The high cost of feed materials and feed additives in developing nations has elicited interest in the search for sustainable alternatives. Moringa (Moringa oleifera), one of such sustainable alternatives is a tropical plant that has its usefulness investigated in this study. A 42-day study was designed to determine the response of Ross 308 broilers to dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation. The Moringa oleifera leaves used for the study were analysed for proximate, mineral and composition as well as phytochemical contents before being incorporated in the diet. Day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 500) were allotted to five treatments in completely randomized design with each treatment replicated five times and each replicate having 20 chicks. The birds were subjected to diets supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf meal at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/kg feed at both starter and finisher stage, respectively and designated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Moringa oleifera leaf meal level that supported optimum production and physiological variables was modelled using the quadratic function. At day 42, three birds per replicate were slaughtered to evaluate carcass and organ yields. Result of the proximate composition revealed that MOLM is rich in protein (32.37%) and neutral detergent fibre (52.16%). Mineral assay indicated that MOLM was high in calcium, sodium, potassium, sulphur and iron. Daily feed intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio were the same among the treatments with the exception of starter broilers on diet T1 that had higher ADG (p<0.05) than those on the other diets. Final live weight (FLW), mortality and gizzard weight were influenced (p<0.05) by Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation. Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation had no effect on parameters measured. Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation at 39.98 and 35.80 g/kg feed supported optimum FLW and ADG at starter phase and 46.88 g/kg feed MOLM supported optimum FLW at finisher phase. In conclusion, Moringa oleifera leaf meal is a good source of nutrients and suitable for production of enhanced cut parts in broiler chickens. Birds on 50 and 75 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed had higher (p<0.05) packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC) and glucose than those on the other 3 treatment diets. The white blood cell (WBC) counts for birds on 50 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed were higher (p<0.05) than those on 100 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed but similar (p>0.05) to those on 0, 25 and 75 g MOLM/kg feed. Blood platelet count maintained the trend 75 g > 0 g > 50 g > 100 g > 25 g MOLM/kg feed with birds on 75 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed being statistically higher (p<0.05) than those on 25, 50 and 100 g MOLM/kg feed. Dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation had no significant effect (p>0.05) on haemoglobin (Hb), total serum protein (TSP), albumin, cholesterol and uric acid. Triglyceride (TG) level of birds on 25, 75 and 100 g Moringa oleifera leaf meal/kg feed decreased significantly compared to those on 0 and 50 g MOLM/kg feed. Daily Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the differential WBC count. Daily Moringa oleifera leaf meal supplementation with 26.99 g/kg feed and 31.95 g/kg feed respectively supported optimum PCV (38.62%) and glucose (245.42 mg/dl) in Ross 308 broilers. It is, therefore summarized that optimizing MOLM supplementation level in the ration of Ross 308 broilers could assist in improving their productivity. / Agriculture and  Animal Health / Ph. D. (Agriculture)

This study was conducted to determine the influence of factors on the efficiency of protein utilization and the rate of lipid deposition and withdrawal in growing pigs. Two experiments were conducted in total. The first experiment involved fifty-two crossbred entire Large White x Landrace male pigs, individually penned, which were used to test the proposition that the efficiency of protein utilisation is influenced by the body composition of the pig at the start of the trial. The experiment was divided into two phases: in the first period, starting at 20kg liveweight, when 3 pigs were slaughtered to determine the initial body composition of the pigs on the trial, the remaining 48 pigs were divided into three groups, two of which were fed ad libitum, with 11 pigs being offered a feed high in crude protein (HP, 1979 CP/kg) and 19 pigs being offered a low CP (LP, 166g/kg) feed. The remaining 19 pigs were fed HP on a restricted basis; the daily allowance being 0.7 of the mean intake of those pigs fed HP ad libitum. The objective of this initial period was to create three groups of pigs differing in body lipid content. As each pig achieved a protein weight of approximately 5.9kg, predicted to occur when the pigs on the three treatments reached live weights of 35, 39 and 34kg respectively, the pig entered phase 2 of the trial. At this stage three pigs from each treatment (a total of 9 pigs) were slaughtered for carcass analysis, the protein contents being approximately 5.9kg, and lipid contents being 85,98 and 87g/kg for the 3 treatments respectively. During phase 2, the 8 pigs fed HP in phase 1 continued to be fed HP in phase 2; 8 pigs were chosen at random from those fed LP in phase 1 and were allocated the high CP basal feed, while the remaining 8 were given LP; and 8 of