5 Abstract Interleukin-2 possesses strong stimulatory activity for activated T and NK cells and thus it is an attractive molecule for immunotherapy. However, its unfavourable pharmacological properties, extremely short half-life and severe toxicities associated with high-dose IL-2 are the most serious and limiting drawbacks. Moreover, IL-2 has been also implicated in the homeostasis of T regulatory cells where it plays a decisive role as an essential growth factor of these cells. Several different approaches to improve the therapeutic potential of IL-2 have been studied. Recently described IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes which show much higher and selective biological activity in contrast with free IL-2 in vivo are probably the most promising of them. In this study, we compared the biological activity of free IL-2 with IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes in order to demonstrate their benefits over free IL-2. We also demonstrated that IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes possess noticeable antitumor activity in two syngeneic mouse tumor models, namely EL4 T lymphoma and B16F10 melanoma, if administered early in tumor progression. Therefore, we justified potential use of IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes in tumor immunotherapy. We covalently conjugated IL-2 to synthetic semitelechelic polymeric carrier based...

Lors de l’infection par un pathogène intracellulaire, l’organisme déclenche une réponse immunitaire spécifique dont les acteurs principaux sont les lymphocytes T-CD8. Ces cellules sont responsables de l’éradication de ce type d’infections et de la constitution du répertoire immunitaire de l’individu. Les processus qui composent la réponse immunitaire se répartissent sur plusieurs échelles physiques inter-connectées (échelle intracellulaire, échelle d’une cellule, échelle de la population de cellules). La réponse immunitaire est donc un processus complexe, pour lequel il est difficile d’observer ou de mesurer les liens entre les différents phénomènes mis en jeu. Nous proposons trois modèles mathématiques multi-échelles de la réponse immunitaire, construits avec des formalismes différents mais liés par une même idée : faire dépendre le comportement des cellules TCD8 de leur contenu intracellulaire. Pour chaque modèle, nous présentons, si possible, sa construction à partir des hypothèses biologiques sélectionnées, son étude mathématique et la capacité du modèle à reproduire la réponse immunitaire au travers de simulations numériques. Les modèles que nous proposons reproduisent qualitativement et quantitativement la réponse immunitaire T-CD8 et constituent ainsi de bons outils préliminaires pour la compréhension de ce phénomène biologique. / Upon infection by an intracellular pathogen, the organism triggers a specific immune response,mainly driven by the CD8 T cells. These cells are responsible for the eradication of this type of infections and the constitution of the immune repertoire of the individual. The immune response is constituted by many processes which act over several interconnected physical scales (intracellular scale, single cell scale, cell population scale). This biological phenomenon is therefore a complex process, for which it is difficult to observe or measure the links between the different processes involved. We propose three multiscale mathematical models of the CD8 immune response, built with different formalisms but related by the same idea : to make the behavior of the CD8 T cells depend on their intracellular content. For each model, we present, if possible, its construction process based on selected biological hypothesis, its mathematical study and its ability to reproduce the immune response using numerical simulations. The models we propose succesfully reproduce qualitatively and quantitatively the CD8 immune response and thus constitute useful tools to further investigate this biological phenomenon.

Embora o vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) seja reconhecido como o agente etiológico da leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) e da paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), cerca de 90% dos indivíduos infectados permanecem assintomáticos por toda a vida. Até o presente momento, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de doença relacionada ao HTLV-1 não foram totalmente elucidados. Sabe-se que o aumento da carga proviral e a expressão de genes virais estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento/progressão de doenças associadas ao HTLV-1. Assim, por exemplo, a proteína Tax modula genes envolvidos na patogênese da HAM/TSP e genes regulados por HBZ estimulam a proliferação de linfócitos T, induzindo a ATL. Desde a última década, diversos estudos têm demonstrado que células transformadas pelo HTLV-1 apresentam microRNAs do hospedeiro desregulados, o que poderia promover alteração na expressão de genes virais (tax e HBZ), com possível contribuição para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP e ATL. Diante desses indícios, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) quantificar a expressão de miRNAs humanos conhecidos em células T CD4+ e T CD8+ do sangue periférico de indivíduos assintomáticos infectados por HTLV-1 e de pacientes com HAM/TSP; ii) identificar padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs desregulados que pudessem caracterizar os grupos de pacientes de acordo com sua condição clínica; iii) investigar associações dos padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs com a carga proviral e com a expressão dos genes tax e HBZ de HTLV-1. Analisou-se o perfil de expressão de 754 miRNAs em células T CD4+ e TCD8+ infectadas por HTLV-1 em 19 indivíduos assintomáticos, 17 pacientes com HAM/TSP e 14 