Introdução: A prematuridade resulta de diferentes fatores inter-relacionados, que podem variar em diferentes culturas. Os avanços tecnológicos têm provido melhores condições de atendimento e sobrevida das crianças que nasceram prematuramente, porém, as causas desses nascimentos ainda são pouco conhecidas. Objetivo: Identificar fatores maternos e neonatais associados à prematuridade no município de Porto Alegre. Método: Estudo do tipo caso-controle de base populacional. Os casos foram recém-nascidos com menos de 37 semanas de gestação, e os controles foram os recém-nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais. Os dados provieram dos registros de nascimentos do município de Porto Alegre referentes ao ano de 2012 que constam no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde. Foram alocados 767 casos e 1.534 controles, em um desenho de um caso para dois controles (1:2), mediante randomização simples. As variáveis estudadas foram alocadas em três blocos, representando diferentes níveis de hierarquia: variáveis sociodemográficas, história reprodutiva e fatores gestacionais e de nascimento. A análise de Regressão Logística Hierárquica multivariada foi utilizada. Resultados: No modelo final, foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significante ao nascimento prematuro para as seguintes variáveis: no Bloco 1, idade materna menor que 19 anos (OR=1,32; IC 95%: 1,02 – 1,71) e >34 anos (OR=1,39; IC 95%: 1,12 – 1,72) e escolaridade materna inadequada para a idade (OR=2,11; IC 95%: 1,22 – 3,65); no Bloco 2, nenhuma variável permaneceu associada à prematuridade; no Bloco 3, gravidez múltipla (OR=1,14; IC 95%: 1,01 – 1,29), cesariana (OR=1,15; IC 95%: 1,03 – 1,29), peso ao nascer menor a 2.500g (OR=4,04; IC 95%: 3,64 – 4,49), Índice de Apgar no 5° minuto de zero a três (OR=1,47; IC 95%: 1,12 – 1,91) e pré-natal inadequado (OR=1,18; IC 95%: 1,02 – 1,36). Conclusão: O aumento da prevalência da prematuridade é um evento que preocupa gestores de saúde em todo o país. Em razão da grande pluralidade da população brasileira, acredita-se que seja necessário o desenvolvimento de estudos populacionais regionalizados. Lembrando o importante papel da prematuridade na mortalidade infantil, é imprescindível que continuem as pesquisas com esta temática para elucidar as causas da prematuridade, a fim de auxiliar no planejamento de ações preventivas e no seu combate, assim diminuindo a mortalidade infantil. / Introduction: Premature birth results from different inter-related factors, which may vary in different cultures. Technological advances have provided better conditions of assistance to and survival of prematurely born children, but the causes of premature births are still little known. Objective: To identify maternal and neonatal factors associated with premature births in Porto Alegre. Method: population-based, case-control study. The cases involved children born before 37 weeks of pregnancy, and the group of controls consisted of children born at 37 weeks of pregnancy or later. Data were obtained from 2012 birth certificates of the city of Porto Alegre found in the Live Birth Registration System of the Department of Health. The study comprised 767 cases and 1534 controls in a one-to-two design through simple randomization. The studied variables were divided into three blocks standing for different hierarchical levels: social-demographic variables; reproduction-related data; and pregnancy and birth factors. Hierarchical Multiple Logistic Regression analysis was performed. Results: In the final model, there was statistically significant association between premature birth and the following variables: in Block 1, mother younger than 19 years (OR=1.32; IC 95%: 1.02 – 1.71) and older than 34 (OR=1.39; IC 95%: 1.12 – 1.72), and mother’s educational level lower than expected for age (OR=2.11; IC 95%: 1.22 – 3.65); in Block 2, no variable was associated with premature birth; in Block 3, multiple pregnancy (OR=1,14; IC 95%: 1.01 – 1.29), Caesarean operation (OR=1.15; IC 95%: 1.03 – 1.29), birth weight lower than 2500g (OR=4.04; IC 95%: 3.64 – 4.49), Apgar scores of 0-3 at five minutes (OR=1.47; IC 95%: 1.12 – 1.91) and inadequate prenatal care (OR=1.18; IC 95%: 1.02 – 1.36). Conclusion: Health managers from all over the country are concerned with the increased prevalence of premature births. The great plurality of Brazilian population may require the development of regionalized population studies. Considering the important role played by premature birth in child mortality, researches into this subject are fundamental to explain the causes of premature birth, thus contributing to both the planning of prevention actions and the fight for reduction of child mortality.