the pigs feed-restricted in phase 1 were randomly chosen and fed HP, while the remaining 8 were given LP. All pigs were fed ad libitum during phase 2. Four pigs from each treatment in phase 2 were slaughtered after 1 week and the remaining 4 a week later for analysis of body composition In the first week of the second phase of the trial protein gain was highest (264g/d) on the pigs previously restricted and then fed HP, followed by those previously fed LP and then HP (242g/d), with pigs previously restricted and then fed LP depositing the least amount of protein (192g/d). Pigs fed LP or HP throughout, had protein gains of 217 and 210g/d, respectively. Efficiencies of utilization of dietary protein did not differ significantly between treatments, however, the highest being measured in pigs fed LP throughout (461g/kg), followed in order by those fed LP and then HP (457g/kg), those fed HP throughout (404g/kg), those previously restricted and then fed LP (394g/kg), with those previously restricted and then fed HP being the least efficient (372g/kg). The second experiment involved twenty-six male and twenty-six female crossbred Large White x Landrace pigs, individually penned, which were used to determine the maximum rate at which growing pigs can gain lipid. The experiment was divided into three phases: In the first, starting at 20kg live weight (56 days old), when two males and 2 females were slaughtered to determine the initial body composition of the pigs on the trial, the remaining 24 males and 24 females were randomly allocated to their various treatments. The treatments consisted of a feed high in crude protein (H, 197g/kg), a feed low in CP (L, 166g/kg) and three blends, namely 5OH/5OL (180g/kg) (male diet), 30H/70L (167g/kg) (both male and female diets) and 20H/80L (162g/kg) (female diet). Six pigs from each sex were allocated to each treatment. The EFG Pig Growth Model was used to determine the fat contents (lipid index) on the two feeds available and the three blends, to estimate the best times to sample pigs. It was estimated that phase 1 would terminate at 63 d, phase 2 at 70 d and phase 3 at 77 d of age. At the end of each phase two pigs from each sex and treatment were slaughtered. The lipid contents differed significantly between treatments at the end of phase 2 for the male pigs, with the highest being measured in pigs fed L (108g/kg), followed in order by those fed 70L/30H (86g/kg), those fed 5OL/5OH (74g/kg), and those fed H (68g/kg) with the least lipid content. The lipid contents of the female pigs were highly significantly different at the end of phase 3, with the highest being measured in pigs fed L (147g/kg), followed in order by those fed 80L/20H (124g/kg), those fed 70L/3OH (116g/kg) and the least lipid content from those fed H (115g/kg). As estimated by the EFG Pig Growth Model, the male and female pigs fed L treatment had the highest lipid content and those fed H treatment, achieving their target rate of lipid deposition, with the lowest lipid content. This study indicates that the response in protein gain and in efficiency of utilization of protein of pigs to a given feed is dependent on the amount and quality of the feed given to the animals previously. Also, the maximum rate of lipid deposition can be achieved by monitoring the changes in lipid deposition over a period of time, which enables an enhanced understanding of the theory of food intake regulation in a growing pig. As a result, accurate changes can be made when designing a phase-feeding program for growing pigs. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Leptin, a 16 (kilo Dalton) kDa hormone secreted predominantly by white adipocytes, regulates reproduction, energy intake and expenditure, and is involved in immune system function. Previous studies have identified associations between polymorphism E2FB in the leptin gene (lep) of cattle and milk quality and quantity, feed intake, and fat deposition in dairy and beef cattle though further studies have shown inconclusive results. Furthermore, indigenous South African cattle have not been involved in lep investigations or the applicability of the marker in South African beef grading systems. An investigation was conducted into the association of an SNP of a cytosine (C) to thymine (T) SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) mutation in exon 2 of the bovine lep (leptin) gene with weight gain, body condition, carcass fat content and quality in a population of indigenous Nguni cattle (n = 70) as well as a population of exotic British Hereford cattle (n = 54). The Hereford population had higher T-allele frequencies and a lower P-value (P = 0.172) for the E2FB genotypes than the Nguni population (P = 0.958). The resulting E2FB lep genotypes CC, CT and TT did not show an association with the pre- and post-slaughter traits initial live weight (ILW), body condition score (BCS), slaughter live weight (SLW), carcass fat content (FAT), carcass conformation (CFN) or warm carcass mass (WCM) for either population though t-tests revealed an association with the CT genotype with increased ILW than TT and a significantly higher WG in the TT genotypes than the CT (P<0.05). Subsequently, differences in pre- and post-slaughter traits in both populations were largely attributable to breed differences. The Hereford population exhibited significantly higher WG, CFN, SLW, WCM and CCM (P<0.05) than the Nguni population. The Nguni displayed significantly higher ILW and BCS values when graded in terms of the commercial South African AAA feedlot system. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.

