Thesis (Ph. D.)--Uppsala Universitet, 1926. / "Arbeten av Jean Cavalier (katalog)": p. [113]-114. "Litteratur och källor": p. [161]-164. Includes index.

This thesis explores and describes key factors in the design process leading to production of The Three Musketeers by Catherine Bush. The document encompasses the justification and discussion of the choices made during the research, design, and production stages of developing the play for the stage, as well as impressions gained throughout the process to use in future design projects.

O crescimento e as dimensões das estruturas oculares em cães de diversas raças têm sido objeto de estudo. Sabe-se que quanto mais longilíneo o crânio, maior o comprimento axial do bulbo ocular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o desenvolvimento das dimensões dos componentes oculares (comprimento axial, espessura da lente, profundidade da câmara anterior e da câmara vítrea) e relacionar as medidas com o sexo, a idade, tamanho, medidas do crânio e peso de cães da raça Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, uma raça braquicéfala. Foram realizadas 117 medidas biométricas oculares em cães variando entre 15 dias e 36 meses de idade, não sedados, sentados ou deitados em posição esternal, utilizando-se ultrassonografia modo-B com transdutor microconvexo de 8 MHz. No momento de cada medida ocular os cães foram pesados e as medidas de comprimento, altura, distâncias fronto-occipital, fronto-nasal, bizigomática e circunferência do crânio foram registradas. As estruturas oculares mostraram uma curva de rápido crescimento entre 15 dias e 4 meses de idade e uma curva suave de crescimento até os 12 meses, idade em que cessou o crescimento do cão (altura e comprimento). Os machos apresentaram medidas maiores de altura, comprimento e crânio do que fêmeas, porém não houve diferença significativa entre os parâmetros de biometria ocular de machos e fêmeas. O valor médio de comprimento axial do bulbo para cães adultos (acima de 12 meses) foi de 18,10 ± 0,48 mm, para a espessura da lente, de 7,15 ± 0,16 mm, para profundidade da câmara anterior, de 2,05 ± 0,37 mm e para a profundidade da câmara vítrea, de 8,91 ± 0,30 mm. Não houve diferença entre as medidas dos olhos direito e esquerdo. Os resultados sugerem que a curva de crescimento ocular acompanha a curva de crescimento do cão, fato semelhante ao que ocorre em diferentes espécies estudadas por outros autores. Em cães adultos, não foi observada relação entre as medidas dos componentes oculares e as medidas de altura, comprimento, peso e tamanho do crânio. Foi estabelecida uma tabela de crescimento correlacionando comprimento axial do bulbo e idade do cão com a finalidade de padronizar esses dados para a raça. / Ocular biometry and ocular growth has been studied in dogs of different breeds. It\'s already known that dogs with longer skulls have longer axial length of the eye. This study aimed to evaluate the development of ocular dimensions (axial length of the bulbus, lens thickness, anterior and vitreous chamber depth) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, a braquicephalic breed, and its relationship to age, gender, weight, height and lenght of the dog and dimensions of the head. Ocular dimensions were obtained from 117 measurements between 15 days and 3 years old, in standing nonsedated animals using B-mode ultrasound with an 8 MHz curvilinear probe. At the same time the dogs were weighted and height, length and head dimensions (head circumference, fronto-occipital, fronto-nasal distance and bizigomatic distances) were recorded. The ocular parameters showed a rapid growth curve from 15 days to 4 months and then a slow curve until 12 months, same age that the height and length ceased its growth. Males showed significant higher measurements of height, length and head parameters than females, but no difference in ocular biometry was found between males and females. The mean value for axial lenght for adults (over 12 months) was 18,10 ± 0,48 mm, for lens thickness was 7,15 ± 0,16 mm, for anterior chamber depth was 2,05 ± 0,37 mm and for vitreous chamber depth was 8,91 ± 0,30 mm. There was no significant difference between left and right eyes. Results suggest that eye growth curves accompanies dogs height, length, head size growth curves, what is similar to the data found in different species studied by other authors. There was no relation between eye parameters and dog\'s height, length, head size or weight in adult individuals. A table was established correlating axial length of the bulbus and age to be used as a reference for the breed.