Introdução: Nascimento de pré-termo é o que ocorre com menos de 37 semanas completas de gestação, e é tido como um dos principais fatores de risco de morbimortalidade neonatal. Sua etiologia é complexa e envolve inúmeros fatores. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de risco associados aos nascimentos pré-termo. Método: Estudo populacional tipo caso-controle. Foram estudados nascidos vivos hospitalares de mães residentes em Londrina (PR) entre junho de 2006 e março de 2007. Os casos foram 328 nascimentos com idade gestacional inferior a 37 semanas (pré-termo) e os controles uma amostra (369) representativa de nascimentos com 37 semanas ou mais de idade gestacional. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com as mães no hospital e dos prontuários da mãe e do recém nascido. As variáveis estudadas foram agrupadas em cinco blocos, representando diferentes níveis de hierarquia: características socioeconômicas; características pré-concepcionais e historia reprodutiva materna; condições da gestação; agravos maternos na gestação e características fetais. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada. Resultados: No modelo final foi identificada associação estatisticamente significante (P<0,05) ao nascimento pré-termo para as seguintes categorias de variáveis: no bloco 1 o local de moradia em favela (OR=1,80; IC 95%:1,02-3,19) e a baixa idade (16 a 29 anos) do chefe da família(1,57; 1,15-2,13); no bloco 2 as mães com IMC<19kg/m2-magras (2,12; 1,40-3,21) ou IMC >= 30 kg/m2 - obesas (1,96; 1,04-3,70), com nascimento anterior pré-termo (3,04; 1,83-5,05) e que realizaram tratamento para engravidar (8,28; 2,70-25,41); no bloco 3 as mães com companheiro há menos de 2 anos (1,44; 1,03-2,00), que relataram preocupações na gestação (1,52; 1,05-2,21), que consumiram bebida alcoólica semanalmente (2,52; 1,19-5,36) e que receberam assistência pré-natal inadequada (3,57; 1,48-8,58), praticar caminhada na gestação foi um fator protetor (0,48; 0,33-0,70); no bloco 4 as mães que apresentaram sangramento (5,19; 2,54-10,60), infecção do trato genital (2,96; 1,09-7,99), alteração do volume amniótico (5,82; 2,32-14,56), hipertensão arterial com eclampsia (8,67; 4,09-18,37) e sem eclampsia (1,9; 1,01-3,61) e internação na gestação (5,55; 2,86-10,77); no bloco 5 apenas gestação gemelar foi fortemente identificada como risco (20,10; 4,44-90,99). Conclusão: Condições socioeconômicas desfavoráveis juntamente com características biológicas maternas, intercorrências da gestação e condições psicossociais adversas constituem-se em risco para nascimentos pré-termo. O aprimoramento da qualidade da atenção pré-natal, incluindo a identificação destes fatores na gestação pode reduzir a prematuridade. / Introduction: Pre-term birth happens when the fetus is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy and is considered one of the main risk factors of neonatal morbidity and mortality. It has a complex etiology and a wide scope. Objective: Identify the risk factors associated with pre-term birth. Method: Population-based case-control study. Children born alive in Londrina hospitals from June 2006 to March 2007 were studied. Cases were analyzed from 328 births with pregnancy length below 37 weeks (pre-term) and checks were studied from a birth representative sample (369) with pregnancy length above 37 weeks or more. Data were obtained from interviews carried out with mothers at the hospital and mothers and newborns medical reports. Variables studied were grouped in five groups, representing different hierarchical levels: socioeconomic characteristics; pre-conceptive characteristics and reproduction history; pregnancy conditions; pregnancy problems and fetus characteristics. A multiple hierarchical logistics regression analysis was carried out. Results: There was a significant relation (P<0.05) between pre-term birth and the following variables: group 1 - place - shanty towns(OR=1.80; CI 95% 1.02,3.19); and head of the family aged between16 and 29 years old (OR=1.57; CI 95% 1.15,2.13); group 2 - mothers presenting a BMI < 19 kg/m2 - thin mothers (OR=2.12; CI 95% 1.40,3.21) or BMI >=30 kg/m2 - obese mothers (OR=1.96; CI 95% 1.04,3.70), history of a pre-term birth (OR=3.04; CI 95% 1.83,5.05) and among women undertaking fertility treatment (OR=8.28; CI 95% 2.70,25.41); group 3 - mothers who have been in a relationship with the same partner for less than two years (OR=1.44; CI 95% 1.03,2.00) , stressed mothers (OR=1.52; CI 95% 1.05,2.21), mothers who consumed alcoholic beverages weekly (OR=2.52; CI 95% 1.19,5.36) and mothers who had not taken appropriate prenatal care (OR=3.57; 1.48-8.58), regular walks during pregnancy was a protector factor (OR=0.48; CI 95% 0.33-0.70); group 4 - mothers with bleeding onset (OR=5.19; CI 95% 2.54,10.60); genital tract infection (OR=2.96; CI 95% 1.09,7.99), amniotic volume alterations (OR=5.82; CI 95% 2.32,14.56), high blood pressure with (OR=8.67; CI 95% 4.09,18.37) and without eclampsia (OR=1.91;CI 95% 1.01,3.61) and hospital admission (OR=5.55; CI 95% 2.86,10.77); group 5 - twin pregnancy was strongly associated with risk (OR=20.10; CI 95% 4.44,90.99). Conclusion: An unfavorable socio-economic condition added to some maternal biological characteristics, pregnancy-related health problems and psychosocial conditions constitute a high risk for pre-term births. An improvement of the pre-natal quality service and the identification of the factors listed above during pregnancy may reduce premature birth.

