In 1972, professor Grigore Moisil, the most famous Romanian academician for Mathematics, said about Combinatorics, that it is “an opportunity of a renewed gladness”, because “each problem in the domain asks for its solving, an expenditure without any economy of the human intelligence”. More, the research methods, used in Combinatorics, are different from a problem to the other! This is the explanation for the existence of my actual paper, in which I propose to teach Combinatorics, using selected problems. MS classification: 05A05, 97D50.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1145467 bytes, checksum: c728d8e2b9bf1205710f19f317acdccc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The use of trap nests supplies important biological information about nesting bees and wasps. However, the knowledge about the factors influencing on management of these groups is still scarce. This work aimed to analyze some community structure parameters (species abundance, richness, composition and predominance) in two agricultural areas in the Zona da Mata macro region of Paraiba State: Shading, block material (wood or vermiculite), and tubs opening diameter and cardinal orientation. It was verified the influence of these four factors in the community structure parameters. Both sites where similar in species richness and composition. Alhandra site had an accentuated abundance, due Trypoxylon aurifrons e Centris analis. In shaded area most species where more abundant than in sunny one. Otherwise, in Alhandra site the sunny area had higher species richness. Wood blocks where more expensive and difficult to manufacture. Meanwhile, they had more attractiveness than vermiculite blocks, especially for bees. Number of nests was smaller in predominant wind direction trap nests. The two most abundant species where diameter-generalists. The results and the Trypoxylon aurifrons behavior observed suggest that this species should compete by trap nests holes with bees. / A utilização de ninhos-armadilha provê informações importantes acerca da biologia das espécies abelhas e vespas nidificantes. Entretanto, o conhecimento sobre os fatores que influenciam o manejo dessas espécies ainda é escasso. O presente estudo analisou parâmetros da estrutura da comunidade (abundância, riqueza, composição e predominância de espécies) em duas áreas agrícolas dentro da Zona da Mata paraibana (Alhandra e EMEPA). Quatro variáveis foram avaliadas: grau de sombreamento dos ninhosarmadilha, tipo de bloco usado como substrato (madeira ou vermiculita), direção para a qual a entrada dos tubos encontrava-se voltada e diâmetro do tubo. Desse modo, foi verificado o grau de influência dessas quatro variáveis nos parâmetros da estrutura da comunidade estudados. As duas áreas se mostraram semelhantes quanto à riqueza e composição. Entretanto, em Alhandra foi observada uma abundância acentuada, ocasionada por Trypoxylon aurifrons e Centris analis. Apesar da maioria das espécies ter sido mais abundante na área sombreada, observou-se uma maior riqueza de espécies na área ensolarada em Alhandra. Quanto ao material, observou-se que os blocos de madeira, apesar de mais caros e de difícil manejo, foram mais atrativos que os de vermiculita, especialmente para as espécies de abelhas. O número de nidificações foi menor na direção voltada para os ventos predominantes nas áreas. As duas espécies mais abundantes foram mais generalistas quanto à utilização de diferentes diâmetros. Os resultados obtidos e o comportamento de Trypoxylon aurifrons sugerem que essa espécie pode competir com as espécies de abelhas pelos tubos de ninhos-armadilha agrupados.