O crescimento e as dimensões das estruturas oculares em cães de diversas raças têm sido objeto de estudo. Sabe-se que quanto mais longilíneo o crânio, maior o comprimento axial do bulbo ocular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o desenvolvimento das dimensões dos componentes oculares (comprimento axial, espessura da lente, profundidade da câmara anterior e da câmara vítrea) e relacionar as medidas com o sexo, a idade, tamanho, medidas do crânio e peso de cães da raça Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, uma raça braquicéfala. Foram realizadas 117 medidas biométricas oculares em cães variando entre 15 dias e 36 meses de idade, não sedados, sentados ou deitados em posição esternal, utilizando-se ultrassonografia modo-B com transdutor microconvexo de 8 MHz. No momento de cada medida ocular os cães foram pesados e as medidas de comprimento, altura, distâncias fronto-occipital, fronto-nasal, bizigomática e circunferência do crânio foram registradas. As estruturas oculares mostraram uma curva de rápido crescimento entre 15 dias e 4 meses de idade e uma curva suave de crescimento até os 12 meses, idade em que cessou o crescimento do cão (altura e comprimento). Os machos apresentaram medidas maiores de altura, comprimento e crânio do que fêmeas, porém não houve diferença significativa entre os parâmetros de biometria ocular de machos e fêmeas. O valor médio de comprimento axial do bulbo para cães adultos (acima de 12 meses) foi de 18,10 ± 0,48 mm, para a espessura da lente, de 7,15 ± 0,16 mm, para profundidade da câmara anterior, de 2,05 ± 0,37 mm e para a profundidade da câmara vítrea, de 8,91 ± 0,30 mm. Não houve diferença entre as medidas dos olhos direito e esquerdo. Os resultados sugerem que a curva de crescimento ocular acompanha a curva de crescimento do cão, fato semelhante ao que ocorre em diferentes espécies estudadas por outros autores. Em cães adultos, não foi observada relação entre as medidas dos componentes oculares e as medidas de altura, comprimento, peso e tamanho do crânio. Foi estabelecida uma tabela de crescimento correlacionando comprimento axial do bulbo e idade do cão com a finalidade de padronizar esses dados para a raça. / Ocular biometry and ocular growth has been studied in dogs of different breeds. It\'s already known that dogs with longer skulls have longer axial length of the eye. This study aimed to evaluate the development of ocular dimensions (axial length of the bulbus, lens thickness, anterior and vitreous chamber depth) in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, a braquicephalic breed, and its relationship to age, gender, weight, height and lenght of the dog and dimensions of the head. Ocular dimensions were obtained from 117 measurements between 15 days and 3 years old, in standing nonsedated animals using B-mode ultrasound with an 8 MHz curvilinear probe. At the same time the dogs were weighted and height, length and head dimensions (head circumference, fronto-occipital, fronto-nasal distance and bizigomatic distances) were recorded. The ocular parameters showed a rapid growth curve from 15 days to 4 months and then a slow curve until 12 months, same age that the height and length ceased its growth. Males showed significant higher measurements of height, length and head parameters than females, but no difference in ocular biometry was found between males and females. The mean value for axial lenght for adults (over 12 months) was 18,10 ± 0,48 mm, for lens thickness was 7,15 ± 0,16 mm, for anterior chamber depth was 2,05 ± 0,37 mm and for vitreous chamber depth was 8,91 ± 0,30 mm. There was no significant difference between left and right eyes. Results suggest that eye growth curves accompanies dogs height, length, head size growth curves, what is similar to the data found in different species studied by other authors. There was no relation between eye parameters and dog\'s height, length, head size or weight in adult individuals. A table was established correlating axial length of the bulbus and age to be used as a reference for the breed.