nÃo hà / A mortalidade neonatal sofre influÃncia de uma complexa relaÃÃo de fatores socioeconÃmicos, assistenciais e biolÃgicos. Nas duas Ãltimas dÃcadas a mortalidade nos perÃodos peri e neonatal nÃo sofreu declÃnio significativo, devido à permanÃncia dos elevados nÃveis de mortalidade por fatores ligados à gestaÃÃo e ao parto. Atualmente, a mortalidade neonatal representa 60% a 70% da mortalidade infantil em todas as regiÃes brasileiras. Estudos desenhados para investigar os fatores determinantes da mortalidade neonatal tÃm sido amplamente desenvolvidos no Brasil, no entanto, estudos do tipo caso controle utilizando dados primÃrios nÃo foram desenvolvidos na cidade de Fortaleza-Ce nos Ãltimos anos. O estudo objetivou determinar os fatores associados aos Ãbitos neonatais em Fortaleza-Ce no ano de 2009. ConstituÃram os objetivos especÃficos dessa casuÃstica: descrever as caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas e demogrÃficas das mÃes e dos recÃm-nascidos para os casos (Ãbitos neonatais) e os controles (recÃm-nascidos sobreviventes), identificar as caracterÃsticas relacionadas à assistÃncia prÃ-natal, parto e ao recÃm-nascido dos Ãbitos neonatais e dos recÃm-nascidos sobreviventes e determinar os fatores preditores da mortalidade neonatal utilizando modelagem hierarquizada. Quanto aos aspectos metodolÃgicos, tratou-se de um estudo do tipo caso-controle, com 132 casos de Ãbitos neonatais e 264 controles obtidos entre os sobreviventes ao perÃodo neonatal. Para os casos foram consideradas as crianÃas nascidas vivas e que morreram antes de completar 28 dias de vida e como controles as que permaneceram vivas neste perÃodo, nascidas em Fortaleza-Ce e filhos de mÃes residentes no municÃpio. As informaÃÃes foram obtidas atravÃs de entrevistas domiciliares por meio de questionÃrio estruturado. As variÃveis foram agrupadas em quatro blocos hierÃrquicos de acordo com modelo conceitual: bloco1-caracterÃsticas socioeconÃmicas e demogrÃficas; bloco2-caracterÃsticas maternas, histÃria reprodutiva, morbidade materna, comportamento materno, apoio social e exposiÃÃo à violÃncia; bloco 3-caracterÃsticas da assistÃncia no prÃ-natal e parto; bloco 4-sexo e condiÃÃes de saÃde do recÃm-nascido. O modelo de anÃlise de regressÃo logÃstica hierarquizada identificou como fatores associados ao Ãbito neonatal: bloco 1- raÃa materna com efeito protetor para raÃa parda e negra (OR: 0,23; IC 95% 0,09-0,56); bloco 3- tempo gasto entre o deslocamento de casa ao hospital igual ou superior a 30 minutos (OR: 3,12; IC 95% 1,34-7,25), tempo inferior à 1 hora ou superior ou igual a 10 horas entre a internaÃÃo e o parto (OR: 2,43; IC 95% 1,24-4,76) e prÃ-natal inadequado (OR: 2,03; IC 95% 1,03-3,99); bloco 4- baixo peso ao nascer (OR:14,75; IC 95% 5,26-41,35), prematuridade (OR: 3,41; IC 95% 1,29-8,98 ) e sexo masculino (OR: 2,09; IC 95% 1,09-4,03). Essa casuÃstica revelou aspectos na determinaÃÃo das mortes neonatais relacionados à qualidade da assistÃncia prÃ-natal oferecida Ãs gestantes, à oferta dos leitos hospitalares, indicando a peregrinaÃÃo das gestantes em busca de maternidades, bem como aspectos relacionados à assistÃncia direta ao trabalho de parto, traduzido pelo determinante tempo superior a 10 horas decorrido entre a internaÃÃo da gestante e o parto. / Neonatal mortality is influenced by a complex interplay of socioeconomic, biological and social assistance. In the last two decades the mortality in the perinatal and neonatal periods not suffered significant declines, due to persistent high levels of mortality factors related to pregnancy and childbirth. Currently, neonatal mortality accounts for 60% to 70% of infant mortality in all regions of Brazil. Studies designed to investigate the determinants of neonatal mortality have been widely developed in Brazil, however, case-control studies using primary data have not been developed in the city of Fortaleza-Ce in recent years. The study aimed to determine factors associated with neonatal deaths in Fortaleza in 2009. Were the specific objectives of this series to describe the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of mothers and newborns in cases (neonatal deaths) and controls (newborn survivors), to identify the features related to prenatal care, childbirth and newborn and neonatal deaths of infants surviving and determine predictors of neonatal mortality using hierarchical modeling. Methodological terms, this was a study of case-control, with 132 cases of neonatal deaths and 264 controls obtained among survivals of the neonatal period. For cases were considered children born alive and died before 28 days of life and how those controls remained alive during this period, born in Fortaleza-Ce and children of mothers living in the city. The information was obtained through home interviews using a structured questionnaire. Variables were grouped into four groups according to hierarchical conceptual model: Block 1-socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; bloco2-maternal characteristics, reproductive history, maternal morbidity, maternal behavior, social support and exposure to violence; 3-block handling characteristics of the pre prenatal and childbirth; block 4-sex and health of the newborn. The model of hierarchical logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with neonatal death: Block 1 - maternal race with a protective effect against brown and black race (OR: 0.23, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.56), block 3 - between the time spent commuting from home to hospital less than 30 minutes (OR: 3.12, 95% CI 1.34 to 7.25), less than 1 hour or greater than or equal to 10 hours between admission and delivery (OR: 2.43, 95% CI 1.24 to 4.76) and inadequate prenatal care (OR: 2.03, 95% CI 1.03 to 3.99) Block 4 - low weight birth (OR: 14.75, 95% CI 5.26 to 41.35), prematurity (OR: 3.41, 95% CI 1.29 to 8.98) and male (OR: 2.09, CI 95% 1.09 to 4.03). This series has revealed aspects of the determination of neonatal deaths related to the quality of prenatal care offered to pregnant women, supply of hospital beds, indicating the pilgrimage of pregnant women seeking maternity, as well as aspects related to direct assistance to labor, translated determining the time over 10 hours elapsed between admission and delivery in pregnant women.