Le but de notre recherche concerne la reconstitution des environnements et des modes de subsistance des derniers chasseurs-cueilleurs de la basse vallée du Rhône et ses marges, entre le maximum glaciaire et l'optimum climatique (20-8 ka BP). Elle vise à caractériser les comportements humains à la transition Tardiglaciaire-Holocène, synchrone de la déglaciation et des forts changements environnementaux, dans une région marquée par une biogéographie particulière, avec des successions culturelles spécifiques. Dans cette perspective, notre travail s'est tout d'abord basé sur l'analyse taphonomique et archéozoologique des archéofaunes de 14 gisements du Languedoc oriental (Salpêtrière, Oullins, Valorgues, le Plaisir, Fontaine du Pila, Saut du Loup, Chazelles) et du Vaucluse (Chinchon 1 et 2, Gramari, Abri Gauthier, Vauloubeau, Les Agnels, Soubeyras), datés entre le Solutréen et le Mésolithique. De plus, un inventaire a été réalisé combinant les données archéozoologiques de l'ensemble des gisements de cette période de transition dans la région considérée, soit un total de 100 niveaux archéologiques provenant de 48 gisements. L'intégration de nos résultats à cette base de données permet de proposer un bilan diachronique régional portant sur la chrono-biogéographie des espèces animales et sur les stratégies adaptatives des différentes cultures préhistoriques face au réchauffement climatique. La chronologie de la succession des faunes froides à tempérées, bien que cohérente avec celle connue pour les autres régions françaises, est néanmoins plus précoce, avec une évolution des biomes perceptible dès la seconde moitié du Dryas I/début Bölling (apparition du sanglier, accroissement du cerf, absence du bison), en lien avec une coupure climatique importante (début du Tardiglaciaire) dès 18 ka BP en Languedoc oriental. Dès la fin du Solutréen, les modes d'acquisition des ongulés se modifient, avec le passage de spectres de chasse dominés par le renne à des spectres de chasse plus diversifiés. Dans les phases chrono-culturelles postérieures (Salpêtrien ancien au Mésolithique), les associations sont généralement composées de plusieurs espèces, avec une légère prédominance de deux ou trois espèces (cheval, cerf, sanglier, boviné). Néanmoins, l'existence de spectres plus spécialisés persiste. Au Solutréen, l'exploitation des taxons principaux (renne, cheval) est maximale, se caractérisant par la récupération des divers produits alimentaires et utilitaires (os, bois de cervidé, tendons, sabots de cheval). L'introduction des espèces de petite taille dans la diète des Hommes préhistoriques est attestée de façon sporadique dès le Magdalénien moyen et terminal, mais ne connaît son véritable essor qu'à l'Epipaléolithique, avec l'acquisition en quantité importante de la malacofaune terrestre et des lapins. Au Mésolithique cette acquisition s'étend à la malacofaune marine, aux poissons et aux tortues. Du Solutréen au Mésolithique, la diversification des ressources alimentaire est relativement limitée. Durant toute la période considéré, un nombre relativement important d'espèces d'ongulés est acquis, y compris dans les spectres plus spécialisés sur le renne, et l'acquisition des petits gibiers concerne, dans la majorité des sites, une seule espèce qui livre des quantités limitées de matière carnée ; la majorité étant fournie par les ongulés.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Skara : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:07:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zeferino_cp_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 651925 bytes, checksum: 73409be600f78d130bc6f963632aa1d5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A temperatura ambiente elevada representa o principal fator limitante do desenvolvimento da produção avícola em regiões de clima quente. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se a dieta suplementada com vitaminas C e E, seria capaz de neutralizar, ou reduzir, os efeitos do estresse por calor, aplicado dos 28 aos 42 dias de idade, sobre a resposta fisiológica, o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos. Foram utilizados 384 frangos de corte machos distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (com e sem suplementação da dieta com vitaminas e temperaturas ambientais associadas ao pair-feeding) e 16 repetições. As aves foram mantidas em termoneutralidade até os 28 dias. A partir desta idade, foram alojadas em grupos de quatro por gaiola, em três salas climatizadas: duas termoneutras (22,6 e 22,5ºC) e uma de estresse por calor (31,7ºC). Metade das aves recebeu dieta suplementada com vitaminas C (536 mg/kg) e E (127 mg/kg). Na sala de estresse por calor as aves tiveram livre acesso à ração; nas salas termoneutras metade das aves recebeu ração à vontade e a outra metade recebeu quantidade limitada, no sistema pair-feeding. Foram avaliados a temperatura retal e da superfície da pele e características de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade instrumental da carne. As análises de qualidade de carne foram realizadas no músculo pectoralis major (peito) 24 horas após o abate. A suplementação da dieta com vitaminas C e E não foi capaz de neutralizar, nem de reduzir, os efeitos negativos do estresse por calor sobre as características de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade de carne das aves. A semelhança nos resultados de desempenho entre aves em estresse por calor e em pair-feeding sugere que a queda no desempenho sob estresse por calor deveu-se, principalmente, à redução no consumo de alimentos / Elevated ambient temperature represents the main limiting factor for the development of chicken production in hot climate regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the diet supplemented with vitamins C and E would be able to reduce, or neutralize the negative effects of heat stress applied between 28 and 42 days of age, on the physiological response, performance, slaughter yield and meat quality of chickens. A total of 384 male broiler chickens were assigned to a completely randomized design, with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (diet with or without vitamins supplementation and ambient temperatures associated with pair-feeding) and 16 replications. The chickens were kept in thermoneutral conditions up to 28 days of age. From this age and on, were housed in groups of four per cage, in three environmentally controlled chambers: two were thermoneutral (22,6 e 22,5ºC) and one for heat stress (31,7ºC). Half the chickens were offered a diet supplemented with vitamins C (536 mg/kg) and E (127 mg/kg). In the heat stress chamber, the chickens had free access to the feed; in the thermoneutral chambers half the chickens had free access to the feed and the other half received a limited amount, in a pair-feeding system. Rectal and body surface temperatures and performance, slaughter yield and meat quality traits were evaluated. Meat quality analyses were performed in the pectoralis major muscle 24 hours after slaughter. Diet supplementation with vitamins C and E were not able to neutralize, neither to reduce, the negative effects of heat stress on the performance, slaughter yield and meat quality traits. The similarity of performance results between the chickens submitted to heat stress and pair-feeding, suggested that the reduction in performance under heat stress were due mainly to the drop in feed consumption

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o tempo necessário para que carcaças de frango de diferentes pesos (1.200 g e 2.100g), que ao sair do tanque de resfriamento se encontravam com a temperatura acima de 7ºC, alcançassem 4°C e traçar o perfil microbiológico destas, realizado através do estudo de presença e multiplicação dos indicadores: microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. a fim de auxiliar as medidas e os limites críticos de um plano APPCC para a indústria de carne de ave. A pesquisa foi realizada em um matadouro localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. No total foram coletadas aleatoriamente 100 carcaças de frangos, 50 amostras para cada peso, com temperatura acima de 7°C, na esteira na saída dos tanques de resfriamento. Todas as carcaças foram colocadas em caixa plásticas e encaminhadas à câmara de resfriamento (tempo zero). De hora em hora foi realizada a aferição de temperatura no músculo peitoral profundo de 15 unidades amostrais de cada peso. As carcaças com peso de 1.200 g levaram de 2 a 4 horas para alcançarem a temperatura de 4ºC na musculatura profunda e as carcaças com peso médio de 2.100 g, chegaram a temperatura de 4ºC entre 5 e 8 horas de resfriamento. No momento da coleta das amostras e a cada hora, foram coletadas 5 unidades amostrais, de cada grupo, para análise microbiológica, totalizando 25 amostras para carcaças de frango de 1.200 g e 43 amostras para carcaças