In 1776, war broke out in the Colonies of New England between British Subjects, colonists, and those emplyed by the crown to uphoald law and order across the Atlantic. The union that wuld emerge from the war would have to develop what the colnial powers they migrated from had been adding on for centuries: an understanding of national character. The colonists occupied territory to which they had no historical inheritance before European colonization, and their customs, language, and societal structure were of British origin. However, the decleration of indpendence testifies that the United States were an exceptional republic amongst monarcies.  Providing ideas, and a popular elaboration of society has been the task of many artists at any time and place. Our different perceptions of nationhood might discard of accept such visual interpretations, but they are nonetheless subjected reflections of of selected realities. As such, political cartoons, the source material for this thesis, can provide a detailed view of the particular process of picturing national identity, for a new nation that rescently had existed within the bounduries of their own empire.

La televisión es parte fundamental del día a día y esta presenta diversas visiones de la realidad. En este medio abundan las series animadas, las que con el pasar del tiempo transforman sus narrativas y mensajes.  El objetivo principal de esta investigación es conocer las diferencias en la representación de la heroína, a partir del visionado de dos series que comparten el mismo protagonista: She-ra, la princesa del poder'' (1985) y “She-ra y las princesas del poder''(2018). Dentro de ellas se analizarán las similitudes y diferencias en diseño y construcción del personaje y arcos narrativos. Esta investigación es de carácter cualitativo y se analizan ambas producciones mediante el análisis de contenido. Con esta investigación se pretende comprender como, con el pasar de los años, una misma idea base puede tener diversas perspectivas. / Television is a fundamental part of everyday life and shows a variety of visions of reality. Animated series abound in this medium, which over time transform their narratives and messages. The main objective of this research is to know the differences between the representation of the heroine of two series shared by the same protagonist: She-ra, the princess of power '' (1985) and “She-ra and the princesses of power'' (2018). Within them, the similarities and differences in design and construction of the character and storylines will be analyzed. This research is qualitative in nature and both productions are analyzed through content analysis. This research aims to understand how, over the years, the same basic idea can have different perspectives. / Trabajo de investigación

Quel est le sens et la portée des images et des textes diffusés dans les médias? Voici la première question de recherche suggérée sur la page d'accueil web du département de communication de l’Université de Montréal. Le présent mémoire vise justement à répondre en partie à ce questionnement. Plus particulièrement, nous avons tenté de comprendre comment font sens des caricatures éditoriales publiées dans la presse écrite américaine le 12 septembre 2001. En utilisant une méthode d'analyse qui jumelle la théorie sémiotique de Charles Sanders Peirce et la sémiologie de Roland Barthes, nous avons analysé un corpus constitué de dix caricatures publiées au lendemain des évènements du 11 septembre. Nous avons observé la pertinence d’une analyse sémiotique rigoureuse en tentant d’évacuer la latitude discrétionnaire observée dans certaines analyses de notre revue de littérature. Comme nous le montrons, au lendemain de cet événement catastrophique, la plupart des images analysées renforcent le sentiment de tristesse et de peine alors que d’autres images sont plus bellicistes et suggèrent un appel à la vengeance et donc à la guerre. / What is the meaning and scope of the images and texts that we find in the media? This is the first research question suggested on the web page of the Department of communication of the Université de Montréal. This master’s thesis aims to partly address this questioning. Specifically, we tried to understand how political cartoons published in the American press on September 12, 2001 make sense. Using an analytical method that combines Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotic and Roland Barthes’s semiology, we examined a corpus made of ten cartoons published the day after the September 11 events. We observed the relevance of a rigorous semiotic analysis by trying to eliminate the discretionary latitude observed in certain analyses found in our literature review. In the aftermath of this catastrophic event, most of the images we analyzed reinforce the feeling of sadness and grief while other cartoons are more hawkish and suggest a call for revenge, and therefore for war.

Vicissitudes in the British-German relationship since the Second World War have been reflected in the social and political cartoons produced and published in Britain and Germany referring to the other and the European and international context of their relationship. This survey focuses primarily on press cartoons, analysing and interpreting their content along imagological lines. National stereotypes, symbols, and other imagery are identified and their origins, uses, and possible meanings investigated. The research shows that British cartoonists have often had easy recourse to imagery drawn from and connected with twentieth-century military conflicts and the experience of National Socialism, which they have been loathe to set aside even after fifty years of peace. Such imagery has come particularly to the fore during periods of tension between the two countries. On the other hand, German cartoonists have generally relied upon an older and less provocative palette of imagery. Towards the end of the twentieth century and after reunification, the German caricatural depiction of Britain and the British became less circumspect, with evidence of a sharper and more critical approach. Significant themes and topics in the depiction of the ´other´ are also identfied, such as each country´s position within the European Community, and their treatment is charted.