A leishmaniose é uma ameaça para cerca de 350 milhões de pessoas em 88 países no mundo. No município de Bandeirantes, estado do Paraná, Brasil, foram notificados 183 casos de leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) entre 2000 a 2013. Objetivos: Descrever e analisar os casos de LTA ocorridos no município de Bandeirantes Paraná, entre 2007 e 2013 e investigar os fatores de risco associados à ocorrência da doença, considerando-se fatores socioeconômicos, condições habitacionais e do entorno das residências, atividades ocupacionais e de lazer, conhecimento sobre a LTA na população de estudo e algumas práticas; investigar a presença de anticorpos anti Leishmania sp. na população canina e descrever as características socioeconômicas, condições habitacionais e do entorno das residências, atividades ocupacionais, de lazer nos casos que evoluíram para óbitos bem como as características clínicas. Métodos: estudo caso-controle não pareado. A amostra constou de 104 casos autóctones de LTA notificados na Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Bandeirantes e 90 controles, residentes selecionados aleatoriamente que apresentassem reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) negativa. A amostra da população canina foi composta por animais presentes nas residências dos casos e dos controles. Foram investigados os óbitos entre os indivíduos que tiveram LTA no período do estudo. Resultados: O sexo feminino prevaleceu entre os casos (62,50 por cento ) e controles (68,89 por cento ), bem como a faixa etária maior ou igual a 60 anos em ambos os grupos (46,15 por cento e 33,33 por cento , respectivamente). Todavia estas condições não se mostraram como fatores de risco significante. Mostraram-se como fatores de risco significantes (p < 0,05) as seguintes variáveis: ser analfabeto (OR = 10,09), aposentados (OR = 2,35), praticar atividades de lazer relacionadas à zona rural (OR = 4,47), frestas na casa (OR = 2,15), presença de matos próximos ao domicílio (OR = 6,92), presença de plantas frutíferas no peridomicílio (OR=2,02), anexos peridomicilares (OR = 4,30), galinheiro (OR=2,15) e canil (OR = 3,90), dormir fora do quarto (OR=4,97), 8 combate a animais sinantrópicos (OR = 2,69), uso de repelente corporal (5,43) e conhecer o mosquito transmissor (OR = 3,48), a relação com outros animais (OR =2,51) e prevenção (OR = 2,24). Como fatores de proteção: renda familiar > 3 salários mínimo (OR = 0,22), casa de alvenaria e reboco (OR = 0,41), abastecimento de água de rede (OR = 0,41), presença de rede de esgoto (OR = 0,33), coleta de lixo pública (OR = 0,35). Os exames sorológicos realizados nos cães do estudo demonstraram que 38,23 por cento foram reagentes para os casos e 2,12 por cento nos controles. Os cães dos casos possuem 28,47 vezes mais chance de contrair a LTA quando comparados com os cães dos controles (p<0,0001). Foram investigados 14 óbitos, 35,71 por cento estavam em tratamento da LTA e 42,86 por cento apresentavam lesões compatíveis com a LTA. Conclusões: A ocorrência da LTA em Bandeirantes mostrou-se associada estatisticamente às variáveis: idade, escolaridade, renda familiar, atividades de lazer relacionadas à zona rural, presença de anexos domiciliares e vegetação próximo ao domicílio, assim como o uso de repelente corporal, dormir fora do quarto e conhecer o mosquito vetor da LTA e a sua forma de prevenção. / The leishmaniasis threat around 350 million people in 88 countries around the world. In Bandeirantes - Parana from 2000 to 2013 183 cases of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) were reported. Objectives: to describe and analyze the occurrence of ATL in human population in Bandeirantes - Parana, between 2007 and 2013; to investigate the risk factors associated with the disease considering socioeconomic factors, housing conditions and the surrounding residences, occupational and leisure activities, knowledge of the LTA in the study population and some practical; investigate the presence of antibodies against Leishmania sp. the canine population and describe the socio-economic characteristics, housing conditions and the surrounding residences, occupational activities, leisure in cases that evolved to death and the clinical characteristics. Methods: A not paired case-control study was performed in with 104 cases, individuals who had autochthonous ATL notified in the Municipal Health Department of Bandeirantes and 90 controls were randomly selected out of those who presented negative reaction of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF). The canine population was selected from the cases and controls. The deaths among those individuals who had ATL during the study period were investigated. Results: Females were more abundant in case (62,5 per cent ) and control groups (68.89 per cent ) with predominance of age equal or greater than 60 years in both groups (46,15 and 33.33 per cent respectively). However, these conditions were not significant risk factors. The significant risk factors (p < 0,05) were: illiterate people (OR = 10,09), those