de frango de 2.100 g. A contagem de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias não apresentou declínio significativo (P> 0,05) ao longo do tempo de resfriamento, tanto em carcaças de 1.200 g quanto nas carcaças com peso de 2.100 g. A contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo manteve-se, durante todo o experimento, para os dois tipos de amostras (1.200 e 2.100 g) dentro do limite estipulado pela legislação, todos os frangos analisados apresentaram resultados menores que 2,0 log10 UFC/g. Não houve o crescimento de Clostridium perfringens em nenhuma das análises realizadas, tanto em carcaças de frango com 1.200 g quanto naquelas com 2.100g. Para coliformes totais, a queda da temperatura foi significativa no declínio da contagem microbiana somente para carcaças de 2.100g. Já para coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli foi possível identificar declínio na contagem bacteriana ao longo do tempo de resfriamento para carcaças de 1.200g e para carcaças de 2.100g (P 0,05). Foi observada a presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. em temperaturas de refrigeração. Para carcaças de 1.200g, foi isolado Salmonella spp. em uma amostra que se encontrava na temperatura de 4,6°C e, em uma amostra, para carcaças de 2.100g, que se encontrava na temperatura de 7,2°C. Listeria spp. apenas foi detectada em carcaças de 2.100g, sendo uma amostra com temperatura de 6,2°C e em 04 amostras com temperatura de 4,6°. Verificou-se correlação inversa entre temperatura da carcaça e presença do microrganismo, isto é, a detecção de Listeria spp. ocorreu quando houve a queda da temperatura, isolando-a em temperaturas de refrigeração. / The present work aimed to evaluating the time necessary for broiler meat of different weights (1.200g e 2.100g, that after chiller had the temperature over 7°C), to be raised 4°C in temperature and to perform a microbiological profile through the study of the presence of indicators (mesophilic aerobes pathogens, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp.) and their multiplication, in order to help measuring critical limits in a HACCP plan to be applied to a broiler meat industry. The research was performed in a slaughterhouse located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. One hundred broiler carcasses were collected, being 50 samples of each weight (1.200g e 2.100g), which showed temperatures above 7°C, at the end of the chiller. All carcasses were put in plastic boxes and placed in a freezing chamber (time zero). The temperature was then measured every hour in the profound pectoral muscle of 15 samples of each weight. The carcasses weighting 1.200g took 2 to 4 hours to raise 4°C in the profound musculature while the carcasses weighting 2.100g raised 4°C in 5 to 8 hours of freezing. The counting of mesophilic microorganisms did not show any significant reduction (P>0,05) during the freezing period, for both carcasses with 1.200g and the ones with 2.100g. The counting of coagulase positive Staphylococcus maintained, during the whole experiment, within the legislation limits, with all samples showing results below 2,0 log10 UFC/g. The study did not show any growth of Clostridium perfringens in all the samples collected. Regarding total coliforms, the temperature reduction was significantly connected to the reduction of bacterial counting in carcasses with 2.100g. On the other hand, in terms of thermotolerant coliform and E. coli, it was possible to detect a reduction of bacterial counting during the freezing time in carcasses of 1.200g as well as 2.100g (P 0,05). The presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in refrigeration temperatures were also observed. In carcasses with 1.200g, Salmonella spp. was isolated in one sample in the temperature of 4,6°C and also in carcasses with 2.100g, in one sample that was in the temperature of 7,2°C. Listeria spp. was only detected in carcasses with 2.100g in one sample with the temperature 6,2°C and in four samples with temperature 4,6°C. A negative correlation between carcass temperature and microorganism presence was detected, that is, the detection of Listeria spp. occurred at refrigeration temperatures, when the temperature was reduced.