A hiperalgesia inflamatória é o processo pelo qual ocorre a sensibilização dos neurônios nociceptores aferentes primários por mediadores químicos inflamatórios, gerando assim uma diminuição do limiar nociceptivo e como consequência episódios de dor. Entre os principais mediadores envolvidos com a sensibilizacão das fibras nociceptivas periféricas está a prostaglandina E2 (PGE2), que é liberada como um produto final de uma cascata de mediadores inflamatórios. Dentro desta cascata de liberação hierárquica podemos destacar a interleucina -1? (IL)-1?, uma citocina importante na gênese da dor inflamatória, devido à sua capacidade de induzir a produção da enzima cicloxigenase-2 (COX-2), e consequentemente PGE2. O mecanismo de controle da produção da IL-1 ? envolvem dois passos intracelulares: a indução da expressão de uma forma protêica inativa (a pró-IL-1 ?) e a geração da forma biologicamente ativa (IL-1?) a partir da pró-IL-1 ?. Este último passo envolve a ação de uma cisteína-protease ativada em decorrência de um processo inflamatório, conhecida como Caspase-1, a qual cliva a pró-IL-1? em IL1?. Recentemente, nosso grupo demonstrou que a caspase-1 tem um papel importante na gênese da dor inflamatória, sendo crucial para a geração de IL-1? e consequentemente COX2/PGE2. Porém, não são conhecidos os mecanismos de ativação da caspase-1 na hiperalgesia inflamatória. Sabe-se que a ativação da Caspase-1 e clivagem da pro-IL-1? são dependentes de uma plataforma molecular intracelular denominada inflamassoma. Os principais inflamassomas ativadores de caspase-1 são formados pelas proteínas NLRP3, IPAF (NLRC4) e por sua molécula adaptadora ASC. O objetivo desse trabalho então foi avaliar a participação do inflamassoma na gênese da dor inflamatória. Nós identificamos que as moléculas IPAF e ASC, mas não o NLRP3, participa no desenvolvimento da hiperalgesia inflamatória mecânica e térmica induzida pela carragenina. Observou-se que estas moléculas são cruciais para a ativação da Caspase-1 e, consequentemente, para a produção da IL-1? ativa. Estes resultados evidenciam pela primeira vez um papel importante do inflamassoma no desenvolvimento da hiperalgesia inflamatória. / The inflammatory hyperalgesic is the process by which occurs the sensitization of nociceptors primary afferent neurons by inflammatory chemical mediators, that generating a decreased nociceptive threshold and result in episodes of pain. Among the main of nociceptive mediators involved with sensitization of peripheral nociceptive fibers are prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is released as a final product of a cascade of inflammatory mediators. Within this hierarchical cascade of release can highlight interleukin-1? (IL)-1?, a cytokine important in the genesis of inflammatory pain due to their ability to induce the production of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and consequently PGE2. The control mechanism production of intracellular IL-1 ? involved two steps: induction of expression of a protein inactive form (pro-IL-1 ?) and the generation of the biologically active form from pro-IL-1 ? (IL-1?). This last step involves the action of a cysteine protease-activated due to an inflammatory process, known as Caspase-1, which cleaves pro-IL-1? to IL-1?. Recently our group has demonstrated that caspase-1 plays an important role in the genesis of inflammatory pain, crucial for the generation of IL-1? and consequently COX2/PGE2. However, there aren\'t known mechanisms of activation of caspase-1 in inflammatory hyperalgesic. It is known that the activation of Caspase-1 cleavage and pro-IL-1? are dependent on an intracellular molecular platform called inflammassome. The main inflammassome activators of caspase-1 proteins are formed by NLRP3, IPAF (NLRC4) and its adapter molecule ASC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammassome participation in the genesis of inflammatory pain. We have identified molecules IPAF and ASC, but not NLRP3, is participate in the development of mechanical and thermal inflammatory hyperalgesic induced by carrageenan. It was observed that these molecules are crucial for the activation of Caspase-1 and thus for the production of active IL-1?. These results demonstrate for the first time an important role of the inflammassome in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesic.