Les campagnes militaires de Philippe II et d’Alexandre le Grand ont bouleversé les équilibres politiques et militaires du monde grec classique. En développant une pensée militaire fondée sur la coordination des armes et non sur le primat de l’infanterie, ils ont donné à la cavalerie une importance tactique qu’elle n’avait pas dans les armées civiques de la période classique. L’épopée d’Alexandre représente, à cet égard, une aventure collective de dizaines de milliers d’hommes et de chevaux. Elle initie une conception de la guerre dans laquelle les chevaux sont des acteurs incontournables, infléchissant la stratégie, la tactique et la logistique de campagne. Dès lors, la production, la formation et la remonte des chevaux de guerre constituent des enjeux primordiaux de la construction des royaumes hellénistiques, car les dynasties des successeurs d’Alexandre se sont constamment préoccupées d’entretenir de cavaleries puissantes.Dans cette aventure cavalière, les cités emboitent le pas aux royaumes hellénistiques avec les ressources dont elles disposent, réformant leurs cavaleries ou en constituant de nouvelles, souvent dans une perspective fédérale leur permettant de nourrir de plus grandes ambitions militaires. Cela implique de trouver des chevaux, mais aussi des hommes capables de les monter et de les entretenir. Le consensus social établi entre les autorités civiques et les élites cavalières – une « classe d’écuyers » loin d’être homogène – diffère fortement d’une cité à l’autre en fonction de la culture équestre locale, c’est-à-dire des usages, pratiques et représentations des hommes de cheval dans le cadre – politique, économique et social – de la communauté civique à laquelle ils appartiennent. Les cultures équestres régionales ont donc en partie déterminé la capacité des cités à développer leurs cavaleries, mais, en retour, les mutations politiques et militaires de l’époque hellénistique ont considérablement influencé la culture équestre des élites en en renouvelant les pratiques – du prestige de l’hippotrophia aux réalités de l’équitation militaire – et en l’associant plus fortement qu’avant aux destinées politiques de la cité, à ses valeurs et à son système de représentation. / The military campaigns of Philip II and Alexander the Great upset the political and military balance of the classical Greek world. By developing a military way of thinking based on the coordination of arms and not on the primacy of the infantry, they gave the cavalry unprecedented tactical importance compared to other civil armies in the classical period. Alexander the Great's epic is, in this respect, a collective adventure of tens of thousands of men and horses. It introduced a conception of war in which horses were key players, bending strategy, tactics and campaign logistics. From then on, the production, training and upbringing of war horses became primordial issues in the construction of the Hellenistic kingdoms, because Alexander's successors' dynasties were constantly concerned with maintaining a powerful cavalry.In this equestrian adventure, the cities followed in the Hellenistic kingdoms' footsteps with the resources available to them: they reformed the cavalry or created new units, often in a federal perspective allowing them to feed greater military ambitions. This involved finding horses, but also men to mount and care for them. The social consensus established between the civic authorities and the cavalier elites - a far from homogeneous "squire class" - which differed greatly from one city to another depending on the local equestrian culture, i.e. the uses, practices and representations of horsemen in the political, economic and social context of the civic community to which they belonged. Regional equestrian cultures thus partly determined the capacity of cities to develop their cavalry, but, in return, the political and military changes of the Hellenistic period considerably influenced the elite's equestrian culture by renewing its practices - from the prestige of hippotrophia to the realities of military riding - and associating it more strongly than before with the political destinies of the city, its values and its system of representation.

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2009

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2009

La littérature équine comprend peu d’études relatives aux coordinations cavalier-cheval. Ces dernières n’ont été examinées qu’en situations expérimentales sur des durées courtes. Le récent développement des technologies embarquées ouvre de nouvelles perspectives en permettant l’enregistrement combiné des déplacements du cavalier et du cheval durant plusieurs heures. Ce travail de thèse vise, au travers de l'identification de variables macroscopiques, à définir les caractéristiques du couplage cavalier-cheval (CCC) en situation naturelle de course d’endurance. Utilisant les concepts et outils de l’approche des systèmes dynamiques, nos résultats valident une méthodologie permettant d'identifier sur la seule base du CCC les allures et techniques de monte utilisées en compétition d’endurance. Les caractéristiques quantitatives et qualitatives du CCC évoluent différemment tout au long de la course en fonction du niveau d’expertise du couple. Les couples élites présentent une augmentation de vitesse et du pourcentage de petit galop assis alors que les couples expérimentés conservent la même répartition des quatre allures/techniques et les mêmes vitesses. La détérioration de la qualité du couplage observée chez les deux groupes pourrait être attribuée à la fatigue pour les expérimentés alors qu’elle pourrait provenir en partie de l’élévation de la vitesse chez les élites. Cette méthode d’analyse du couplage a fourni les premières observations sur l’influence d’un style de monte émergent sur la performance d’endurance. Nos perspectives visent à développer un dispositif selle-sangle instrumenté permettant l'optimisation du CCC en situation d'entraînement et de compétition. / Equine literature includes only a very limited number of studies related to horse-rider coordination. In addition, these were only investigated in experimental situations limited to a few minutes and during prescribed horse gait and riding techniques. The recent development of mobile technologies offers new perspectives allowing several hours of synchronized horse and rider recordings. This PhD work aims, through some remarkable macroscopic variables, to characterize the horse-rider coupling (HRC) in the various contextual situations of endurance races. Using concepts and tools of self-organizing dynamic system approach, a method was developed and validated to identify, on the sole basis of HRC, horse’s gaits and riding techniques used in endurance competition. This method revealed the emergence of four HRC patterns along endurance race. Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the HRC were found to evolve differently throughout the race depending on the expertise level of the dyad. Elite dyads present increases in speed and percentage of sitting canter while advanced dyads maintain the same distribution and averaged speeds for the four horse’s gaits/riding techniques. The reduced quality of the coupling demonstrated by both groups at the end of race may be attributed to fatigue for the advanced dyads while it might also result from the increase in speed for the elite dyads. This method developed for the HRC analysis allowed us to study the influence of an emerging riding style on the endurance performance. Our perspectives in the equestrian domain intend to develop an instrumented saddle-girth device to optimize HRC in both training and competitive situations.

