levels of tempering temperatures and two levels of internal oxidation were studied in this work. Crack length versus number of cycles and crack growth rate versus mean crack length were obtained as principal results. Shot peening from 30 minutes to one hour, tempering at 160#176C and a lO~m depth of internal oxidation showed the best results in fatigue life.