A hiperalgesia inflamatória é o processo pelo qual ocorre a sensibilização dos neurônios nociceptores aferentes primários por mediadores químicos inflamatórios, gerando assim uma diminuição do limiar nociceptivo e como consequência episódios de dor. Entre os principais mediadores envolvidos com a sensibilizacão das fibras nociceptivas periféricas está a prostaglandina E2 (PGE2), que é liberada como um produto final de uma cascata de mediadores inflamatórios. Dentro desta cascata de liberação hierárquica podemos destacar a interleucina -1? (IL)-1?, uma citocina importante na gênese da dor inflamatória, devido à sua capacidade de induzir a produção da enzima cicloxigenase-2 (COX-2), e consequentemente PGE2. O mecanismo de controle da produção da IL-1 ? envolvem dois passos intracelulares: a indução da expressão de uma forma protêica inativa (a pró-IL-1 ?) e a geração da forma biologicamente ativa (IL-1?) a partir da pró-IL-1 ?. Este último passo envolve a ação de uma cisteína-protease ativada em decorrência de um processo inflamatório, conhecida como Caspase-1, a qual cliva a pró-IL-1? em IL1?. Recentemente, nosso grupo demonstrou que a caspase-1 tem um papel importante na gênese da dor inflamatória, sendo crucial para a geração de IL-1? e consequentemente COX2/PGE2. Porém, não são conhecidos os mecanismos de ativação da caspase-1 na hiperalgesia inflamatória. Sabe-se que a ativação da Caspase-1 e clivagem da pro-IL-1? são dependentes de uma plataforma molecular intracelular denominada inflamassoma. Os principais inflamassomas ativadores de caspase-1 são formados pelas proteínas NLRP3, IPAF (NLRC4) e por sua molécula adaptadora ASC. O objetivo desse trabalho então foi avaliar a participação do inflamassoma na gênese da dor inflamatória. Nós identificamos que as moléculas IPAF e ASC, mas não o NLRP3, participa no desenvolvimento da hiperalgesia inflamatória mecânica e térmica induzida pela carragenina. Observou-se que estas moléculas são cruciais para a ativação da Caspase-1 e, consequentemente, para a produção da IL-1? ativa. Estes resultados evidenciam pela primeira vez um papel importante do inflamassoma no desenvolvimento da hiperalgesia inflamatória. / The inflammatory hyperalgesic is the process by which occurs the sensitization of nociceptors primary afferent neurons by inflammatory chemical mediators, that generating a decreased nociceptive threshold and result in episodes of pain. Among the main of nociceptive mediators involved with sensitization of peripheral nociceptive fibers are prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is released as a final product of a cascade of inflammatory mediators. Within this hierarchical cascade of release can highlight interleukin-1? (IL)-1?, a cytokine important in the genesis of inflammatory pain due to their ability to induce the production of the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and consequently PGE2. The control mechanism production of intracellular IL-1 ? involved two steps: induction of expression of a protein inactive form (pro-IL-1 ?) and the generation of the biologically active form from pro-IL-1 ? (IL-1?). This last step involves the action of a cysteine protease-activated due to an inflammatory process, known as Caspase-1, which cleaves pro-IL-1? to IL-1?. Recently our group has demonstrated that caspase-1 plays an important role in the genesis of inflammatory pain, crucial for the generation of IL-1? and consequently COX2/PGE2. However, there aren\'t known mechanisms of activation of caspase-1 in inflammatory hyperalgesic. It is known that the activation of Caspase-1 cleavage and pro-IL-1? are dependent on an intracellular molecular platform called inflammassome. The main inflammassome activators of caspase-1 proteins are formed by NLRP3, IPAF (NLRC4) and its adapter molecule ASC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inflammassome participation in the genesis of inflammatory pain. We have identified molecules IPAF and ASC, but not NLRP3, is participate in the development of mechanical and thermal inflammatory hyperalgesic induced by carrageenan. It was observed that these molecules are crucial for the activation of Caspase-1 and thus for the production of active IL-1?. These results demonstrate for the first time an important role of the inflammassome in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesic.