controles não infectados. Foram detectados 10 miRNAs diferencialmente expressos no grupo HAM, quando comparados ao grupo ASS (super-expressos: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 e -889 e sub-expressos: hsa-miR-520b, -520e e -566). A expressão alterada dos hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, e -889 (super-expressos) e do hsa-miR-520b (sub-expresso) foi correlacionada à carga proviral e a do hsa-miR-211 (super-expresso) à expressão de tax. Além disso, ao analisar as vias canônicas geradas no estudo, identificaram-se as moléculas IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 e CREB A como potencialmente afetadas pela expressão alterada de miRNAs no grupo HAM, quando comparado com o grupo ASS. Tais achados mostram-se úteis para o delineamento futuro de estudos longitudinais com indivíduos infectados por HTLV-1, com vistas à identificação de biomarcadores prognósticos de risco para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP. / Even though human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), about 90% of infected individuals remain asymptomatic lifelong. So far, factors that are associated with development of HTLV-1-related disease have not been totally clarified. Increase in proviral load and expression of viral genes are recognized as involved in disease development and progression. For instance, the Tax protein is known to modulate genes that are involved in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and HBZ-regulated genes account for T lymphocyte proliferation that leads to ATL. In the last decade, several studies have shown that HTLV-1-transformed cells exhibit dysregulated human microRNA expression, which could result in altered viral gene expression (tax and HBZ), contributing to the development of HAM/TSP and ATL. Based on this evidence, our study aimed at: i) quantifying known human miRNA expression in CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T-cells from HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and patients with HAM/TSP; ii) identifying distinctive dysregulated miRNA expression profiles that could distinguish patients according to their clinical status; iii) investigating associations between differential miRNA expression profiles with proviral load and with HTLV-1 tax and HBZ gene expression. We analysed the expression profile of 754 miRNAs in CD4+ e CD8+ peripheral blood T cells from 19 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), 17 patients with HAM/TSP (HAM) and in 14 non-infected controls. Ten differentially expressed miRNAs were found in HAM, as compared with AC (overexpressed: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 and -889; and underexpressed: hsa-miR-520b, -520e and -566). Altered expression of hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, and -889 (overexpressed) and of hsa-miR-520b (underexpressed) was shown to be correlated with proviral load and that of hsa-miR-211 (overexpressed) with tax expression. Moreover, analysing the miRNA canonical pathways generated in this study, we identified IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 and CREB A as molecules that are potentially affected by altered miRNA expression in HAM, as compared to AC. Our findings are useful for the future design of longitudinal studies of HTLV-1 infected cohorts, aiming at the recognition of prognostic biomarkers of risk for the development of HAM/TSP

A presença de uma inflamação crônica no músculo, a associação com outras doenças e a presença de auto-anticorpos, sugere o envolvimento de um mecanismo autoimune na patogênese da DMJ. Trinta e sete fragmentos musculares de pacientes com o diagnóstico de DMJ foram estudados com o objetivo de avaliar a expressão de MHC classes I e II, C5b-9 e fenotipagem das células inflamatórias CD4, CD8, CD20 e CD68 em tecido muscular e correlacionar com os principais parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais, histológicos e terapêuticos desta doença. Os achados foram comparados à expressão em oito fragmentos musculares de pacientes com polimiosite (PM), cinco de dermatomiosite (DM) e quatro de distrofia. As expressões de MHC-I, MHC-II e C5b-9 foram identificadas por imunohistoquímica, através da técnica de imunoperoxidase StreptABComplex/HRP; as células CD20 e CD68, pelo sistema LSAB+ e CD4 e CD8, pela técnica EnVision-AP. A expressão de MHC-I apresentou positividade em 97,2% dos casos, enquanto que a expressão de MHC-II foi observada em apenas 21,6% dos casos. C5b-9 (83,8% de positividade), correlacionou-se com a presença de calcinose e envolvimento cardíaco. A presença de linfócitos CD4 (81,1% de positividade), CD8 (86,5% de positividade) e CD20 (62,2 % de positividade), e CD68 (97,2% de positividade) correlacionaram-se com o grau de inflamação observada na histologia muscular. A presença de CD4 e CD68, e marcação de C5b-9 também se correlacionaram com a intensidade de fraqueza muscular, e laboratorialmente, CD4 correlacionou-se com níveis elevados de CK e CD20 com DHL. Na DMJ observou-se maior expressão de C5b-9, CD4 e CD8 e menor expressão de MHC-I e II em comparação à DM e PM. A expressão destes marcadores foi sempre menor na distrofia. A expressão de MHC-I, adjuvante ao envolvimento dos linfócitos CD4 e CD8, sugere um mecanismo inicial celular citotóxico relacionado a maior gravidade do envolvimento muscular. A concomitância da maior expressão de C5b-9 foi um fator preditivo de comprometimento sistêmico e demanda de terapêutica imunossupresssora. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para o papel do MHC-I e II, C5b-9, CD4, CD8, CD20 e CD68 na patogênese da DMJ / The presence of chronic muscle inflammation, in association with other diseases and seric autoantibodies in JDM patients, suggest the involvement of an autoimmune mechanism in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory myopathy. Thirty seven muscle biopsy specimens from patients with JDM were analyzed in order to assess the expression of MHC-I and II, C5b-9, CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD68 and to correlate with the clinical, laboratorial, histological and therapeutical parameters. These findings were compared to the expression in five dermatomyositis (DM), eight polymyositis (PM) and four dystrophy cases. Immunohistochemical reactions for MHC-I and II and C5b-9 (StreptABCcomplex/HRP), CD4, CD8 (EnVision-AP) and CD20, CD68 (LSAB+) were evaluated. MHC-I expression was positive in 97.2% of the cases, whilst MHC-II was positive in only 21.6% of the cases. C5b-9 expression (positivity of 83.8%) correlated with calcinosis and cardiac involvement. The presence of lymphocytes CD4 (positivity of 81.1%), CD8 (positivity of 86.5%), CD20 (positivity of 62.2%), and CD68 (positivity of 97.2%) correlated with inflammation in muscular histology. The presence of CD4 and CD8 and expression of C5b-9 also correlated with the severity of muscle weakness, and CD4 expression correlated with serum levels of CK and CD20 with LDH. In JDM, the expressions of C5b-9, CD4 and CD8 were statistically more significant when compared to PM and DM, while expressions of MHC-I and II were lower in JDM. All expressions were lower in dystrophy. MHC-I expression, adjuvant to the presence of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, corroborates the involvement of the cytotoxic cellular mechanism of muscular lesion in JDM, which correlates to severity. Concomitantly, C5b-9 expression was a predictive factor of systemic involvement and of the need for imunossupressive treatment. The results of this study indicate for the function of MHC-I and II, C5b-9, CD4, CD8, CD20 e CD68 at JDM pathogenesis

O citomegalovírus (CMV) é uma séria ameaça aos receptores de transplante de medula óssea. A reativação está associada com uma imunidade mediada por células TCD8+ defeituosa. Nosso objetivo foi correlacionar as diferentes subpopulações de células TCD8+ com a reconstituição imunológica dos pacientes, especificamente a imunidade anti-CMV, analisando as subpopulações de células T infundidas nas diferentes modalidades de transplante de medula óssea. Receptores de transplante alogênico de células tronco mobilizadas para o sangue periférico (n=16) ou coletadas diretamente da medula óssea (n=28) e receptores de transplante autólogo de células tronco mobilizadas para o sangue periférico (n=22) foram avaliados. Verificamos que as transferências de células mobilizadas para o sangue periférico dos doadores, tanto nos transplantes alogênicos como autólogos, são proporcionalmente enriquecidas por subpopulações de células memória efetora e efetora, comparadas às transferências de células procedentes diretamente da medula óssea. Este enriquecimento por subpopulações de células TCD8+ mais diferenciadas foi também correlacionado com maior número de células contendo altos níveis de granzima B, considerado um marcador para linfócitos citotóxicos, sendo também encontrado em maior número nas transferências de células do sangue periférico. Entretanto, no pós-transplante, observou-se que somente os receptores de transplante autólogo de células tronco mobilizadas para o sangue periférico, e não os das outras modalidades de transplante, exibiam números elevados de células T CD8+ de memória-efetora e efetora. Ao mesmo tempo, estes receptores apresentaram menos freqüentemente episódios de reativação pelo CMV, e mais freqüentemente produziram IFN-gama em resposta ao CMV. Portanto, a transferência de células do sangue periférico, desde que em ambiente autólogo, está associada não só com a transferência de células TCD8+ com um fenótipo mais maduro, mas também com uma persistência mais prolongada das mesmas, podendo proporcionar uma resposta imunológica antiviral mais rápida e eficiente, como esperado para as células de memória versus naïve. / Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a serious threat to the recipients of bone marrow transplantation. Reactivation is associated with defective CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity. We aimed to correlate the different subsets of CD8+ T cells with the patients\' immune reconstitution, specifically anti CMV immunity, by analyzing the CD8+ T cell subsets infused in the different types of bone marrow transplantation. Recipients of allogeneic transplant of peripheral blood stem cells (n=16) or bone marrow (n=28) and recipients of autologous transplant of peripheral blood stem cells (n=22) were evaluated. We show that infusions of stem cells derived from donor\'s peripheral blood, either allogeneic or autologous, are proportionally enriched for the memory-effector and effector phenotypes, compared to the infusions of stem cells of bone marrow origin. This increased number of more differentiated subsets of CD8+ T cells was also correlated with an increased number of cells containing high levels of granzyme B, which is another reliable marker of cytotoxic lymphocyte, and which was also more evident in autologous recipients. However, post-transplant, we observed that only the recipients of autologous peripheral blood cells, and not the recipients of the other transplant modalities, exhibited very high numbers of memory-effector and effector TCD8+ cells. At the same time, they less frequently presented CMV reactivation, and more frequently produced IFN-gama in response to CMV antigens. Thus, transfer of stem cells from peripheral blood, provided in an autologous setting, is associated with transfer and prolonged survival of CD8+ T cells with a more mature phenotype, which may provide a more rapid and efficient anti-viral immune response, as expected for memory versus naïve cells.