who receive one to three minimum wages (OR =4,48), retired people (OR=2,35), to practice leisure activities related to rural area (OR=4,47), openings on the house (OR=2,15), presence of forests near the domicilie (OR = 6,92), presence of fruit plants near the house (OR=2,02), attachments to the house (OR = 4,30), chicken stay (OR=2,15), kennel (OR = 3,90), to sleep out of the bedroom (OR=4,97), to combat urban plagues (OR = 2,69), to use repellent (5,43) and to know the phlebotomine (OR = 3,48) and its relation with other animals (OR =2,51), and prevention (OR = 2,24). The protective factors were house of masonry and plaster (OR = 0.41), water supply network (OR = 0.41), 10 presence of sewage (OR = 0.33), public garbage collection (OR = 0.35). The serological tests performed in dogs of the study showed that 38.23 per cent were reactive to the cases and 2.12 per cent to the controls. The dogs of the cases have 28.47 times more chance of catching the ATL when compared with the dogs of the controls (p< 0.0001). Fourteen deaths were investigated, out of which 35.71 per cent were in treatment of ATL and 42.86 per cent had lesions compatible with the ATL. Conclusions: The occurrence of ATL in Bandeirantes proved to be statistically associated with the variables: age, education, family income, leisure activities related to rural area, presence of attachments to the house and vegetation near the domicile, as well as the use of repellent, sleeping outside of the room and knowing the disease vector of ATL and its prevention.

Para verificar a contribuição da audiometria em altas freqüências (9 a 20 kHz) e das emissões otoacústicas - produto de distorção para a identificação de alterações auditivas em indivíduos com desordem pigmentar do tipo vitiligo, 30 indivíduos portadores de vitiligo foram avaliados audiologicamente, e comparados a um grupo controle. Tanto para as altas freqüências (9 a 20 kHz) como para as emissões otoacústicas foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os grupos, que não foram evidenciadas na audiometria convencional (0,25 a 8 kHz). Os resultados sugerem prejuízo nas funções auditivas para o grupo com desordem pigmentar do tipo vitiligo. / In order to verify the contribution of the high frequency audiometry (9 to 20 kHz) and distortion product- otoacoustic emissions for the identification of auditory impairments in individuals with pigmentary disorder type vitiligo, 30 individuals with vitiligo were evaluated, and compared with a control group. As much for the high frequencies (9 the 20 kHz) as for the otoacoustic emissions, significant differences were observed between the groups, that were not evidenced in the conventional audiometry (0,25 the 8 kHz). The results suggest damage in the auditory functions for the group with pigmentary disorder type vitiligo

Introdução: A prevalência de nascimento pré-termo vem aumentando nos últimos anos e é atualmente um problema de saúde pública mundial, sendo responsável por significante mortalidade neonatal e morbidades infantil e na vida adulta. As causas são multifatoriais e estão relacionadas às dimensões socioeconômica, psicossocial e biológica que se interrelacionam e se sobrepõem. Os fatores de risco diferem entre as populações e grupos étnicos, no entanto, ainda não estão claros quais e como os determinantes etiológicos estão envolvidos. As estratégias de cuidado pré-natal desenvolvidas tem sido insuficientes para a prevenção. Objetivo: estudar os fatores de risco para o nascimento pré-termo em crianças nascidas de partos hospitalares de mães residentes no município de Campina Grande/PB, Brasil. Métodos: O desenho foi um caso-controle de base populacional, que foi realizado no período de junho de 2008 a maio de 2009. Os casos foram nascidos com menos de 37 semanas gestacionais e os controles os nascidos com 37 semanas ou mais. A idade gestacional foi definida em semanas utilizando-se critérios de seleção baseados na acurácia da estimativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas com as mães e coleta de registros hospitalares. Foram selecionados 341 casos e 424 controles. A análise foi baseada em modelo de regressão múltipla hierarquizada. Resultados: os fatores de risco para nascimento pré-termo foram: filho anterior pré-termo (OR=2,32; IC 95%: 1,25-4,29), assistência pré-natal inadequada (categoria II três ou mais prérequisitos negativos) (OR=2,15; IC 95%: 1,40-3,27), ganho ponderal materno insuficiente (OR=2,33; IC 95%: 1,45-3,75), dano físico materno durante a gestação (OR=2,10; IC 95%: 1,22-3,60), hipertensão arterial na gestação com eclâmpsia (OR=17,08; IC 95%: 3,67-79,43) e sem eclâmpsia (OR=6,42; IC 95%: 3,50-11,76), internação durante a gestação (OR=5,64; IC 95%: 3,47-9,15), alteração do volume amniótico (OR=2,28; IC 95%: 1,32-3,95); sangramento vaginal (OR=1,54; IC 95%: 1,01-2,34) e gestação múltipla (OR=22,65; IC 95%: 6,22-82,46). Segundo o mesmo modelo, a renda familiar per capita menor que um salário mínimo foi fator protetor (OR=0,63; IC 95%: 0,39-0,99). Conclusão: Os fatores de risco foram