<p>The nasal passages are constantly exposed to both air- and bloodborne foreign compounds. In particular, the olfactory mucosa is demonstrated to be susceptible to a variety of drugs and chemicals. In this thesis, mechanisms involved in tissue-selective toxicity in the olfactory mucosa of rodents have been investigated using the olfactory toxicant 2,6-dichlorophenyl methylsulphone (2,6-diClPh-MeSO₂) as a model compound. Comparative studies were performed with the non-toxic 2,5-dichlorophenyl methylsulphone (2,5-diClPh-MeSO₂) and the reasons for the strikingly different toxicity were investigated. </p><p>A strong bioactivation and protein adduction of 2,6-diClPh-MeSO₂ in olfactory microsomes and S9-fractions of rodents was demonstrated. In contrast, no significant metabolic activation of 2,5-diClPh-MeSO₂ was observed and the bioactivation in the liver for both chlorinated isomers was negligible. <i>In vitro</i> studies with recombinant yeast cell microsomes expressing mouse cytochrome P450 2A5 (CYP2A5) demonstrated a metabolic activation of 2,6-diClPh-MeSO₂. The 2,6-diClPh-MeSO₂-induced lesions and CYP2A5 expression preferentially occurred in Bowman’s glands and sustentacular cells of the olfactory mucosa. A significant depletion of glutathione (GSH) in the olfactory mucosa was demonstrated <i>in vivo</i>, while no changes were observed in the liver. There was a rapid induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific chaperone Grp78, activation of the ER-specific caspase-12 and the downstream caspase-3 in the Bowman’s glands. Electron microscopy revealed swelling of ER and mitochondria and a lost integrity of the Bowman’s glands. </p><p>Based on these results, the proposed mechanism for 2,6-diClPh-MeSO₂-induced toxicity in the olfactory mucosa is bioactivation by CYP2A5 into a reactive intermediate causing protein adduction and GSH-depletion. This is initiating a sequence of downstream events of ER-stress, changes in ion homeostasis, ultrastructural organelle disruption and apoptotic signalling. In spite of the initial apoptotic signals, the terminal phase of apoptosis seemed to be blocked and necrotic features occurred. The predominant expression of CYP2A5 in the olfactory mucosa is proposed to play a key role for the tissue- and cell-specific toxicity induced by 2,6-diClPh-MeSO₂.</p>

The nasal passages are constantly exposed to both air- and bloodborne foreign compounds. In particular, the olfactory mucosa is demonstrated to be susceptible to a variety of drugs and chemicals. In this thesis, mechanisms involved in tissue-selective toxicity in the olfactory mucosa of rodents have been investigated using the olfactory toxicant 2,6-dichlorophenyl methylsulphone (2,6-diClPh-MeSO2) as a model compound. Comparative studies were performed with the non-toxic 2,5-dichlorophenyl methylsulphone (2,5-diClPh-MeSO2) and the reasons for the strikingly different toxicity were investigated. A strong bioactivation and protein adduction of 2,6-diClPh-MeSO2 in olfactory microsomes and S9-fractions of rodents was demonstrated. In contrast, no significant metabolic activation of 2,5-diClPh-MeSO2 was observed and the bioactivation in the liver for both chlorinated isomers was negligible. In vitro studies with recombinant yeast cell microsomes expressing mouse cytochrome P450 2A5 (CYP2A5) demonstrated a metabolic activation of 2,6-diClPh-MeSO2. The 2,6-diClPh-MeSO2-induced lesions and CYP2A5 expression preferentially occurred in Bowman’s glands and sustentacular cells of the olfactory mucosa. A significant depletion of glutathione (GSH) in the olfactory mucosa was demonstrated in vivo, while no changes were observed in the liver. There was a rapid induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific chaperone Grp78, activation of the ER-specific caspase-12 and the downstream caspase-3 in the Bowman’s glands. Electron microscopy revealed swelling of ER and mitochondria and a lost integrity of the Bowman’s glands. Based on these results, the proposed mechanism for 2,6-diClPh-MeSO2-induced toxicity in the olfactory mucosa is bioactivation by CYP2A5 into a reactive intermediate causing protein adduction and GSH-depletion. This is initiating a sequence of downstream events of ER-stress, changes in ion homeostasis, ultrastructural organelle disruption and apoptotic signalling. In spite of the initial apoptotic signals, the terminal phase of apoptosis seemed to be blocked and necrotic features occurred. The predominant expression of CYP2A5 in the olfactory mucosa is proposed to play a key role for the tissue- and cell-specific toxicity induced by 2,6-diClPh-MeSO2.

