<p>Despite aggressive surgical resection, cytotoxic chemotherapy, and external beam radiotherapy, most cases of glioblastoma (GBM) remain recalcitrant. These outcomes necessitate novel developmental therapeutics that spare normal tissue. Immunotherapy is a promising novel adjuvant treatment that can harness the cytotoxic capacity of the immune system against tumor-associated antigens with exquisite specificity. To circumvent the challenges associated with the advancement of adoptive cellular immunotherapy, we developed a novel treatment platform, which leverages the use of commercially available and clinically translatable nanoparticles (NPs) that can be combined with tumor derived RNA to peripherally activate T cells against GBM antigens. Although cancer vaccines have suffered from weak immunogenicity, we have advanced a NP vaccine formulation that can reshape a host’s immune profile through combinatorial delivery of RNAs encoding for tumor antigens and RNAs encoding for immunomodulatory molecules to mediate long-lived T cell persistence. </p><p>We sought to assess if vaccination with amplified tumor derived RNA encapsulated in lipophilic NPs could be assembled to transfect antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vivo and induce therapeutic anti-tumor immunity in pre-clinical murine tumor models. We hypothesized that RNA encapsulated nanoliposomes would localize to reticuloendothelial organs such as the spleen and liver, transfect APCs therein and induce peripheral antigen specific T cell immunity against GBM. Since activated T cells can cross the blood brain barrier and exert their effector functions against GBM antigens, peripheral transfection of APCs by RNA-NPs represents an attractive vaccination approach for priming endogenous immunity against refractory brain tumors.</p><p>We screened several translatable NP formulations for their ability to transfect dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro with GFP mRNA. We demonstrated that the NP DOTAP was the most promising translatable formulation compared to alternative cationic liposomal preparations and linear polyethylenimine NPs with and without DC targeting mannose receptors. RNA-NP vaccines formulated in DOTAP were shown to induce in vivo gene expression and preserve RNA stability over time. We determined that intravenous (IV) injection of RNA-NPs was requisite for inducing functional antigen specific immunity, which was superior to standard peptide vaccines formulated in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). IV administered RNA-NPs localized to splenic and hepatic white blood cells (WBCs); these cells expanded antigen specific T cells when transferred to naïve immunocompetent mice. RNA-NPs induced increased percentages of B7 co-stimulatory molecules, but also elicited compensatory PD-L1 expression. We enhanced the immunogenicity and anti-tumor efficacy of RNA-NP vaccines by combining RNA-NPs with immune checkpoint blockade against PD-L1. We also enhanced the immunogenicity and efficacy of this platform by simply combining mRNAs encoding for immunomodulatory cytokines (i.e. GM-CSF). Finally, we demonstrated that RNA-NP vaccines mediate anti-tumor efficacy against intracranial and subcutaneous melanomas and engender therapeutic anti-tumor efficacy in a cellular immunotherapy model against a radiation/temozolomide resistant invasive murine high-grade glioma.</p><p>GBM remains invariably associated with poor patient outcomes thus necessitating development of more targeted therapeutics. Clinically translatable RNA-NPs form stable complexes making them amenable to overnight shipping. They induce potent immune responses when administered systemically and mediate robust anti-tumor efficacy that can be enhanced through co-delivery of immunomodulatory RNAs. </p><p>This technology can simultaneously bypass the complexity of cellular therapeutics while cutting down the time to generation of personalized vaccines. Since RNA-NP vaccines can be made within days from a tumor biopsy, providing near immediate immune induction against GBM, these formulations can provide a more feasible and effective therapy with a wide range of applicability for all malignancies that can be targeted using RNA obtained from surgical resection of solid tumors.</p> / Dissertation