Embora o vírus linfotrópico de células T humanas do tipo 1 (HTLV-1) seja reconhecido como o agente etiológico da leucemia/linfoma de células T do adulto (ATL) e da paraparesia espástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1 (HAM/TSP), cerca de 90% dos indivíduos infectados permanecem assintomáticos por toda a vida. Até o presente momento, os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de doença relacionada ao HTLV-1 não foram totalmente elucidados. Sabe-se que o aumento da carga proviral e a expressão de genes virais estão envolvidos no desenvolvimento/progressão de doenças associadas ao HTLV-1. Assim, por exemplo, a proteína Tax modula genes envolvidos na patogênese da HAM/TSP e genes regulados por HBZ estimulam a proliferação de linfócitos T, induzindo a ATL. Desde a última década, diversos estudos têm demonstrado que células transformadas pelo HTLV-1 apresentam microRNAs do hospedeiro desregulados, o que poderia promover alteração na expressão de genes virais (tax e HBZ), com possível contribuição para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP e ATL. Diante desses indícios, o presente estudo teve como objetivos: i) quantificar a expressão de miRNAs humanos conhecidos em células T CD4+ e T CD8+ do sangue periférico de indivíduos assintomáticos infectados por HTLV-1 e de pacientes com HAM/TSP; ii) identificar padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs desregulados que pudessem caracterizar os grupos de pacientes de acordo com sua condição clínica; iii) investigar associações dos padrões diferenciais de expressão de miRNAs com a carga proviral e com a expressão dos genes tax e HBZ de HTLV-1. Analisou-se o perfil de expressão de 754 miRNAs em células T CD4+ e TCD8+ infectadas por HTLV-1 em 19 indivíduos assintomáticos, 17 pacientes com HAM/TSP e 14 controles não infectados. Foram detectados 10 miRNAs diferencialmente expressos no grupo HAM, quando comparados ao grupo ASS (super-expressos: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 e -889 e sub-expressos: hsa-miR-520b, -520e e -566). A expressão alterada dos hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, e -889 (super-expressos) e do hsa-miR-520b (sub-expresso) foi correlacionada à carga proviral e a do hsa-miR-211 (super-expresso) à expressão de tax. Além disso, ao analisar as vias canônicas geradas no estudo, identificaram-se as moléculas IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 e CREB A como potencialmente afetadas pela expressão alterada de miRNAs no grupo HAM, quando comparado com o grupo ASS. Tais achados mostram-se úteis para o delineamento futuro de estudos longitudinais com indivíduos infectados por HTLV-1, com vistas à identificação de biomarcadores prognósticos de risco para o desenvolvimento de HAM/TSP. / Even though human lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is etiologically linked to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), about 90% of infected individuals remain asymptomatic lifelong. So far, factors that are associated with development of HTLV-1-related disease have not been totally clarified. Increase in proviral load and expression of viral genes are recognized as involved in disease development and progression. For instance, the Tax protein is known to modulate genes that are involved in HAM/TSP pathogenesis and HBZ-regulated genes account for T lymphocyte proliferation that leads to ATL. In the last decade, several studies have shown that HTLV-1-transformed cells exhibit dysregulated human microRNA expression, which could result in altered viral gene expression (tax and HBZ), contributing to the development of HAM/TSP and ATL. Based on this evidence, our study aimed at: i) quantifying known human miRNA expression in CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral blood T-cells from HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers and patients with HAM/TSP; ii) identifying distinctive dysregulated miRNA expression profiles that could distinguish patients according to their clinical status; iii) investigating associations between differential miRNA expression profiles with proviral load and with HTLV-1 tax and HBZ gene expression. We analysed the