semelhantes ao observado em outros estudos nacionais e internacionais, a não ser para o resultado da variável do nível socioeconômico. A elevada prevalência da pobreza e baixa escolaridade, maior que em estudos realizados na Região Sul, tanto nos casos como nos controles, pode ter contribuído para esse resultado. Estudos adicionais são necessários para o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre a complexidade das cadeias causais no parto pré-termo, em diferentes contextos e a diferenciação pelos subtipos, espontâneo e indicado / Introduction: The prevalence of preterm birth has increased in recent years and it is currently a worldwide public health problem, being responsible for significant neonatal mortality and morbidity in childhood and adulthood. The causes are multifactorial and related to socioeconomic, psychosocial and biological factors that interrelate and overlap. Risk factors differ between ethnic groups and populations, however, it is not yet clear which are and how the etiological determinants are involved. Strategies for prenatal care have been developed enough for prevention. Objective: To study the risk factors for preterm birth in newborn of hospital deliveries by mothers, residents in the city of Campina Grande/PB, Brazil. Methods: The study design was a case-control population-based, which was conducted from June 2008 to May 2009. Cases were born at less than 37 weeks of gestation and controls, at 37 weeks or more. Gestational age in weeks was defined using selection criteria based on the accuracy of the estimate. Interviews were conducted with mothers and collection of hospital records. It was selected 341 cases and 424 controls. The analysis was based a logistic multiple regression model, based on a hierarchized conceptual modelling approach. Results: The risk factors for preterm birth were: previous preterm birth (OR=2,32; 95%CI: 1,25-4,29), inadequate prenatal care (category II three or more negative prerequisites) (OR=2,15; 95%CI: 1,40- 3,27), inadequate maternal weight gain (OR=2,33; 95%CI: 1,45-3,75), physical damage to the mother during pregnancy (OR=2,10; 95%CI: 1,22-3,60), hypertension pressure (OR=17,08; 95%CI: 3,67-79,43), hospitalization during pregnancy (OR=5,64; 95%CI: 3,47-9,15), amniotic fluid volume changes (OR=2,28; 95%CI: 1,32-3,95), vaginal bleeding (OR=1,54; 95%CI: 1,01-2,34) and multiple gestation (OR=22,65; 95%CI: 6,22-82,46). According to the model, the per capita income less than the minimum wage was a protective factor (OR=0,63; 95%CI: 0,39-0,99). Conclusion: The risk factors were similar to those observed in other national and international studies, except for the result of varying socioeconomic level. The high prevalence of poverty and low educational level, higher than in studies in the South in both outcomes, may have contributed to this result. Further studies are needed on the complexity of causal chains in preterm delivery in different contexts and differentiation by subtypes, spontaneous and indicated

A diarreia ainda persiste como um problema de saúde pública, sendo uma das principais causas de mortalidade infantil nos países em desenvolvimento, principalmente em crianças abaixo de 5 anos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a etiologia das diarreias agudas em crianças de 0 a 5 anos atendidas no Hospital Universitário da USP em um estudo caso-controle. As fezes de 260 casos e 58 controles foram coletadas por suabe retal e conservadas em meio Cary-Blair até o momento da semeadura. As bactérias pesquisadas foram Escherichia coli diarreiogênicas (EPEC, EIEC, EAEC, EHEC, ETEC), Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Yersinia enterocolitica e Campylobacter sp. Os meios de cultura utilizados para isolamento das bactérias foram Ágar SS e Ágar MacConkey. Após incubação por 24 horas a 37ºC, as bactérias foram identificadas fenotipicamente utilizando-se EPM-MILI-Citrato. Posteriormente, as bactérias enteropatogênicas foram aglutinadas com anti-soros específicos polivalentes. Para isolamento de Campylobacter sp foi utilizado Ágar Karmalli incubado a 42ºC por 48 horas em microaerofilia. Foram também pesquisados os fatores de virulência de Escherichia coli por colony-blot, utilizando sondas genéticas marcadas radioativamente. Os agentes virais pesquisados foram Rotavírus e Adenovírus em 134 crianças utilizando-se kit ROTA-VIKIA ADENO pelo método imunocromatográfico. Neste trabalho foi possível observar que a prevalência dos agentes foi: EPEC - casos: 34(13%), controles: 5(8,6%); EAEC - casos: 27(10,3%), controles: 8(13,7%); EIEC - casos: 5(1,9%); controles: 0, Shigella sonnei - casos: 7(2,7%); controles: 0, Shigella flexneri - casos: 4(1,5%), controles: 0; Salmonella - casos: 7(2,7%), controles: 1(1,7%); Campylobacter sp - casos: 4(1,5%), controles: 0; Rotavírus - casos: 21(17,3%), controles: 1(7,7%); Adenovírus - casos: 6(5%), controles: 1(7,7%) e Rotavírus + Adenovírus - casos: 2(1,7%), controles: 1(7,7%). O agente etiológico mais encontrado foi Rotavirus e se caracterizou como o único patógeno que apresentou