No description available.

Andrologische Forschungsarbeiten der letzten Jahre beweisen, dass einzelne, aus somatischen Zellen bekannte Apoptose-typische Veränderungen bei humanen Spermien einen negativen Einfluss auf die Fertilität des Mannes haben. Umstritten ist, ob es sich dabei nur um einen abortiven Zelltod als Zeichen einer Reifungsstörung während der Spermatogenese handelt oder ob Apoptose auch in reifen Spermien induzierbar ist. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, durch Untersuchungen zur Induzierbarkeit der Apoptose in reifen und unreifen Spermatozoen die vollständige Funktionalität verschiedener Signalkaskaden sowie deren Umsetzung in morphologische Veränderungen aufzudecken. Darüber hinaus sollte die Rolle des intrazellulären Calciumspiegels als möglicher Interaktionspartner zwischen Akrosomreaktion und Apoptose geklärt werden, um Informationen über die Zukunft der nicht fertilisierenden Spermien im weiblichen Genitaltrakt zu erlangen. In den vorliegenden Versuchsreihen konnte erstmals die gezielte Induktion der Apoptose in reifen und unreifen Spermatozoen anhand biochemischer und elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen nachgewiesen werden. Dabei wurde ausführlich die erfolgreiche Aktivierung mehrerer intrinsischer Apoptosesignalwege in reifen Spermien gezeigt, deren Initiation entweder auf den Zusammenbruch innerer Mitochondrienmembranen, auf eine veränderte intrazelluläre Calciumkonzentration oder auf das Einwirken von oxidativem Stress zurückzuführen war. Zudem konnten Erkenntnisse zum antioxidativen Schutzmechanismus von Spermien gewonnen werden, welcher die Spermien gegenüber einer spezifischen Menge an H2O2 vor oxidativem Stress-bedingter Apoptose bewahrt. Sowohl die Apoptose als auch die Akrosomreaktion waren durch die Zugabe eines Calciumchelators blockierbar. Die Initiation des programmierten Zelltodes in Spermien durch einen Anstieg der intrazellulären Calciumkonzentration erklärt zudem eine weitere wichtige Funktion dieses Prozesses: das Absterben von akrosomenreagierten Spermien bei nicht erfolgter Fertilisation im weiblichen Genitaltrakt. Die Theorie einer rein abortiven Apoptose als Folge einer Spermatogenesestörung ist damit widerlegt.