Neste trabalho foram obtidos filmes de óxido de tungstênio pelo método sol-gel modificado, tendo como precursor o tungstato de sódio dihidratado (Na2WO4.2H2O) e como agente estruturante o surfactante cloreto de dodeciltrimetilamônio (DTAC). O comportamento dos sistemas em meio aquoso foi avaliado por medidas de pH, condutividade e viscosidade. Foram avaliadas duas metodologias de obtenção dos filmes de óxido de tungstênio: a primeira consistiu na obtenção de filmes de tungstato de sódio, através de sistemas contendo 10 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O em diferentes concentrações de DTAC, por casting, e conversão do tungstato de sódio a óxido de tungstênio pela acidificação dos filmes; a segunda metodologia consistiu na conversão dos sistemas aquosos contendo 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, em diferentes concentrações de DTAC, em ácido tungstico, obtenção dos filmes por spin coating e, calcinação em presença de ar. Os filmes foram obtidos em substratos de silício (100) recobertos com dióxido de silício e avaliados por Difração de Raios-X, Espectrometria de retroespalhamento Rutherford, Espectroscopia Raman, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e ensaios fotocatalíticos. As alterações na concentração precursor e agente estruturante não afetaram significativamente o pH e a viscosidade dos sistemas precursores. A determinação da concentração micelar crítica (cmc) do DTAC, obtida através da condutividade, foi de 13 mmol.L-1 e 9,88 mmol.L-1 para os sistemas contendo 10 e 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, respectivamente. Em ambas metodologias o produto final foi o óxido de tungstênio em forma de disco e placas. As espessuras dos filmes obtidos na primeira metodologia variaram de 4 a 5 μm e as estruturas tiveram diâmetros médios de 4,37 μm e 114 nm. Na segunda metodologia as espessuras foram de 0,5-1,0 μm e as estruturas obtidas tiveram diâmetros médios em torno de 95-103 nm. Os filmes obtidos apresentaram atividade fotocatalítica, uma vez que duplicaram a velocidade da reação de degradação do corante alaranjado de metila em relação ao sistema sem o filme. / In this work tungsten oxide films have been obtained bymodified sol-gel method, with sodium tungstate dehydrate (Na2WO4.2H2O) as the precursor and the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) as structuring agent.The behavior in aqueous media of precursor/structuring agent systems was characterized by pH, conductivity and viscosity measurements. Two methods for obtaining tungsten oxide films were evaluated: the first consisted in obtaining sodium tungstate films from the systems containing 10 mmol.L-1 of Na2WO4.2H2O at different DTAC concentrations, by casting, converting the sodium tungstate to tungsten oxide; the second method consisted in the conversion of the aqueous systems containing 20 mmol.L-1 of Na2WO4.2H2O at different DTAC concentrations to tungstic acid, obtaining the films by spin coating and, posteriorly, calcination in the presence of air. The films were obtained on silicon substrate (100) with a 50 nm layer of silicon dioxide and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and photocatalytic tests. The precursor concentration and structuring agent do not affect significantly the pH and the viscosity of the precursor systems in aqueous media.The values of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DTAC, obtained by the conductivity, were of13 mmol.L-1 and 9,88 mmol.L-1, for the systems containing 10 and 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, respectively.In both adopted methods the final product is the tungsten oxide, with nano and micrometric structures in the form of discs and plates. The thickness of the films obtained in the first method varied from 4 to 5 μm and the structures presented an average diameter around 4,37 μm and 114 nm. The thickness of the films obtained with the second methodvariedfrom0,5to 1 μm and the structures presented an average diameter from 95 to103 nm.The obtained tungsten oxide films presented photocatalytic activity, since doubled the reaction rate of methyl orange dye degradation with respect to the system without the film.