Expansion is a challenge that many companies end up in, and an important factor in an expansion is the customers and how the company will do to increase the customer base. This study focuses on the company and to help companies identify new customers. The study uses multi criteria decision analysis to identify potential customers to companies. The purpose of this study is to show that multi criteria decision analysis can be effectively used by companies in identifying new customers and also used as a basis for expansion. By using a case study at Stort AB, a small logistics company, the TOPSIS multi criteria decision method can be tested as a method for identifying new customers. With the help from the employees of the company, participating in the study in the form of decision makers, criteria’s and weights relevant to the company can be determined. Data, criteria and requirements are taken from Stort AB and the Statistiska centralbyrån in order to implement TOPSIS and further information is collected from Stort AB in order to answer questions such as: how much resources are required by the company to cope with expansion and how many new customers do the company need to achieve the desired expansion. The study shows that TOPSIS is a good method of ranking, especially when the problem contains many options. From TOPSIS, a ranking of all potential customers is obtained based on the company's weighting, and it can be read which customer that will suit the company's criteria best. However, the data available for this study were inadequate to provide some accurate answers to the company, but the study provides a good picture for the company how it will look and what will be required of them in an expansion. / Expansion är en utmaning som många företag hamnar i och en viktig faktor i en expansion är kunderna och hur företaget ska göra för att öka kundkretsen. Denna studie fokuserar på företaget och att hjälpa företaget att identifiera nya kunder. I studien används multikriteriebeslutsanalys för att identifiera potentiella kunder till företaget. Syftet med denna studie är att visa att multikriteriebeslutsanalys på ett effektivt sätt kan användas av företag vid identifiering av nya kunder och även användas som grund för expansion. Med hjälp av en fallstudie hos företaget Stort AB, ett litet logistikföretag, testas multikriteriebeslutsmetoden TOPSIS som metod för att identifiera nya kunder. Med hjälp av de anställda på företaget, som deltar i studien i form av beslutsfattare, kan kriterier och vikter som är relevanta för företaget bestämmas. Data, kriterier och krav tas från Stort AB och Statistiska centralbyrån för att kunna genomföra TOPSIS och ytterligare information hämtas från Stort AB för att försöka besvara frågor som: hur mycket resurser krävs av företaget för att klara av expansionen och hur många nya kunder behöver företaget för att uppnå önskad expansion. Studien visar att TOPSIS är en bra metod vid ranking, framförallt då problemet innehåller många alternativ. Från TOPSIS fås en ranking av samtliga potentiella kunder baserat på företagets viktning och där kan det avläsas vilka kunder som passar bäst in på företagets kriterier. De data som fanns tillgängligt vid denna studie var begränsat för att kunna ge några exakta svar till företaget men studien ger en bra bild för företaget hur det kommer se ut och vad som kommer krävas av dem vid en expansion.

Initial idea of this work: " The contribution theology Cardinal Schwarzenberg Vatican Council? , The de facto theological story that " started " at the September provincial council in Prague ( 1860) , and over the First Vatican Council ( 1869-1870 ) , the place - the fundamental ideas of Cardinal Schwarzenberg - up to II . Vatican Council (1962-1965). We must ask ourselves what was the theology of Cardinal Schwarzenberg exceptional and why has the range and in the decades after the First Vatican Council. These questions and many others began to form this work. Response them in three circuits . The first issue is the milieu of contemporary Czech society, which entails " Czech question" because it has the attributes of the ideas of Jan Hus, who was one of the requirements to be " God's word could freely proclaim," which Cardinal Schwarzenberg sees as one of the keys to their pastoral care to address the overall " religiously sentient inhabitants " to what is now called ecumenism, and the Cardinal called her a contemporary "family faith." So the family home environment to be introduced to the "family environment" of the Church, which "does not divide, but integrates" . The second area is the communion of the Catholic congregation, which already carries specific nature of faith , which gives information on the human , not as individuals , but persons as believers lives and moves "in communion" communion sanctorum "that accompanies the believer personally and for boundaries of the church (the Church). Therefore, even in sacred spaces Divine Liturgy promotes "Discourse in the middle of the Mass," because it helps ensure that a person liturgically activated in "upgrade of Church's thinking" (that later " aggiornamento ") in the world. The third issue is the consistency believer in education as Cardinal Schwarzenberg has a graduate character: discipline, teaching and cultivating. In this characteristic "inculcation" of a person into a "divine milieu" of humanity is in the attributes of participation in "completing the world that God created Undone", as taught by A. Günther , and one has a personal interest in "his physiognomy ." All three themes should help understanding " personal infallibility of the Pope," which is not deistic static, is based on the individual, but carries the story of spiritual formation tradition of the whole Church, in whose center is the Christological fraternity, to which the " indoctrinated " hierarchy of jurisdiction, which cannot be separated from each other, but in accepting the structure of the human being shed on the integral concept of the Catholic Church as organic. Which took place in the contemporary modification to the II. Vatican Council.