Chez la femme, le cancer du sein est le cancer le plus fréquemment diagnostiqué. Différents traitements sont disponibles selon le sous-type tumoral. Cependant, certaines patientes sont réfractaires à ces thérapies et restent vulnérables lors de récidives. Le cancer a longtemps été défini par une division aberrante des cellules, mais aujourd'hui, il est évident que la résistance à la mort cellulaire programmée est un paramètre majeur dans l'étiologie de la maladie.Les cyclines de type D régulent le cycle cellulaire en permettant la transition de la phase G1 à la phase S. Pour cela, elles activent les kinases dépendantes des cyclines 4/6 (CDK4/6) qui phosphorylent les protéines du rétinoblastome ce qui libère le facteur de transcription E2F. La Cycline D1 (CycD1) nucléaire est donc centrale dans le contrôle du cycle. Son gène est amplifié dans les cancers humains et la moitié des patientes atteintes d'un cancer du sein ont une surexpression de CycD1. Par l’activation de CDK4, CycD1 est essentielle à l'apparition et à la progression tumorale. Ainsi, des inhibiteurs spécifiques de CDK4/6 ont été développés contre le cancer du sein. Malheureusement, certaines patientes restent insensibles à ce traitement. À ce titre, le ciblage spécifique de CycD1 pourrait représenter une alternative clinique. En effet, en plus de la régulation du cycle, CycD1 est également impliquée, indépendamment de CDK4, dans la survie des cellules cancéreuses. Cependant, aucun mécanisme de l'impact de CycD1 dans le maintien tumoral n'a été établi pour démontrer ce potentiel thérapeutique. En outre, CycD1 a été décrite dans les organes à l’âge adulte pour réguler le métabolisme du glucose et l'hématopoïèse. Par conséquent, pour éviter tout effet secondaire indésirable, nous avons décidé d’évaluer l’implication potentielle de CycD1 dans les organes adultes. Grâce au Tandem-HTRF, basé sur le transfert d'énergie entre deux anticorps, nous avons révélé la dynamique inattendue de CycD1 dans chaque organe adulte. De plus, nous avons montré que l’altération de l'expression de CycD1 conduit à une diminution des capacités de survie des cellules saines post-mitotiques.Au vu de ces limitations, nous avons développé une nouvelle approche d'ARN interférence spécifique des cellules cancéreuses appelée TAG-RNAi. Cette technologie permet de cibler CycD1 uniquement dans la tumeur afin d'épargner les cellules saines. Cette approche innovante consiste à cibler un tag présent uniquement sur l’ARNm de CycD1 des cellules cancéreuses. Ainsi, nous avons découvert que le ciblage spécifique de CycD1 induit une régression rapide et spontanée des tumeurs dépendantes des oncogènes RAS ou ERBB2. Par protéomique in vivo, j'ai découvert que lors de stress pro-apoptotiques, CycD1 cytoplasmique interagit avec la procaspase-3 et bloque son activation pour empêcher l'apoptose des cellules. Ces travaux démontrent la valeur clinique du ciblage spécifique de CycD1 dans les cancers afin d'améliorer l'efficacité des chimiothérapies.Par conséquent, il restait à déterminer comment appliquer le TAG-RNAi contre CycD1 uniquement dans les cellules cancéreuses des patientes. Puisque le tag exotique présent sur le gène Ccnd1 chez la souris nous a permis de cibler spécifiquement les cellules cancéreuses, nous avons pensé que des mutations retrouvées dans les cancers humains représentaient une option de ciblage. Ainsi, nous avons étendu le concept TAG-RNAi aux mutations somatiques caractéristiques des cancers pour cibler avec succès l'expression des mutants KRAS-G12V ou BRAF-V600E comme exemples. L'idée est donc d'identifier les mutations de Ccnd1 chez les patientes afin d'appliquer le TAG-RNAi comme une thérapie personnalisée afin d’éviter les effets secondaires. Enfin, l'expression de CycD1 représente un nouveau biomarqueur pour le cancer et les troubles liés à l'âge: de faibles taux prédisposent aux maladies dégénératives tandis que des taux élevés indiquent une susceptibilité accrue au cancer. / Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. This cancer is the leading cause of death in women aged from 35 to 65 years old. Different treatments are now available depending on tumor subtypes. However, some patients are still refractory to these therapies and are at risk of disease relapse. Cancer research has long focused on aberrant cancer cell division but today it is evident that the resistance to programmed cell death is also a major characteristic of the disease.D-type cyclins regulate cell cycle by allowing the transition from the G1-phase to the S-phase. These regulatory subunits activate the Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 