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Using a Marxist framework with a grounding in critical literacy, this study employs a content analysis methodology to analyze 25 episodes of five of the most popular children’s television cartoons in order to understand how these cartoons portray economic and social systems, as well as how the messages these cartoons express would tend to support these systems. In so doing, this research hopes to provide a conceptual framework that educators and parents can use as a guide for demonstration of a critical approach to understanding the curriculum of children’s media inside or outside of the classroom. Educators can modify this framework to suit the age of the children that they are working with or to better align with the characteristics of the text their students are consuming. While this research may be used as a guide by educators, it is also a comprehensive Marxist analysis of some of the most popular cartoons targeted to pre-school aged children. Analysis of the data indicates these cartoons support a capitalist ideology through the expression of a particular worldview and associated values, which include normalizing authoritarian relationships, promoting consumerism and entrepreneurship, supporting beliefs about work that employers would value, and other views that tend to be valued in a capitalist system.

The master's thesis consists of an introduction, two chapters, conclusions, a list of references (82 sources) and an annex including the blank forms of the applied methods. The volume of the master`s thesis is 169 pages. The introduction reveals the relevance of the chosen research problem, the level of development of the problematics; the objective and the tasks of the study are set, the subject matter and the scope of the research are determined, the basic and additional hypotheses. The first chapter includes a review of foreign and domestic literature on the research topic. Discusses the influence of the cartoon, as the product of the mass media on children, special attention is paid to the influence of gender images and aggressive scenes of violence in cartoons on children of preschool and younger school age. Conclusions on the first chapter are the results of the study of theoretical material. The second chapter is devoted to the empirical part of the study. It includes a description of the organization and methods of the study, as well as the results obtained due to the applied methods. Тhe chapter presents the results of a study of preference of cartoons carried out on a sample of 250 children aged 7 to 10 years. For empirical research were used to develop a questionnaire and a modified drawing methods "My favorite hero of the cartoon". The assumption that children at younger school age prefer the cartoons which aren't corresponding to their age is confirmed. The assumption about the preferences of the cartoons in the Junior school age is concretized. The findings of Chapter 2 are the main results of the empirical study. In the conclusion, brief results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work are presented, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses. The practical significance of the study is substantiated and possible prospects for further development of the problematics are described. / Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, двух глав, заключения, списка литературы (82 источника) и приложения, включающего в себя бланки применявшихся методик. Объем магистерской диссертации 169 страниц. Во введении раскрывается актуальность проблемы исследования, разработанность проблематики, ставятся цель и задачи исследования, определяются объект и предмет исследования, формулируются основная и дополнительные гипотезы, Первая глава включает в себя обзор иностранной и отечественной литературы по теме исследования. Рассматриваются проблемы влияния мультфильма, как продукта масс-медиа на детей, особое внимание уделяется влиянию гендерных образов и агрессивных сцен насилия в мультфильмах на детей дошкольного и младшего школьного возраста. Выводы по первой главе представляют собой итоги по изучению теоретического материала. Вторая глава посвящена эмпирической части исследования. В ней представлено описание организации и методов проведенного исследования и результатов, полученных по всем использованным методикам. Представлены результаты исследования предпочтений мультфильмов проведенного на выборке 250 детей в возрасте от 7 до 10 лет. Для проведения эмпирического исследования применялись разработанная анкета и модифицированная рисуночная методика «Мой любимый герой мультфильма». Подтверждено предположение о том, что дети в младшем школьном возрасте предпочитают мультфильмы не соответствующие их возрасту. Конкретизировано предположение о выборе любимых героев мультфильмов, обусловленном половой принадлежностью. Результаты используемых методов в данной работе обработаны с помощью математической статистики. Выводы по главе 2 включают в себя основные результаты эмпирического исследования. В заключении в обобщенном виде изложены результаты теоретической и эмпирической частей работы, а также выводы по выдвинутым гипотезам, обоснована практическая значимость исследования и описаны возможные перспективы дальнейшей разработки данной проблематики.

In today's world, where education and training services are commercialized, the question arises about the possibilities and limitations of various didactic techniques. This issue is most relevant for parents of young children. Since the child himself can not give feedback about the impact of this technique on him. In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the influence of G. Doman's method as a method of introducing into our culture. As diagnostic tools, proving such an impact was used the scale N. Bailey. The object of the study was the process of development of children in early childhood. The subject of the study was the levels of mental, motor and behavioral development. We put forward the hypothesis that the method of G. Doman contributes to a more intensive mental, motor and behavioral development of young children was concretized: this technique promotes expressive communication, the remaining indicators do not exceed the development and are similar to other methods. / В современном мире, где услуги обучения и воспитания коммерционализированы, встает вопрос о возможностях и ограничениях различных дидактических методик. Наиболее актуален этот вопрос для родителей детей раннего возраста. Так как сам ребенок не может дать обратную связь о воздействии такой методики на него. В данной работе предпринята попытка исследовать влияние методики Г. Домана. В качестве диагностического инструментария, доказывающего такое влияние были использованы шкалы Н.Бэйли. Обьектом исследования стал процесс развития детей в раннем детстве. Предметом исследования стали уровни умственного, моторного и поведенческого развития. Выдвинутая нами гипотеза о том, что методика Г.Домана способствует более интенсивному умственному, моторному и поведенческому развитию детей раннего возраста была конкретизирована: данная методика способствует экспрессивной коммуникации, остальные показатели не превышают развитие и аналогичны другим методикам.