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido consideradas como potenciais sistemas carreadores para oligonucleotídeos (ON) antisenso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões catiônicas como um sistema de liberação para ON anti-topoisomerase II de Plasmodium falciparum. Primeiramente, nanoemulsões constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, lecitina de gema de ovo, glicerol e água contendo os lipídeos catiônicos oleilamina ou DOTAP (2 mM) foram obtidas através do procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. Este procedimento resultou em formulações monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula de 200-260 nm e potencial zeta de +50 e +55 mV. Após, um método espectrofotométrico no UV para quantificação dos ON em série fosfodiéster (PO) ou fosforotioato (PS) foi validado. O método mostrou-se linear, específico, preciso e exato para a determinação de PO e PS, sem diferenças significativas entre os ON. Nas condições validadas, as isotermas de adsorção dos ON às nanoemulsões foram obtidas através da determinação dos ON na fase aquosa externa das nanoemulsões, após ultrafiltração/centrifugação dos complexos. A taxa de recuperação através das membranas de ultrafiltração de celulose regenerada (30 kDa) foi superior a 92%. Os resultados indicam a adsorção progressiva dos ON com as nanoemulsões, até cerca de 60 mg/g de fase interna para o complexo DOTAP-PS. Finalmente, evidências adicionais da adsorção de PO e PS às nanoemulsões foram detectadas pelo aumento do diâmetro de gotícula, inversão do potencial zeta e morfologia das gotículas avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra que ON de série PO e PS anti-topoisomerase II de P. falciparum podem ser adsorvidos eficientemente às nanoemulsões catiônicas. / Cationic nanoemulsions have been recently considered as a potential delivery system for antisense oligonucleotides (ON). The aim of the present work was to evaluate cationic nanoemulsions as a delivery system for ON against the Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerase II gene. Firstly, nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides, egg yolk lecithin, glycerol and water, containing the cationic lipids oleylamine or DOTAP (2 mM) were obtained through spontaneous emulsification process. This procedure resulted in monodisperse formulations with droplet size of 200-260 nm and zeta potential of +50 and +55mV. After that, an UV spectrophotometric method for the quantification of either phosphodiester (PO) or phosphorothioate (PS) ON was validated. The method was linear, specific, precise, and accurate for the determination of PO and PS, without significant differences between both ON. In the validated conditions, ON adsorption isotherms with nanoemulsions were obtained through the ON determination in the external phase of nanoemulsions, after ultrafiltration/centrifugation of complexes. The recovery through regenerated cellulose membranes (30kDa) was higher than 92%. The results showed a progressive ON adsorption to the nanoemulsions up to approximately 60mg/g of internal phase for DOTAP-PS complexes. Finally, additional evidences of PO and PS adsorption to nanoemulsions could also be detected by the increase of the mean droplet size, the inversion of the zeta potential and the morphology of the oil droplets obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The overall results showed that PO and PS ON against P. falciparum anti-topoisomerase II gene can be efficiently adsorbed to the cationic nanoemulsions.

Ce travail de thèse a pour but l’étude des effets de la contamination cationique sur lamembrane électrolyte afin d’élaborer des outils de caractérisation et de diagnostic de cette pollution.Premièrement, la caractérisation physico-chimique de membranes PFSA commerciales arévélé des paramètres pertinents de structure et de propriété, qui ont été étudiés en fonction de leurdépendance à la capacité d’échange ionique (IEC).Deuxièmement, les propriétés thermiques des membranes contaminées par des cations ontrévélé des changements dépendant fortement de l’acidité de Lewis du cation (LAS). Cette tendance aété corrélée à la nature de l’interaction des différents cations avec les groupements polaires de lachaîne polymère, révélée par FTIR.Enfin, l’influence du taux de pollution sur les différents paramètres thermiques et structurauxnous a permis de révéler ceux qui sont pertinents non seulement à l’identification mais aussi à laquantification de la pollution. Une application des courbes d’étalonnage a été réalisée sur desmembranes vieillies issues de systèmes réels après fonctionnement. / The purpose of this study was to experimentally determine the effects of cationiccontamination on PEMFC ionomers in order to elaborate characterization tools and new modes forpollution diagnosis.First, a large series of techniques were used to investigate the properties of commercial PFSAmembranes. Distinctive parameters concerning structure and properties were extracted as well as theirrelationship to ion exchange capacity (IEC).Second, the thermal properties of cation-contaminated membranes revealed changes that arehighly dependent on the Lewis Acid Strength of the cation (LAS). This trend was correlated with thenature of the interaction between the cations and the polar groups of the polymer chain, revealed byFTIR spectroscopy.Finally, the influence of the pollution level on the thermal and structural parameters allowedus to reveal not only the relevant parameters to the identification but also to the quantification ofpollution. An application of the different calibration curves was performed on aged membranescoming from real operating systems.