4/6 (CDK4/6) that phosphorylate the retinoblastoma proteins which then release the E2F transcription factors. Nuclear Cyclin D1 (CycD1) is therefore central in the control of division. The Ccnd1 gene is amplified in human cancers and half of breast cancer patients bare an overexpression of CycD1. CycD1 is required for mammary carcinoma onset and progression in a CDK4 kinase-dependent manner. Hence, specific CDK4/6 inhibitors have been developed and authorized in the clinics against breast cancer. Unfortunately, some patients remain insensitive to this treatment. In this frame, the specific targeting of CycD1 could represent a strategic alternative in clinics to overcome these pitfalls. Indeed, in addition to cell cycle regulation with CDK4, CycD1 is also involved in CDK4-independent features of cancer cells like cell survival. However, to date, no clear mechanism for the impact of CycD1 in tumor maintenance is established to demonstrate the therapeutic value of its targeting.Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated the participation of CycD1 in adult organs to regulate glucose metabolism and hematopoiesis. As a consequence, to avoid any undesirable side effects, we decided to gauge the potential CycD1 implication in post-mitotic organs body-wide. We set up a new hypersensitive technology named Tandem-HTRF based on the energy transfer between two antibodies to reveal the unexpected dynamics of CycD1 expression in adult organ. Then, we discovered that alterations of CycD1 expression induced dramatic functional consequences on the survival capacities of healthy adult post-mitotic cells.Based on these limitations, we developed a novel RNAi approach specific to cancer cells named TAG-RNAi. This technology allows the silencing of CycD1 in cancer cells only to spare healthy cells. This innovative approach consists in the targeting of a mRNA tag only present on CycD1 from cancer cells. Using this technique, we found that the specific silencing of CycD1 induces a rapid and spontaneous regression of tumors driven by the RAS or ERBB2 oncogenes. Then, thanks to a proteomics screening in vivo, I discovered that under pro-apoptotic stresses the cytoplasmic CycD1 interacts with the procaspase-3 protein and blocks its activation to prevent cancer cell apoptosis. Altogether, my work demonstrates the clinical value of the specific targeting of CycD1 in cancers to increase the efficacy of chemotherapeutic treatments.Hence, it remained to be determined how to apply in patients RNAi against CycD1 only in cancer cells. Because the exotic tagging of its gene was instrumental in mice cancer models, we reasoned that human cancer mutations could represent such a specific tag. We have extended the concept of TAG-RNAi to somatic mutations characteristic of human cancers to successfully target the expression of KRAS-G12V or BRAF-V600E mutants as examples. The idea is therefore to identify Ccnd1 mutations in cancer patients in order to apply TAG-RNAi as a custom therapeutic approach that will manage side effects. More unanticipated, CycD1 expression represents a new biomarker for both cancer and age-related disorders: low CycD1 levels predispose to degenerative complications while high CycD1 levels indicate increased susceptibility to cancer and resistance to treatment.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NayaraAC_DISSERT.pdf: 1401697 bytes, checksum: 483ad3e8e94846f136ca4ca2f701d984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / At birth , domestic animals exhibit a large stock of oocytes which only a minimum reaches meiotic maturation. These oocytes contained in primordial follicles are used for the development of studies in order to clarify issues related to the activation of primordial follicles and growth as well as promote the development of new contraceptive methods and new techniques for the recovery of fertility through its cultivation. Among the ovarian culture stands out in vivo , also known as transplantation, has as main objectives to promote the return of fertility in women undergoing treatment gonadotoxic and the preservation of genetic diversity of endangered animals. In this sense the research with the in vivo culture aims to determine which methodology seems more feasible and allows better maintenance and development of the transplanted tissue. Thus , this study aimed to assess the quality of ovarian follicles after transplantation under the kidney capsule of mice. For this, we used 10 female mice ( Mus musculus ) , divided into two groups , Group 1 : transplants removed after 15 days from the