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o tempo necessário para que carcaças de frango de diferentes pesos (1.200 g e 2.100g), que ao sair do tanque de resfriamento se encontravam com a temperatura acima de 7ºC, alcançassem 4°C e traçar o perfil microbiológico destas, realizado através do estudo de presença e multiplicação dos indicadores: microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios, coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positivo, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. a fim de auxiliar as medidas e os limites críticos de um plano APPCC para a indústria de carne de ave. A pesquisa foi realizada em um matadouro localizado no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. No total foram coletadas aleatoriamente 100 carcaças de frangos, 50 amostras para cada peso, com temperatura acima de 7°C, na esteira na saída dos tanques de resfriamento. Todas as carcaças foram colocadas em caixa plásticas e encaminhadas à câmara de resfriamento (tempo zero). De hora em hora foi realizada a aferição de temperatura no músculo peitoral profundo de 15 unidades amostrais de cada peso. As carcaças com peso de 1.200 g levaram de 2 a 4 horas para alcançarem a temperatura de 4ºC na musculatura profunda e as carcaças com peso médio de 2.100 g, chegaram a temperatura de 4ºC entre 5 e 8 horas de resfriamento. No momento da coleta das amostras e a cada hora, foram coletadas 5 unidades amostrais, de cada grupo, para análise microbiológica, totalizando 25 amostras para carcaças de frango de 1.200 g e 43 amostras para carcaças de frango de 2.100 g. A contagem de bactérias mesófilas aeróbias não apresentou declínio significativo (P> 0,05) ao longo do tempo de resfriamento, tanto em carcaças de 1.200 g quanto nas carcaças com peso de 2.100 g. A contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positivo manteve-se, durante todo o experimento, para os dois tipos de amostras (1.200 e 2.100 g) dentro do limite estipulado pela legislação, todos os frangos analisados apresentaram resultados menores que 2,0 log10 UFC/g. Não houve o crescimento de Clostridium perfringens em nenhuma das análises realizadas, tanto em carcaças de frango com 1.200 g quanto naquelas com 2.100g. Para coliformes totais, a queda da temperatura foi significativa no declínio da contagem microbiana somente para carcaças de 2.100g. Já para coliformes termotolerantes e E. coli foi possível identificar declínio na contagem bacteriana ao longo do tempo de resfriamento para carcaças de 1.200g e para carcaças de 2.100g (P 0,05). Foi observada a presença de Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp. em temperaturas de refrigeração. Para carcaças de 1.200g, foi isolado Salmonella spp. em uma amostra que se encontrava na temperatura de 4,6°C e, em uma amostra, para carcaças de 2.100g, que se encontrava na temperatura de 7,2°C. Listeria spp. apenas foi detectada em carcaças de 2.100g, sendo uma amostra com temperatura de 6,2°C e em 04 amostras com temperatura de 4,6°. Verificou-se correlação inversa entre temperatura da carcaça e presença do microrganismo, isto é, a detecção de Listeria spp. ocorreu quando houve a queda da temperatura, isolando-a em temperaturas de refrigeração. / The present work aimed to evaluating the time necessary for broiler meat of different weights (1.200g e 2.100g, that after chiller had the temperature over 7°C), to be raised 4°C in temperature and to perform a microbiological profile through the study of the presence of indicators (mesophilic aerobes pathogens, total coliform, thermotolerant coliform, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus coagulase positive, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella spp. e Listeria spp.) and their multiplication, in order to help measuring critical limits in a HACCP plan to be applied to a broiler meat industry. The research was performed in a slaughterhouse located in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. One hundred broiler carcasses were collected, being 50 samples of each weight (1.200g e 2.100g), which showed temperatures above 7°C, at the end of the chiller. All carcasses were put in plastic boxes and placed in a freezing chamber (time zero). The temperature was then measured every hour in the profound pectoral muscle of 15 samples of each weight. The carcasses weighting 1.200g took 2 to 4 hours to raise 4°C in the profound musculature while the carcasses weighting 2.100g raised 4°C in 5 to 8 hours of freezing. The counting of mesophilic microorganisms did not show any significant reduction (P>0,05) during the freezing period, for both carcasses with 1.200g and the ones with 