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido recentemente propostas como sistemas carreadores de DNA. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes fosfolipídeos sobre propriedades dos complexos formados entre nanoemulsões e pDNA (pTracerTMCMV2). Em uma primeira etapa, nanoemulsões catiônicas constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, estearilamina, lecitina de gema de ovo ou fosfolipídeos isolados (DSPC, DOPC, DSPE ou DOPE), glicerol e água foram preparadas através do procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. Independente do tipo de fosfolipídeo empregado, esse procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões catiônicas monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula e potencial zeta de cerca de 250 nm e +50 mV, respectivamente. A complexação do pDNA com as nanoemulsões catiônicas, avaliada através do retardamento de migração do pDNA em gel de agarose por eletroforese, foi total quando o complexo apresenta uma relação de cargas [+/-] ≥ 1,0. Nestas condições, os complexos formados foram protegidos da degradação pela enzima DNase I. Em uma segunda etapa, a citotoxicidade das nanoemulsões e dos complexos com o pDNA sobre células Hep G2 foi avaliada, através do ensaio de MTT. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a adição de quantidades crescentes das nanoemulsões, conduz a uma toxicidade progressiva sobre as células, independente do pH do meio. Dentre as formulações estudadas, aquelas estabilizadas pelos fosfolipídeos DSPC e DSPE, de elevada temperatura de transição de fases, foram marcadamente menos tóxicas, em comparação com as formulações obtidas com lecitina, DOPC e DOPE. Essa mesma tendência foi detectada para os complexos formados com o pDNA. Em uma última etapa, foi realizado um estudo preliminar de transferência gênica em células Hep G2, utilizando a técnica de PCR em tempo real. Dentre as diferentes formulações testadas, a maior quantidade de DNA de GFP detectada parece ser para a formulação obtida com o fosfolipídeo DSPC, ilustrando as potencialidades de uso das nanoemulsões desenvolvidas como reagentes de transfecção de pDNA em células Hep G2. Em conclusão, o conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra o efeito dos fosfolipídeos empregados sobre propriedades físico-químicas, complexação, estabilidade, citotoxicidade e transfecção de nanoemulsões catiônicas como sistemas carreadores de pDNA. / Cationic nanoemulsions have been recently considered as potential delivery systems for DNA. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of different phospholipids on the properties of complexes formed between nanoemulsions and pDNA (pTracerTM-CMV2). First, cationic nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides, stearlyamine, egg lecithin or isolated phospholipids (DSPC, DOPC, DSPE or DOPE), glycerol and water were prepared through spontaneous emulsification process. Independently of the type of phospholipid used this procedure results in monodisperses cationic nanoemulsions with droplet size and zeta potential of about 250 nm and +50 mV, respectively. The complexation of pDNA with cationic nanoemulsions, analyzed by agarose gel retardation assay was total when the complex possesses a charge relation [+/-] ≥ 1.0. In these conditions the complexes were protected from enzymatic degradation by DNase I. After that, the cytotoxicity of the nanoemulsion and the complexes with pDNA in Hep G2 cells was evaluated through MTT assay. The results showed that the addition of increasing amount of nanoemulsion leads to a progressive toxicity on the cells independently of the media’s pH. Among the studied formulations the ones stabilized with the phospholipids DSPC and DSPE, that have elevated phase transition temperatures, were much less cytotoxic in comparison with the formulations obtained with lecithin, DOPC and DOPE. This same trend was detected for the complexes formed with pDNA. Finally a preliminary study of gene transfer to Hep G2 cells was performed using real-time PCR technique. Among the different formulations tested, the major quantity of reporter DNA detected seems to be for the formulation obtained with the DSPC phospholipid. This shows the potentialities of the use of nanoemulsions as transfection reagents of pDNA in Hep G2 cells. In conclusion, the overall results show the effect of the phospholipids on physicochemical properties, complexation, stability, cytotoxicity and transfection of cationic nanoemulsions as delivery systems for pDNA.