insertion of the fragment , group 2 after 30 days. It has been established the control group which are the ovarian cortical fragments removed directly for histological processing. Through evaluation by light microscopy , it was observed that there was a progressive reduction in the number of morphological normal follicles with progression of duration to 15 for 30 days of transplants. Regarding the number of normal preantral, only group 2 did not differ statistically from the control. The normal antral follicles in groups 1 and 2 did not differ but were significantly lower than the control group. Regarding the evaluation of apoptotic, we obtained a higher reaction to Caspase -3 in antral follicles in the three groups. According to the results obtained in this study, subcapsular renal autotransplantation technique has proved satisfactory for maintenance and study of preantral follicles / Ao nascerem, os animais domésticos apresentam uma grande reserva de oócitos dos quais apenas um número mínimo atinge a maturação meiótica. Estes oócitos contidos em folículos pré-antrais são utilizados para o desenvolvimento de estudos com o intuito tanto de esclarecer questões relacionadas à ativação e crescimento de folículos primordiais quanto promover o desenvolvimento de novos métodos de contracepção e novas técnicas de recuperação da fertilidade através do seu cultivo. Dentre os tipos de cultivo ovariano destaca-se o in vivo, também conhecido por transplante, tem como principais objetivos promover o retorno da fertilidade em mulheres submetidas a tratamento gonadotóxico e a preservação da diversidade genética de animais ameaçados de extinção. Neste sentido, as pesquisas com o com cultivo in vivo, almejam determinar qual metodologia mostra-se mais viável e permite uma melhor manutenção e desenvolvimento do tecido transplantado. Desta forma, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade dos folículos ovarianos após o autotransplante sob a cápsula renal de camundongas. Para isso, foram utilizadas 10 camundongas (Mus musculus), divididas em dois grupos, Grupo 1: remoção dos transplantes após 15 dias a partir da inserção do fragmento, grupo 2: após 30 dias. Ainda foi estabelecido o grupo controle que corresponde a fragmentos corticais removidos do ovário destinados diretamente para o processamento histológico. Através da avaliação por microscopia ótica, observou-se que houve uma redução no número de folículos morfologicamente normais com a progressão do tempo de duração dos transplantes de 15 para 30 dias. Com relação ao número folículos pré-antrais normais apenas o grupo 2 não diferiu estatisticamente do controle. Os folículos antrais normais dos grupos 1 e 2 não diferiram entre si mas apresentaram-se significativamente inferiores ao grupo controle. Quanto à avaliação da ocorrência de apoptose, obteve-se uma maior reação à Caspase-3 em folículos antrais nos três grupos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos no presente estudo, o autotransplante subcapsular renal demonstrou ser uma técnica satisfatória para manutenção e estudo de foliculos pré-antrais

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-26. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:25:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10807.pdf: 786945 bytes, checksum: a640250d88b5bd045dc6f2f53834bd45 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Objetivos: Estudar a expressao imuno-histoquimica de topoisomerase IIƒ¿ e de caspase-3 ativada, marcadores de proliferacao e de apoptose, respectivamente, a deteccao de DNA HPV e a evolucao da lesao cervical em mulheres portadoras de lesao intra-epitelial escamosa de baixo grau (LBG). Metodos: Foram avaliadas 40 mulheres portadoras de LBG e 32 sem neoplasia cervical, diagnosticadas por exame cito-colpo-histopatologico, quanto a imunoexpressao de topoisomerase IIƒ¿ e de caspase-3 ativada e quanto a deteccao de DNA HPV por PCR consensual (GP5+/GP6+) em material de esfregaco cervico-vaginal. Os achados foram relacionados as variaveis clinicas das pacientes e a evolucao clinica das lesoes cervicais em 12 meses. As pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Resultados: A media percentual de celulas imunomarcadas por topoisomerase foi de 11,71% e 4,13%, no grupo com LBG e controle, respectivamente, com diferenca estatisticamente significante. Observou-se que houve expressao de caspase-3 em 17 (42,5%) e em 5 (15,63%) pacientes com e sem LBG, respectivamente, com diferenca estatisticamente significante. Foi detectado HPV DNA em 65% das pacientes com LBG e em 59,4% das pacientes sem lesao cervical, sem relacao