significância estatística entre casos e controles (p<0,01). Ocorreu uma maior prevalência de EPEC atípica em relação à EPEC típica, dados concordantes com outros trabalhos. Houve predominância de Shigella sonnei em relação à Shigella flexneri, resultados divergentes encontrados em estudos anteriores. Rotavirus foi o enteropatógeno mais prevalente, sendo que nove crianças acometidas estavam desidratadas. Dez crianças tiveram infecção mista entre os agentes isolados. Em dezessete crianças do grupo controle (sem diarreia) foram encontrados agentes patogênicos, a saber: EPEC (5), EAEC (8), Salmonella (1) e Rotavirus + Adenovirus (1). / Diarrhea remains an important problem worldwide and has been characterized as one of the main causes of infant death in developing countries, especially in children under five years old. The aim of this study was to evaluate the etiology of acute diarrhea in children by case-control attended in São Paulo University Hospital. Fecal samples of 260 cases and 58 matched controls were collected by rectal swabs and conserved in Cary-Blair medium until the moment of seeding. Researched bacterial were diarrheiogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC, EIEC, EAEC, EHEC and ETEC), Salmonella sp, Shigella sp, Yersinia enterocolitica and thermophilic Campylobacter sp. Cultures for bacterium isolation were made in SS agar and MacConkey agar. After incubation at 37ºC by 24 h, bacteria were tested using biochemical tests (EPM-MILI-Citrato). For Campylobacter isolation was used Karmali agar at 42ºC by 48 h in 5% CO2. Colony-blot hybridization using specific radiolabelled DNA probes was used to identify diarrheiogenic E. coli. Rotavirus and Adenovirus were sought in 121 cases and 13 controls by ROTA-VIKIA ADENO by immunochromatographic assay. The prevalence of the pathogens were as follows: EPEC - cases: 34 (13%), controls: 5 (1,9%); EAEC - cases: 27 (10,3%), controls: 8 (13,7%); EIEC - cases: 5 (1,9%), controls: 0; Shigella sonnei - cases: 7 (2,7%), controls: 0; Shigella flexneri - cases: 4 (1,5%), controls: 0; Salmonella - cases: 7 (2,7%), controls: 1 (1,7%); Campylobacter sp - cases: 4 (1,5%), controls: 0; Rotavirus - cases: 21 (17,3%), controls - 1 (7,7%); Adenovirus - cases: 6 (5%), controls: 1 (7,7%) and Rotavirus + Adenovirus - cases: 2 (1,7%), controls: 1 (7,7%). The main etiologic agent found was Rotavirus, which was the only pathogen significant between cases and controls (p<0,01). Atypical EPEC had major prevalence comparing to typical EPEC. Shigella sonnei was more isolated than Shigella flexneri, a different result found in other studies. Ten children had mixed infection between the isolated agents. In seventeen children of the control group (without diarrhea) were found pathogens, that is: EPEC (5), EAEC (8), Salmonella (1) and Rotavirus + Adenovirus (1).

Notre objectif était de mesurer chez les adultes en Europe l’efficacité des vaccins (EV) anti-grippaux saisonniers contre l’hospitalisation avec une grippe confirmée en laboratoire. Nous avons coordonné une étude cas-témoins multicentrique dans 29 hôpitaux de 12 pays entre 2011 et 2017. Nous avons fait une analyse des données groupées lors de chaque saison grippale. Entre 2011-12 et 2016-17, nous avons recruté 3436 cas de grippe et 5969 témoins. L’EV tous virus confondus était de 26% ; elle était de 40% chez les 18-64 ans, 25% chez les 65-79 ans et 23% chez les 80 ans et plus. Par saison, l’EV variait entre 15% en 2016-17 et 44% en 2013-14. L’EV était particulièrement basse chez les seniors lors des saisons grippales dominées par le sous-type de grippe A(H3N2), atteignant 10% en 2011-12 et 2016-17 chez les personnes âgées de 80 ans et plus. Nos résultats suggèrent une EV faible à modérée contre la grippe hospitalisée chez l’adulte. Le renforcement et l’évaluation de modes de prévention complémentaires, tels que l’usage prophylactique d’antiviraux, la vaccination du personnel soignant et les approches non-pharmaceutiques (masque, hygiène des mains) devraient être une priorité. / Our objective was to measure seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against hospitalisation with laboratory-confirmed influenza in Europe among adults. Between 2011 and 2017, we coordinated a multicenter case-control study in 29 hospitals in 12 countries. We pooled and analysed the data after every season. Between 2011-12 and 2016-17, we recruited 3436 influenza cases and 5969 controls. Pooled across seasons, IVE against any influenza was 26%; 40% patients aged 18-64 yeas, 25% among those aged 65-79 years, and 23% among those aged ≥80 years. Season specific IVE ranged between 15% in 2016-17 and 44% in 2013-14. IVE was particularly low among elderly in seasons dominated by the A(H3N2) viruses; it was 10% in 2011-12 and 2016-17 in people aged ≥80 years. Our results suggest a low to moderate IVE against influenza hospitalisation in adults. Evaluating complementary prevention options, such as prophylactic antiviral use, vaccination of health care workers and non-pharmaceutical interventions should be a priority.