Dados um espaço de medida (X;A;m) e números reais p,q>1 com 1/p+1/q=1, o Teorema de Representação de Riesz afirma que Lq(X;A;m) é o dual topológico de Lp(X;A;m) e que Loo(X;A; m) é o dual topológico de L1(X;A;m) se o espaço (X;A;m) for sigma-finito. Observamos que a sigma-finitude de (X;A;m) é condição suficiente mas não necessária para que Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m). Os contra-exemplos tipicamente apresentados para essa última identificação são \"triviais\", no sentido de que desaparecem se \"consertarmos\" a medida , transformando-a numa medida perfeita. Neste trabalho apresentamos condições sufcientes mais fracas que sigma-finitude a fim de que Loo(X;A;m) e o dual de L1(X;A;m) possam ser isometricamente identificados. Além disso, introduzimos um invariante cardinal para espaços de medida que chamaremos a dimensão do espaço e mostramos que se o espaço (X;A;m) for de medida perfeita e tiver dimensão menor ou igual à cardinalidade do continuum então uma condição necessária e suficiente para Loo(X;A;m) seja o dual de L1(X;A;m) é que X admita uma decomposição. / Given a measure space (X;A;m) and real numbers p,q>1 with 1/p+1/q=1, the Riesz Representation Theorem states that Lq(X;A;m) is the topological dual space of Lp(X;A;m) and that Loo(X;A; m) is the topological dual space of L1(X;A;m) if (X;A; m) is sigma-finite. We observe that the sigma-finiteness of (X;A;m) is a suficient but not necessary condition for Loo(X;A;m) to be the dual of L1(X;A;m). The counter-examples that are typically presented for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* are \"trivial\", in the sense that they vanish if we fix the measure , making it into a perfect measure. In this work we present suficient conditions weaker than sigma-finiteness in order that Loo(X;A; m) and L1(X;A;m)* can be isometrically identified. Moreover, we introduce a cardinal invariant for measure spaces which we call the dimension of the space and we show that if the space (X;A;m) has perfect measure and dimension less than or equal to the cardinal of the continuum then a necessary and suficient condition for Loo(X;A;m) = L1(X;A;m)* is that X admits a decomposition.

Cette thèse consiste en une description du Fang-Nzaman, langue bantoue parlée au Gabon en Afrique Centrale. Le travail présente la phonologie en commençant par l'identification des phonèmes, avec la mise en relief des paires minimales qui permettent d'opposer les phonèmes : /mb/ vs /b/ et de les classer comme unités distinctives. Le choix des oppositions qui sont présentées a été fait en fonction des éléments nécessaires à l'identification dans certaines positions. Pour les phonèmes, le lexème permet les oppositions dans les structures les plus usitées. Les phonèmes sont ainsi définis dans leur fonctionnement et dans leur classement.Les unités discrètes sont indispensables au fonctionnement de langues, mais les éléments majeurs suprasegmentaux de la prosodie que sont les tons dans le fang-nzaman le sont aussi. Ils sont répertoriés en tons ponctuels et tons modulés.L'organisation de ces unités a permis l'identification de différentes positions occupées par les catégories grammaticales ou lexicales dans le syntagme ; après la définition des éléments du système dans le cadre syntaxique, on a procédé à l'analyse des classes nominales. L'étude des catégories grammaticales permet également d'envisager la morphologie dans le cadre d'un paradigme nominal et dans un aperçu du paradigme verbal. Le paradigme nominal inventorie les indices de classe, les détermine à partir de trois critères, la forme du préfixe nominal, l'appariement des classes et les accords de classe. La langue permet aussi d'étudier le fonctionnement des indices de classe avec les pronoms dans les énoncés. / This thesis is a description of Fang-Nzaman, a Bantu language spoken in Gabon, in Central Africa. This work identifies the phonemes of Fang-Nzaman, highlighting the existence of minimal pairs opposing the phonemes /mb/ and /b/, which shows that they are distinctive units.The oppositions presented were chosen according to the representativeness of the elements necessary to identification in certain positions. For phonemes, the lexeme allows for oppositions in the most commonly used structures. Phonemes are thus defined in terms of their behaviour and their classification.Discrete units are key to the understanding of languages, but major suprasegmental elements of prosody, such as the tones of Fang-Nzaman, are also crucial. They are classified into punctual tones and contour tones.The organization of those units has made it possible to identify the various positions occupied by the grammatical or lexical categories in the syntactic unit and to define the elements of the system within a syntactic framework, prior to the analysis of noun classes.Thus, the study of grammatical categories makes it possible to analyze morphology in terms of a noun paradigm and, briefly, a verb paradigm. The noun paradigm lists the class affixes, identifying them on the basis of three criteria: form of the noun prefix, pairing and class inflection. The language also makes it possible to show how class affixes are used with pronouns in speech.