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido consideradas como potenciais sistemas carreadores para oligonucleotídeos (ON) antisenso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões catiônicas como um sistema de liberação para ON anti-topoisomerase II de Plasmodium falciparum. Primeiramente, nanoemulsões constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, lecitina de gema de ovo, glicerol e água contendo os lipídeos catiônicos oleilamina ou DOTAP (2 mM) foram obtidas através do procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. Este procedimento resultou em formulações monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula de 200-260 nm e potencial zeta de +50 e +55 mV. Após, um método espectrofotométrico no UV para quantificação dos ON em série fosfodiéster (PO) ou fosforotioato (PS) foi validado. O método mostrou-se linear, específico, preciso e exato para a determinação de PO e PS, sem diferenças significativas entre os ON. Nas condições validadas, as isotermas de adsorção dos ON às nanoemulsões foram obtidas através da determinação dos ON na fase aquosa externa das nanoemulsões, após ultrafiltração/centrifugação dos complexos. A taxa de recuperação através das membranas de ultrafiltração de celulose regenerada (30 kDa) foi superior a 92%. Os resultados indicam a adsorção progressiva dos ON com as nanoemulsões, até cerca de 60 mg/g de fase interna para o complexo DOTAP-PS. Finalmente, evidências adicionais da adsorção de PO e PS às nanoemulsões foram detectadas pelo aumento do diâmetro de gotícula, inversão do potencial zeta e morfologia das gotículas avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra que ON de série PO e PS anti-topoisomerase II de P. falciparum podem ser adsorvidos eficientemente às nanoemulsões catiônicas. / Cationic nanoemulsions have been recently considered as a potential delivery system for antisense oligonucleotides (ON). The aim of the present work was to evaluate cationic nanoemulsions as a delivery system for ON against the Plasmodium falciparum topoisomerase II gene. Firstly, nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides, egg yolk lecithin, glycerol and water, containing the cationic lipids oleylamine or DOTAP (2 mM) were obtained through spontaneous emulsification process. This procedure resulted in monodisperse formulations with droplet size of 200-260 nm and zeta potential of +50 and +55mV. After that, an UV spectrophotometric method for the quantification of either phosphodiester (PO) or phosphorothioate (PS) ON was validated. The method was linear, specific, precise, and accurate for the determination of PO and PS, without significant differences between both ON. In the validated conditions, ON adsorption isotherms with nanoemulsions were obtained through the ON determination in the external phase of nanoemulsions, after ultrafiltration/centrifugation of complexes. The recovery through regenerated cellulose membranes (30kDa) was higher than 92%. The results showed a progressive ON adsorption to the nanoemulsions up to approximately 60mg/g of internal phase for DOTAP-PS complexes. Finally, additional evidences of PO and PS adsorption to nanoemulsions could also be detected by the increase of the mean droplet size, the inversion of the zeta potential and the morphology of the oil droplets obtained by transmission electron microscopy. The overall results showed that PO and PS ON against P. falciparum anti-topoisomerase II gene can be efficiently adsorbed to the cationic nanoemulsions.

A novel free radical-based substitution reaction was developed for grafting aromatic/heteroaromatic compounds to perfluorosulfonic acid polymers (PFSAs). Two proton-exchange membranes perfluorobenzoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorobenzenesulfonic acid (PFBSA)—were synthesized for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells via the free radical-based reaction. The physical properties, in-plane ionic conductivities and fuel cell performance of two membranes were investigated. They exhibited different electrochemical and physical properties, possibly due to the formation of unique dimerized/trimerized structure of –CO2H groups in the PFBA membrane. A free radical-based thermolytic reaction under a high temperature (180 oC)/pressure (1000 psi) condition in the presence of TFA and hydrogen peroxide is first demonstrated. A novel perfluorotetrafluoroaniline (PFTFAn) polymer was synthesized from PFSA and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoroaniline in one step via the thermolytic reaction. After doping H2SO4 in the PFTFAn polymer, a new conjugated acid membrane (H2SO4-doped PFTFAn) was obtained. The H2SO4-doped PFTFAn membrane displayed better chemical stability and mechanical properties than NafionTM due to the removal of –SO3H groups. The second part of this thesis deals with fluoropolymer-based anion-exchange membranes. A new class of coordinated metal/perfluoropolymer type composite membranes were synthesized and characterized for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). A membrane comprised of perfluoro(phenyl-2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine) polymer, ZrO(ClO4)2 nanoclusters, and 2,2’:6’,2”-terpyridine displayed the highest conductivity of 23.1 mS/cm at 60 oC. The chemical stability test of composite membrane showed no conductivity loss after refluxing in 7 M KOH solution at 120 oC for 2,200 h. A H+ coordinated cage-shape molecule with a benzyl group (Bn-proton cage) was designed and synthesized as a base-stable anion-exchange group. By employing the free radical-based reaction, Bn-proton cage was grafted to a fluoropolymer to yield a stable anion-conductive membrane under alkaline conditions. The third part of this thesis is our design, synthesis and test of ionic liquids for reversible SO2 absorption. Novel di-cationic ionic liquids (DILs) were designed and synthesized for SO2 absorption. DILs were found to have better SO2 absorption capabilities than mono-cationic ionic liquids (MILs). A chloride-based DIL comprised of two N-methylimidazolium cations and a PEG9 (HO-(CH2CH2O)9-H) chain could reversibly uptake 3.710 mole SO2 per mole DIL under ambient conditions. The anion, temperature and water impact on SO2 absorption in DILs was investigated. Although replacing chloride with triflate or tosylate groups led to a reduced SO2 absorption for the DILs, a high selectivity against CO2 was observed in CO2 absorption test.