2.100g. The counting of coagulase positive Staphylococcus maintained, during the whole experiment, within the legislation limits, with all samples showing results below 2,0 log10 UFC/g. The study did not show any growth of Clostridium perfringens in all the samples collected. Regarding total coliforms, the temperature reduction was significantly connected to the reduction of bacterial counting in carcasses with 2.100g. On the other hand, in terms of thermotolerant coliform and E. coli, it was possible to detect a reduction of bacterial counting during the freezing time in carcasses of 1.200g as well as 2.100g (P 0,05). The presence of Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. in refrigeration temperatures were also observed. In carcasses with 1.200g, Salmonella spp. was isolated in one sample in the temperature of 4,6°C and also in carcasses with 2.100g, in one sample that was in the temperature of 7,2°C. Listeria spp. was only detected in carcasses with 2.100g in one sample with the temperature 6,2°C and in four samples with temperature 4,6°C. A negative correlation between carcass temperature and microorganism presence was detected, that is, the detection of Listeria spp. occurred at refrigeration temperatures, when the temperature was reduced.

Orientador: Ana Silvia Alves Meira Tavares Moura / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: Luiz Lehmann Coutinho / Banca: José F. M. Mendes / Resumo: A temperatura ambiente elevada representa o principal fator limitante do desenvolvimento da produção avícola em regiões de clima quente. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se a dieta suplementada com vitaminas C e E, seria capaz de neutralizar, ou reduzir, os efeitos do estresse por calor, aplicado dos 28 aos 42 dias de idade, sobre a resposta fisiológica, o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos. Foram utilizados 384 frangos de corte machos distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (com e sem suplementação da dieta com vitaminas e temperaturas ambientais associadas ao pair-feeding) e 16 repetições. As aves foram mantidas em termoneutralidade até os 28 dias. A partir desta idade, foram alojadas em grupos de quatro por gaiola, em três salas climatizadas: duas termoneutras (22,6 e 22,5ºC) e uma de estresse por calor (31,7ºC). Metade das aves recebeu dieta suplementada com vitaminas C (536 mg/kg) e E (127 mg/kg). Na sala de estresse por calor as aves tiveram livre acesso à ração; nas salas termoneutras metade das aves recebeu ração à vontade e a outra metade recebeu quantidade limitada, no sistema pair-feeding. Foram avaliados a temperatura retal e da superfície da pele e características de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade instrumental da carne. As análises de qualidade de carne foram realizadas no músculo pectoralis major (peito) 24 horas após o abate. A suplementação da dieta com vitaminas C e E não foi capaz de neutralizar, nem de reduzir, os efeitos negativos do estresse por calor sobre as características de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade de carne das aves. A semelhança nos resultados de desempenho entre aves em estresse por calor e em pair-feeding sugere que a queda no desempenho sob estresse por calor deveu-se, principalmente, à redução no consumo de alimentos / Abstract : Elevated ambient temperature represents the main limiting factor for the development of chicken production in hot climate regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate if the diet supplemented with vitamins C and E would be able to reduce, or neutralize the negative effects of heat stress applied between 28 and 42 days of age, on the physiological response, performance, slaughter yield and meat quality of chickens. A total of 384 male broiler chickens were assigned to a completely randomized design, with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (diet with or without vitamins supplementation and ambient temperatures associated with pair-feeding) and 16 replications. The chickens were kept in thermoneutral conditions up to 28 days of age. From this age and on, were housed in groups of four per cage, in three environmentally controlled chambers: two were thermoneutral (22,6 e 22,5ºC) and one for heat stress (31,7ºC). Half the chickens were offered a diet supplemented with vitamins C (536 mg/kg) and E (127 mg/kg). In the heat stress chamber, the chickens had free access to the feed; in