In connection with the rapid development of information technology and the emergence of various devices and devices that transmit this information, the question of psychological security that surrounds us and our children, information space. Since cartoons, one of the most preferred children's genres, we investigated the cartoon content most viewed by children of primary school age, as well as conducted a socio-psychological examination of the most popular cartoon among children 7-10 years. The theoretical part of the work covers such issues as the impact of the media on the personality of the child, the child's perception of what is happening on the screen, describes the features of the perception and influence of modern cartoons on the child's personality in modern domestic and foreign psychology. The empirical part reflects the results of the study. The survey showed that watching cartoons is not always controlled by adults, the most preferred cartoons do not correspond to age. Experts have identified cartoons as aggressive, not performing educational functions, not aesthetic. Revealed differences between experts parents and psychologists by age criterion. The results of the work can be applied in work with parents, psychologists, teachers and kindergarten teachers. / В связи со стремительным развитием информационных технологий и появлением различных девайсов и устройств, передающих эту информацию, встает вопрос о психологической безопасности, окружающего нас и наших детей, информационного пространства. Поскольку мультфильмы, один из наиболее предпочитаемых детских жанров, мы исследовали мультипликационный контент наиболее просматриваемый детьми младшего школьного возраста, а также провели социально-психологическую экспертизу наиболее популярного мультфильма среди детей 7-10 лет. В теоретической части работы освещены такие вопросы, как влияние средств массовой информации на личность ребенка, восприятие ребенком происходящего на экране, описаны особенности восприятия и влияния современных мультфильмов на детскую личность в современной отечественной и зарубежной психологии. В эмпирической части отражены результаты исследования. Проведенный опрос показал, что просмотр мультфильмов не всегда контролируется взрослыми, наиболее предпочитаемые мультфильмы не соответствуют возрасту. Эксперты определили мультфильмы как агрессивные, не выполняющие воспитательные функции, не эстетичные. Выявились расхождения между экспертами родителями и психологами по возрастному критерию. Результаты работы могут быть применены в работе с родителями, психологами, педагогами и воспитателями детских садов.

Concept cartoons are a didactic tool, which are alike cartoons and address concepts and phenomena within the science subjects. The available Concept cartoons on the Swedish National Agency for Education's website are mainly aimed for pupils from 10 to 15 years old, however there are only a few for pupils from 7 to 9 years old. This study aims to describe and develop various aspects in a Concept cartoon to make primary school pupils' prior knowledge visible of a specific biological content. The method of the study is design research and has been used to develop a Concept cartoon for pupils in ages six to nine, based on data from audio recording and observation. Based on a Concept cartoon conversations were held and recorded together with groups up to three pupils. Through three design cycles, we have analyzed and developed a Concept Cartoon that will highlight the pupils' prior knowledge of bird survival. In the data, some visual and textual aspects can be distinguished that are significant for the students to be able to express their biological prior knowledge. The results from the study show that students in year two discuss and relate to the visual aspects before the textual aspects in a Concept cartoon. With the removal of details that do not refer to the biological content and the introduction of false statements, students direct a greater focus on the concept of the Concept cartoon and social learning occurs. / Concept cartoons är ett didaktiskt verktyg som efterliknar serieteckningar, samt tar upp begrepp och fenomen inom de naturvetenskapliga ämnena. Tillgängliga Concept cartoons på Skolverkets webbplats riktar sig främst till årskurs 4–9, och det finns bara ett få till årskurs 1–3. Den här studien syftar till att kartlägga och utveckla olika aspekter i en Concept cartoon för att synliggöra just lågstadieelevers förkunskaper om ett specifikt biologiskt innehåll. Studien har utgått från designforskning för att utveckla en Concept cartoon för åk 1–3 baserad på data från ljudinspelning och observation. Under studien spelades samtal in i grupper om 2–3 elever i årskurs två där samtal har förts tillsammans med eleverna utifrån en Concept cartoon. Genom tre designcykler har vi analyserat och utvecklat en Concept cartoon som ska framhäva elevernas förkunskaper om fåglars överlevnad. I data kan några visuella och textuella aspekter urskiljas som är betydelsefulla för att eleverna ska kunna uttrycka sina biologiska förkunskaper. Resultatet från studien visar att elever i årskurs två diskuterar och relaterar till de visuella aspekterna före de textuella aspekterna i en Concept cartoon. Med borttagning av detaljer som inte syftar till det biologiska innehållet och införandet av falska påståenden, riktar eleverna ett större fokus på konceptet för Concept cartoons och ett socialt lärande uppstår.