No description available.

Dans son ouvrage de référence L'Empire romain en mutation des Sévères à Constantin (192-337 p.C.), Jean-Michel Carrié évoque les changements intervenus dans les armées au cours du IIIe et du début du IVe siècles. Selon lui, “les tâches de patrouille aux frontières, la nécessité d'intervenir rapidement dans les secteurs menacés, a imposé une plus grande mobilité”. En échos à l'historiographie du XXe siècle, il n'hésite pas à parler pour l'année 378 p.C. d'une “armée largement reconvertie à l'arme équestre” au moment de la bataille d'Andrinople. L'idée d'une montée en puissance de l'arme de cavalerie au sein de l'armée romaine entre les règnes de Septime Sévère et de Théodose n'est pas nouvelle. Tous les auteurs abordant le sujet de l'évolution de l'armée romaine tardive mettent en exergue le renouveau de la cavalerie. Leur argumentaire repose essentiellement sur une source, la Notice des Dignités, et sur le fait que Gallien aurait créé un commandement de cavalerie vers 256 p.C. Il convient donc de reprendre tous les éléments du dossier et de s'interroger sur la réalité de cette “armée largement convertie à l'arme équestre”. Y a-t-il des changements structurels majeurs et un renouvellement de la hiérarchie ? Les missions attribuées, tant militaires que civiles, sont-elles vraiment différentes par rapport à celles du Haut-Empire ? Dans un premier temps, nous favorisons une approche chronologique des métamorphoses intervenues au sein de l'arme de cavalerie. Cette dernière est composée à l'orée du IIIe siècle de trois types d'unités héritées de l'armée du Principat : les alae, les cohortes equitatae et les equites legionis. La première partie s'intéresse à leur transformation -ci au cours des IIIe et IVe siècles. La deuxième partie se penche sur les innovations intervenues entre les règnes de Gallien et de Dioclétien. La troisième partie se concentre sur les mutations du IVe siècle de Constantin à Théodose. Dans un deuxième temps, il convient de revenir sur le quotidien des unités de cavalerie lorsqu'elles sont stationnées dans les camps ou les forts de l'Empire. La quatrième partie, traite ainsi, en deux volets, la vie en garnison. Dans un troisième et dernier temps, nous cherchons à déterminer les éventuels perfectionnements de l'arme de cavalerie. La cinquième partie est centrée sur le couple du cavalier et du cheval. Enfin, dans une sixième partie, il nous faut comprendre la nouvelle place occupée par la cavalerie au sein de l'armée romaine tardive en étudiant la physionomie du combat de cavalerie. / In his reference book L'Empire romain en mutation des Sévères à Constantin (192-337 p.C.), Jean-Michel Carrié evokes changes in the late Roman army. He notes that “tasks of border patrols and the need of quick intervention in threatened areas imposed a better mobility”. Echoing to twentieth-century historiography, he argues that the Roman army appears “largely converted to the cavalry” at the Battle of Adrianople (378 A.D.) Several historians have already written about the rise of the weapon of cavalry in the Roman army during the reigns of Septimius Severus and Theodosius. All of them agree to highlight the revival of cavalry when dealing with the evolution of the Late Roman army. Considering that Gallienus would have created a command of cavalry in 256 A.D., theirs works are mainly based upon the analysis of a fourth-century document called the Notitia Dignitatum. We endeavour to reopen the case in order to question the reality of an army supposedly “largely converted to the cavalry”. Were there such things as great structural changes and a renewal of the hierarchy? Would assigned missions, both military and civilian, be very different in the Late Empire than they were in the Early Empire?