A malária é um problema de saúde mundial. Esta doença é causada pela infecção dos eritrócitos com o protozoário do gênero Plasmodium. A atovaquona (ATQ) é um análogo estrutural da coenzima Q, usado como monoterapia ou em combinação com proguanil no tratamento da malária. A incorporação de fármacos de reduzida hidrossolubilidade, como a ATQ, em veículos tradicionais, é frequentemente limitada devido a razões de solubilidade. Neste contexto, nanoemulsões oferecem uma alternativa promissora devido a sua efetividade na solubilização de fármacos, aumentando a eficácia, e reduzindo os efeitos adversos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver nanoemulsões catiônicas contendo ATQ para administração intravenosa. Nanoemulsões compostas de ATQ, triglicerídeos de cadeia média, lecitina de gema de ovo, 1,2-dioleoil-3-trimetil amônio propano (DOTAP), glicerol, polissorbato 80 e água foram obtidas pelo método de emulsificação espontânea. Este método levou à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas com um diâmetro médio de aproximadamente 200 nm, como confirmado pela microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. O potencial  das nanoemulsões foi positivo (> 30 mV em pH 5). Um método isocrático de cromatografia líquida de fase reversa foi validado para quantificar ATQ. O método foi específico, linear, preciso e exato para a quantificação de ATQ. O teor de fármaco para todas as formulações foi próximo a 95%. A ATQ liberada a partir das nanoemulsões foi avaliada em dois meios diferentes (RPMI-1640 + 0,5% albumina ou PBS + 0,5% polissorbato 80) após a separação de ATQ livre através das membranas de ultrafiltração (poro de 0,1m). Independente do meio utilizado, ATQ foi progressivamente liberada a partir das formulações em função do fator de diluição e permaneceu constante em função do tempo. A maior liberação de ATQ foi observada para nanoemulsões contendo polissorbato 80 e no meio contendo este tensoativo não iônico em condições sink. O diâmetro das nanoemulsões permaneceu inalterado nas condições de liberação para nanoemsulões contendo polissorbato 80 enquanto uma inversão do - potencial de valores positivos para negativos foi detectado. Tais formulações mostraram uma inibição do crescimento do parasita in vitro frente a cepas de P. falciparum resistentes à ATQ. / Malaria is a global public health problem. This disease is caused by infection of red blood cells with protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Atovaquone (ATQ) is a structural analogue of coenzyme Q used as monotherapy or in combination with proguanil in malaria treatment. The incorporation of poorly-water soluble drugs such as ATQ in well-accepted vehicles is frequently limited due to solubility reasons. In this context, nanoemulsions offer an appealing alternative due to their effectiveness in drug solubilization, improved efficacy, and reduced side effects. The main purpose of this study was to develop cationic nanoemulsions containing ATQ for intravenous administration. Nanoemulsions composed of ATQ, medium chain triglycerides, egg lecithin, dioleoyl trimethylammonium propane (DOTAP), glycerol, polysorbate 80 and water were obtained by means of spontaneous emulsification. This procedure led to obtaining monodisperse nanoemulsions with mean droplet size of approximately 200 nm, as attested by transmission electron microscopy. - potential of nanoemulsions was positive (> 30mV at pH 5). An isocratic reversed – phase liquid chromatography method was validated for ATQ quantification. The method was specific, linear, precise, and accurate for ATQ quantification. The drug content in all formulations was close 95%. The ATQ release from nanoemulsions was evaluated in two different media (RPMI-1640 + 0.5% albumin or PBS + 0.5% polysorbate 80) after separation of free ATQ on ultrafiltration membranes (cut off 0.1μm). Whatever the media used, ATQ was progressively released from formulations upon the dilution ratio and remained constant over time. A higher release of ATQ was observed for nanoemulsions containing polysorbate 80 and in the media containing this non-ionic surfactant in sink conditions. The droplet size of nanoemulsions remained unchanged in the release conditions for nanoemulsions containing polysorbate 80 whereas an inversion of the -potential from positive to negative values was detected. Such formulations showed in vitro an inhibition of parasite growth against an ATQ-resistant P. falciparum strain.