com a expressao de topoisomerase IIƒ¿ ou caspase-3. Na presenca de DNA-HPV, a expressao de topoisomerase IIƒ¿ no grupo com LBG foi significativamente maior do que em fragmentos sem lesao. Nao foi observada diferenca quanto a evolucao da lesao cervical em 12 meses de acordo com a imunoexpressao de topoisomerase IIƒ¿. Com relacao a caspase-3 ativada, a maioria das pacientes com imuno-histoquimica negativa teve regressao da lesao cervical. Conclusoes: A imunoexpressao de topoisomerase IIƒ¿ e de caspase-3 ativada podem ser considerados marcadores de proliferacao e de apoptose em lesao cervical de baixo grau, sem relacao com a presenca de DNA-HPV. / Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between the expression of topoisomerase II alpha, active caspase-3 and infection with human papillomavirus in low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion and in the normal cervix, and whether they might influence susceptibility to, or evolution of, cervical lesion. Patients and methods: Forty cervical biopsies patients with low-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion and thirty-two with normal cervix were stained by immunohistochemistry for topoisomerase IIá and active caspase-3 and were investigated for the presence of HPV on exfoliated cells by general primer GP5+/6+ PCR amplification of DNA. These findings were correlated with clinicopathological features of the patients including their clinical outcome after twelve months. Subjects provided written informed consent. Results: Low-grade CIN patients as a group had a significantly higher expression of topoisomerase II alpha compared to controls, without correlation to disease outcome at 12 months. Caspase-3 was expressed in 42.5% of CIN patients and in 15.63% without disease, and most of women without caspase-3 receded cervical lesion. HPV DNA testing was positive in 65% of the patients with cervical lesion, and in 59.4% of the control group and was not associated to the expression of topoisomerase IIá or active caspase-3. In the presence of a positive HPV DNA testing, women with cervical lesion had a significantly higher expression of topoisomerase II alpha compared to controls. Conclusion: Topoisomerase II alpha and active caspase-3 might be useful diagnostic and prognostic markers in low-grade cervical lesions, delaying a better follow-up. / CNPq: 134106/2005-9 / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Embora já tenha sido comprovada a ação adjuvante da SBA-15, pouco se sabe sobre o seu mecanismo molecular que leva a modulação positiva da resposta imunológica. Foi avaliada a ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3, sobre estímulos de SBA-15, em macrófagos de camundongos C57BL/6. Como parâmetro dessa ativação, foi analisada a produção de IL-1&#946; por ELISA. A SBA-15 foi capaz de induzir a produção de IL-1&#946; a níveis semelhantes quando comparado com um agonista de NLRP3 (Nano-SiO2), sugerindo a ativação do inflamassoma. Para avaliar o envolvimento da caspase-1, nos resultados obtidos com a SBA-15, os macrófagos foram estimulados com sílica na presença do inibidor de caspase-1, e como esperado, a produção de IL-1&#946; foi restaurada para o seu nível basal. A ativação do inflamassoma, por estímulos da SBA-15, parece ser parcialmente dependente da fagocitose e da produção das espécies reativas do oxigênio. Além disso, foi visto que a SBA-15 não induz a produção de IL-6, confirmando que essa sílica está envolvida na via do inflamassoma e não em outras vias, como por exemplo, NF-&#954;B. / Although it has already been proven adjuvant action of SBA-15, little is known about its molecular mechanism leading to positive modulation of the immune response. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was evaluated on SBA-15 stimulation in C57BL/6 mice macrophages. As this parameter activation, it analyzed the production of IL-1&#946; by ELISA. The SBA-15 was able to induce the production of IL-1&#946; at levels similar when compared to an agonist of NLRP3 (Nano-SiO2), suggesting the activation of the inflammasome. To assess the involvement of caspase-1, the results obtained with SBA-15, the macrophages were stimulated with silica in the presence of caspase-1 inhibitor, and as expected, IL-1&#946; production was restored to its baseline level. Activation of the inflammasome, by stimuli of SBA-15, appears to be partly dependent on phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, it was seen that the SBA-15 does not induce IL-6 production, confirming that silica is involved inflammasome the path of and not in other ways, eg, NF-&#954;B.