The thesis is focused on the Italian period of Bartholomeus Spranger's life, on his artistic development during that time and on the artworks that he created there. Italy of the second half of the 16th century became Spranger's home for ten years. As well as many other artists Spranger set out for a journey to get to know the greatest Italian masterpieces and primarily to gain new and valuable experience. The first opportunity to work waited for him in Parma, but without any doubt, the most important sojourn for him was Rome. Not only did he have the possibility to be inspired by all the masterpieces and masters themselves, but he also had the opportunity to work for the patrons such as cardinal Alessandro Farnese and the pope Pius V. To the imperial court in Vienna, and then Prague, he came as an experienced artist and the Italian sojourn certainly played major role in it. This topic has not been comprehensively complied in the Czech language so far.

Thesis will be focused on multilayered ideal of sobriety and closer examination of its meanings in the text of the Encyclical Laudato si'. The analytical part of the thesis will examine the term sobriety (sobrietas), its occurrence in texts of the Old and New Testament and the context of its use as a cardinal virtue or moderate political action. The Encyclical Laudato si' by Pope Francis will also be presented. The second part will deal with ethical aspects of sobriety in relation to the environment, to oneself, to the other person and to God in the footsteps of Pope in the Encyclical. Keywords sobriety, virtue ethics, moderate politics, alternative lifestyle, Encyclical Laudato si', Pope Francis, socio-ecological crisis

A series of field, rainshelter, growth cabinet and modelling studies were conducted to investigate hot pepper response to different irrigation regimes and row spacings; to generate crop-specific model parameters; and to calibrate and validate the Soil Water Balance (SWB) model. Soil, climate and management data of five hot pepper growing regions of Ethiopia were identified to develop irrigation calendars and estimate water requirements of hot pepper under different growing conditions. High irrigation regimes increased fresh and dry fruit yield, fruit number, harvest index and top dry matter production. Yield loss could be prevented by irrigating at 20-25% depletion of plant available water, confirming the sensitivity of the crop to mild soil water stress. High plant density markedly increased fresh and dry fruit yield, water-use efficiency and dry matter production. Average fruit mass, succulence and specific leaf area were neither affected by row spacing nor by irrigation regimes. There were marked differences among the cultivars in fruit yields despite comparable top dry mass production. Average dry fruit mass, fruit number per plant and succulence were significantly affected by cultivar differences. The absence of interaction effects among cultivar and irrigation regimes, cultivars and row spacing, and irrigation regimes and row spacing for most parameters suggest that appropriate irrigation regimes and row spacing that maximize productivity of hot pepper can be devised across cultivars. To facilitate irrigation scheduling, a simple canopy cover based procedure was used to determine FAO-type crop factors and growth periods for different growth stages of five hot pepper cultivars. Growth analysis was done to calculate crop-specific model parameters for the SWB model and the model was successfully calibrated and validated for five hot pepper cultivars under different irrigation regimes or row spacings. FAO basal crop coefficients (Kcb) and crop-specific model parameters for new hot pepper cultivars can now be estimated from the database, using canopy characteristics, day degrees to maturity and dry matter production. Growth cabinet studies were used to determine cardinal temperatures, namely the base, optimum and cut-off temperatures for various developmental stages. Hot pepper cultivars were observed to require different cardinal temperatures for various developmental stages. Data on thermal time requirement for flowering and maturity between plants in growth cabinet and open field experiments matched closely. Simulated water requirements for hot pepper cultivar Mareko Fana production ranged between 517 mm at Melkassa and 775 mm at Alemaya. The simulated irrigation interval ranged between 9 days at Alemaya and 6 days at Bako, and the average irrigation amount per irrigation ranged between 27.9 mm at Bako and 35.0 mm at Zeway. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Plant Production and Soil Science / unrestricted

In 1972, professor Grigore Moisil, the most famous Romanian academician for Mathematics, said about Combinatorics, that it is “an opportunity of a renewed gladness”, because “each problem in the domain asks for its solving, an expenditure without any economy of the human intelligence”. More, the research methods, used in Combinatorics, are different from a problem to the other! This is the explanation for the existence of my actual paper, in which I propose to teach Combinatorics, using selected problems. MS classification: 05A05, 97D50.