Neste trabalho foram obtidos filmes de óxido de tungstênio pelo método sol-gel modificado, tendo como precursor o tungstato de sódio dihidratado (Na2WO4.2H2O) e como agente estruturante o surfactante cloreto de dodeciltrimetilamônio (DTAC). O comportamento dos sistemas em meio aquoso foi avaliado por medidas de pH, condutividade e viscosidade. Foram avaliadas duas metodologias de obtenção dos filmes de óxido de tungstênio: a primeira consistiu na obtenção de filmes de tungstato de sódio, através de sistemas contendo 10 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O em diferentes concentrações de DTAC, por casting, e conversão do tungstato de sódio a óxido de tungstênio pela acidificação dos filmes; a segunda metodologia consistiu na conversão dos sistemas aquosos contendo 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, em diferentes concentrações de DTAC, em ácido tungstico, obtenção dos filmes por spin coating e, calcinação em presença de ar. Os filmes foram obtidos em substratos de silício (100) recobertos com dióxido de silício e avaliados por Difração de Raios-X, Espectrometria de retroespalhamento Rutherford, Espectroscopia Raman, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura e ensaios fotocatalíticos. As alterações na concentração precursor e agente estruturante não afetaram significativamente o pH e a viscosidade dos sistemas precursores. A determinação da concentração micelar crítica (cmc) do DTAC, obtida através da condutividade, foi de 13 mmol.L-1 e 9,88 mmol.L-1 para os sistemas contendo 10 e 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, respectivamente. Em ambas metodologias o produto final foi o óxido de tungstênio em forma de disco e placas. As espessuras dos filmes obtidos na primeira metodologia variaram de 4 a 5 μm e as estruturas tiveram diâmetros médios de 4,37 μm e 114 nm. Na segunda metodologia as espessuras foram de 0,5-1,0 μm e as estruturas obtidas tiveram diâmetros médios em torno de 95-103 nm. Os filmes obtidos apresentaram atividade fotocatalítica, uma vez que duplicaram a velocidade da reação de degradação do corante alaranjado de metila em relação ao sistema sem o filme. / In this work tungsten oxide films have been obtained bymodified sol-gel method, with sodium tungstate dehydrate (Na2WO4.2H2O) as the precursor and the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) as structuring agent.The behavior in aqueous media of precursor/structuring agent systems was characterized by pH, conductivity and viscosity measurements. Two methods for obtaining tungsten oxide films were evaluated: the first consisted in obtaining sodium tungstate films from the systems containing 10 mmol.L-1 of Na2WO4.2H2O at different DTAC concentrations, by casting, converting the sodium tungstate to tungsten oxide; the second method consisted in the conversion of the aqueous systems containing 20 mmol.L-1 of Na2WO4.2H2O at different DTAC concentrations to tungstic acid, obtaining the films by spin coating and, posteriorly, calcination in the presence of air. The films were obtained on silicon substrate (100) with a 50 nm layer of silicon dioxide and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and photocatalytic tests. The precursor concentration and structuring agent do not affect significantly the pH and the viscosity of the precursor systems in aqueous media.The values of critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DTAC, obtained by the conductivity, were of13 mmol.L-1 and 9,88 mmol.L-1, for the systems containing 10 and 20 mmol.L-1 de Na2WO4.2H2O, respectively.In both adopted methods the final product is the tungsten oxide, with nano and micrometric structures in the form of discs and plates. The thickness of the films obtained in the first method varied from 4 to 5 μm and the structures presented an average diameter around 4,37 μm and 114 nm. The thickness of the films obtained with the second methodvariedfrom0,5to 1 μm and the structures presented an average diameter from 95 to103 nm.The obtained tungsten oxide films presented photocatalytic activity, since doubled the reaction rate of methyl orange dye degradation with respect to the system without the film.