the thermoneutral chambers half the chickens had free access to the feed and the other half received a limited amount, in a pair-feeding system. Rectal and body surface temperatures and performance, slaughter yield and meat quality traits were evaluated. Meat quality analyses were performed in the pectoralis major muscle 24 hours after slaughter. Diet supplementation with vitamins C and E were not able to neutralize, neither to reduce, the negative effects of heat stress on the performance, slaughter yield and meat quality traits. The similarity of performance results between the chickens submitted to heat stress and pair-feeding, suggested that the reduction in performance under heat stress were due mainly to the drop in feed consumption / Doutor

CAPES / O trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar a terminação de bovinos de corte em pastagem de Capim Aruana sobressemeado com aveia e azevém associados à leguminosa e/ou adubação nitrogenada. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos e três repetições. Foram testados três sistemas forrageiros no período de inverno,tendo como base a pastagem de Aruana (Panicum maximum, cv.Aruana) sobressemeado com aveia e azevém: ‘Nitrogênio’ (N) –200 kg de N ha-1; Amendoim forrageiro e 100 kg de N ha-1; Ervilhaca e 100 kg de N ha-1. A adubação foi dividida em cinco aplicações, o período experimental foi de 127 dias. Foi utilizado o sistema de lotação continua, com carga animal variável, a oferta de forragem preconizada de 9,0 kg/100 kg de peso vivo. A pastagem foi manejada utilizando-se de 24 animais castrados de 21 meses, com peso vivo médio inicial de 425 kg, destes 18 foram teste e seis reguladores. As avaliações da forragem e do desempenho animal foram realizadas a cada 21 dias. A avaliação do comportamento animal foi realizada duas vezes por período, durante 24 horas em cada avaliação. O maior nível de adubação nitrogenada proporcionou diferenças na estrutura da pastagem, porém a produção diária de forragem foi semelhante entre os tratamentos. O tempo de pastejo na consorciação com ervilhaca foi superior ao amendoim forrageiro e semelhante aos demais na adubação com 200 kg de N ha-1, no entanto, o ganho médio diário foi semelhante para os tratamentos. O tempo de 20 bocados e o número de passos por minuto foram superiores na maior adubação nitrogenada quando comparado a consorciação com amendoim,e semelhante à estes na consorciação com ervilhaca. Embora o consórcio com amendoim associado a 100 kg de N ha-1 tenha causado redução no tempo de pastejo e apresentado maior tempo de ruminação, não ocorreram diferenças no desempenho produtivo e nas características de carcaça dos animais em terminação. / The objective was to evaluate finishing of beef steers in Aruana pasture overseeded with oats and ryegrass and mixed with legume with or no nitrogen fertilization. The design was completely randomized, with three treatments and three replications. Three forage systems have been tested tested in winter, based on Aruana fodder (Panicum maximum, cv. Aruana) mixed with oats and ryegrass: 'Nitrogen' (N) -200 kg of N ha-1; Forage peanut and 100 kg of N ha-1; Vetch and 100 kg of N ha-1. The fertilization was shared in five applications, for 127 days. The continuous stocking system was used, with variable stocking rate, and forage on offer of 9,0 kg/100 kg of live weight. The grazing was managed with 24 castrated animals of 21 months,425 kg of initial avarage live weight. Being 18 testers and six regulators. Evaluations of forage and animal performance were made every 21 days. For animal behavior, the evaluations were done twice in each period, for 24 hours. The highest level of nitrogen fertilization showed differences in pasture structure, however, the forage daily production was similar between the treatments. The grazing time on mixture with vetch was superior for Forage peanut and similar to the others when fertilization was 200 kg of N ha-1, although, the average daily gain was similar for both treatments. The time of 20 bites and the number of steps per minute were higher for higher nitrogen fertilization, when compared to the peanut intercropping, and similar to those when mixed with vetch. Although the peanut consortium associated with 100 kg of N ha-1 caused a reduction in grazing time and presented a longer rumination time, there were no differences in the productive performance and carcass characteristics of the finished animals.