No description available.

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are double-stranded, DNA, epitheliotropic viruses that infect skin and mucosal membranes. Over 200 types of HPV have been identified and classified into alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ), mu (µ), and nu (ν) genera. HPV in the genus α mainly infect mucosal membranes, cause the majority of the ano-genital cancers, and are widely studied. However, epidemiology of HPV in the other genera, which mainly infect skin, is poorly understood. Few studies have reported the seroprevalence of cutaneous HPV among healthy individuals, and to date, no study has prospectively examined the association between cutaneous HPV seropositivity and development of external genital lesions (EGLs) in men. The objectives of this study were to estimate the seroprevalence of cutaneous HPV types and investigate factors associated with the seropositivity, and evaluate the association between seropositivity to cutaneous HPV types and the risk of development of EGLs. Several studies have reported the seroprevalence of mucosal HPV types (6, 11, 16 and 18) in the 4-valent HPV vaccine among men. However, few studies have reported the seroprevalence of the five additional HPV types (31, 33, 45, 52 and 58) in the recently approved 9-valent HPV (9vHPV) vaccine specifically among men across a broad age range. Baseline data on seroprevalence prior to vaccine introduction and dissemination are needed to establish the effectiveness of vaccines over time. Also, this study estimated the seroprevalence of 9vHPV vaccine types and investigated factors associated with the seropositivity among men residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States (U.S.). To estimate the seroprevalence of cutaneous HPV types and 9vHPV vaccine types, 600 men were randomly selected from the HPV Infection in Men (HIM) Study. To examine the association between seropositivity to cutaneous HPV types and development of EGLs, a case-control study of 163 incident EGL cases and 352 EGL-free controls nested in the HIM cohort was conducted. Cases were ascertained through visual inspection at each of up to 10 biannual clinical visits, confirmed through biopsy, and categorized into condyloma, suggestive of condyloma, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) and other EGLs. Archived serum specimens were tested for antibodies against 14 cutaneous HPV types, β types (5, 8, 12, 14, 17, 22, 23, 24, 38 and 47), α type 27, γ type 4, µ type1 and ν type 41, and 9vHP types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58) using a glutathione S-transferase (GST) L1-based multiplex serology assay. Socio-demographic and sexual behavior data were collected through a questionnaire. Binomial proportions were used to estimate seroprevalence, and logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with seropositivity. Overall, seroprevalence of ≥1 cutaneous HPV types was 65.4%, 1≥ β-HPV types was 39.0%, α-HPV 27 was 8.9%, γ-HPV 4 was 30.9%, µ-HPV 1 was 28.6%, and ν-HPV 41was 9.4%. Higher educational attainment was significantly associated with seropositivity to ≥1 cutaneous HPV types (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.75 for ≥16 years of education vs. ≤12 years of education, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.83), and seropositivity of ≥1 β-HPV types was significantly associated with increasing age (AOR 1.72 for men aged 31-44 years vs. men aged 18-30 years, 95% CI: 1.12–2.63,). Country of residence, circumcision status, and lifetime number of male anal sex partners were other factors significantly associated with various type-specific cutaneous HPV seropositivity. No statistically significant association was observed between grouped or individual cutaneous HPV seropositivity and the risk of development of EGLs across all pathological diagnoses. The seroprevalence of grouped and individual cutaneous HPV types was similar across different EGL categories and controls, with the most frequent types being ɤ-HPV 4, µ-HPV 1, and β-HPV 8. The seroprevalence of ≥1 9vHPV vaccine types was 28.3%, ≥1 high-risk types was 14.0%, five additional high-risk types was 11.2%, and low-risk types (6/11) was 17.4%. Compared to men with no male anal sex partners, men with ≥2 partners were two times more likely to be seropositive for grouped 9vHPV vaccine types, ≥1 high-risk types and ≥1 low-risk types, in addition to individual HPV types 6, 16, 33, and 58, with AORs ranging from 2.19 to 7.36. Older age, current smoking, and being single were other factors significantly positively associated with different grouped and type-specific seropositivity. In conclusion, our data show that exposure to cutaneous HPV was common in men although different risk factors were independently associated with grouped and type-specific cutaneous HPV seropositivity. It appears that exposure to cutaneous HPV is not likely to increase the risk of EGLs among men. Similarly, exposure to 9vHPV vaccine types was also common in men and seropositivity to 9vHPV vaccine types was positively associated with older age and lifetime number male anal sex partners.