Nanoemulsões catiônicas têm sido recentemente propostas como sistemas carreadores de DNA. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes fosfolipídeos sobre propriedades dos complexos formados entre nanoemulsões e pDNA (pTracerTMCMV2). Em uma primeira etapa, nanoemulsões catiônicas constituídas de triglicerídeos de cadeia média, estearilamina, lecitina de gema de ovo ou fosfolipídeos isolados (DSPC, DOPC, DSPE ou DOPE), glicerol e água foram preparadas através do procedimento de emulsificação espontânea. Independente do tipo de fosfolipídeo empregado, esse procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões catiônicas monodispersas com diâmetro de gotícula e potencial zeta de cerca de 250 nm e +50 mV, respectivamente. A complexação do pDNA com as nanoemulsões catiônicas, avaliada através do retardamento de migração do pDNA em gel de agarose por eletroforese, foi total quando o complexo apresenta uma relação de cargas [+/-] ≥ 1,0. Nestas condições, os complexos formados foram protegidos da degradação pela enzima DNase I. Em uma segunda etapa, a citotoxicidade das nanoemulsões e dos complexos com o pDNA sobre células Hep G2 foi avaliada, através do ensaio de MTT. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a adição de quantidades crescentes das nanoemulsões, conduz a uma toxicidade progressiva sobre as células, independente do pH do meio. Dentre as formulações estudadas, aquelas estabilizadas pelos fosfolipídeos DSPC e DSPE, de elevada temperatura de transição de fases, foram marcadamente menos tóxicas, em comparação com as formulações obtidas com lecitina, DOPC e DOPE. Essa mesma tendência foi detectada para os complexos formados com o pDNA. Em uma última etapa, foi realizado um estudo preliminar de transferência gênica em células Hep G2, utilizando a técnica de PCR em tempo real. Dentre as diferentes formulações testadas, a maior quantidade de DNA de GFP detectada parece ser para a formulação obtida com o fosfolipídeo DSPC, ilustrando as potencialidades de uso das nanoemulsões desenvolvidas como reagentes de transfecção de pDNA em células Hep G2. Em conclusão, o conjunto dos resultados obtidos demonstra o efeito dos fosfolipídeos empregados sobre propriedades físico-químicas, complexação, estabilidade, citotoxicidade e transfecção de nanoemulsões catiônicas como sistemas carreadores de pDNA. / Cationic nanoemulsions have been recently considered as potential delivery systems for DNA. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of different phospholipids on the properties of complexes formed between nanoemulsions and pDNA (pTracerTM-CMV2). First, cationic nanoemulsions composed of medium chain triglycerides, stearlyamine, egg lecithin or isolated phospholipids (DSPC, DOPC, DSPE or DOPE), glycerol and water were prepared through spontaneous emulsification process. Independently of the type of phospholipid used this procedure results in monodisperses cationic nanoemulsions with droplet size and zeta potential of about 250 nm and +50 mV, respectively. The complexation of pDNA with cationic nanoemulsions, analyzed by agarose gel retardation assay was total when the complex possesses a charge relation [+/-] ≥ 1.0. In these conditions the complexes were protected from enzymatic degradation by DNase I. After that, the cytotoxicity of the nanoemulsion and the complexes with pDNA in Hep G2 cells was evaluated through MTT assay. The results showed that the addition of increasing amount of nanoemulsion leads to a progressive toxicity on the cells independently of the media’s pH. Among the studied formulations the ones stabilized with the phospholipids DSPC and DSPE, that have elevated phase transition temperatures, were much less cytotoxic in comparison with the formulations obtained with lecithin, DOPC and DOPE. This same trend was detected for the complexes formed with pDNA. Finally a preliminary study of gene transfer to Hep G2 cells was performed using real-time PCR technique. Among the different formulations tested, the major quantity of reporter DNA detected seems to be for the formulation obtained with the DSPC phospholipid. This shows the potentialities of the use of nanoemulsions as transfection reagents of pDNA in Hep G2 cells. In conclusion, the overall results show the effect of the phospholipids on physicochemical properties, complexation, stability, cytotoxicity and transfection of cationic nanoemulsions as delivery systems for pDNA.