expression profile of 754 miRNAs in CD4+ e CD8+ peripheral blood T cells from 19 HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers (AC), 17 patients with HAM/TSP (HAM) and in 14 non-infected controls. Ten differentially expressed miRNAs were found in HAM, as compared with AC (overexpressed: hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, -330, -369-5p, -486 and -889; and underexpressed: hsa-miR-520b, -520e and -566). Altered expression of hsa-miR-133a, -148a, -211, and -889 (overexpressed) and of hsa-miR-520b (underexpressed) was shown to be correlated with proviral load and that of hsa-miR-211 (overexpressed) with tax expression. Moreover, analysing the miRNA canonical pathways generated in this study, we identified IL6ST, PTPN11, MAP2K5, ELK4, AKT1, BAD, FOSL1, IRAK 3, CDC42, STAT3 and CREB A as molecules that are potentially affected by altered miRNA expression in HAM, as compared to AC. Our findings are useful for the future design of longitudinal studies of HTLV-1 infected cohorts, aiming at the recognition of prognostic biomarkers of risk for the development of HAM/TSP

A presença de uma inflamação crônica no músculo, a associação com outras doenças e a presença de auto-anticorpos, sugere o envolvimento de um mecanismo autoimune na patogênese da DMJ. Trinta e sete fragmentos musculares de pacientes com o diagnóstico de DMJ foram estudados com o objetivo de avaliar a expressão de MHC classes I e II, C5b-9 e fenotipagem das células inflamatórias CD4, CD8, CD20 e CD68 em tecido muscular e correlacionar com os principais parâmetros clínicos, laboratoriais, histológicos e terapêuticos desta doença. Os achados foram comparados à expressão em oito fragmentos musculares de pacientes com polimiosite (PM), cinco de dermatomiosite (DM) e quatro de distrofia. As expressões de MHC-I, MHC-II e C5b-9 foram identificadas por imunohistoquímica, através da técnica de imunoperoxidase StreptABComplex/HRP; as células CD20 e CD68, pelo sistema LSAB+ e CD4 e CD8, pela técnica EnVision-AP. A expressão de MHC-I apresentou positividade em 97,2% dos casos, enquanto que a expressão de MHC-II foi observada em apenas 21,6% dos casos. C5b-9 (83,8% de positividade), correlacionou-se com a presença de calcinose e envolvimento cardíaco. A presença de linfócitos CD4 (81,1% de positividade), CD8 (86,5% de positividade) e CD20 (62,2 % de positividade), e CD68 (97,2% de positividade) correlacionaram-se com o grau de inflamação observada na histologia muscular. A presença de CD4 e CD68, e marcação de C5b-9 também se correlacionaram com a intensidade de fraqueza muscular, e laboratorialmente, CD4 correlacionou-se com níveis elevados de CK e CD20 com DHL. Na DMJ observou-se maior expressão de C5b-9, CD4 e CD8 e menor expressão de MHC-I e II em comparação à DM e PM. A expressão destes marcadores foi sempre menor na distrofia. A expressão de MHC-I, adjuvante ao envolvimento dos linfócitos CD4 e CD8, sugere um mecanismo inicial celular citotóxico relacionado a maior gravidade do envolvimento muscular. A concomitância da maior expressão de C5b-9 foi um fator preditivo de comprometimento sistêmico e demanda de terapêutica imunossupresssora. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para o papel do MHC-I e II, C5b-9, CD4, CD8, CD20 e CD68 na patogênese da DMJ / The presence of chronic muscle inflammation, in association with other diseases and seric autoantibodies in JDM patients, suggest the involvement of an autoimmune mechanism in the pathogenesis of this inflammatory myopathy. Thirty seven muscle biopsy specimens from patients with JDM were analyzed in order to assess the expression of MHC-I and II, C5b-9, CD4, CD8, CD20 and CD68 and to correlate with the clinical, laboratorial, histological and therapeutical parameters. These findings were compared to the expression in five dermatomyositis (DM), eight polymyositis (PM) and four dystrophy cases. Immunohistochemical reactions for MHC-I and II and C5b-9 (StreptABCcomplex/HRP), CD4, CD8 (EnVision-AP) and CD20, CD68 (LSAB+) were evaluated. MHC-I expression was positive in 97.2% of the cases, whilst MHC-II was positive in only 21.6% of the cases. C5b-9 expression (positivity of 83.8%) correlated with calcinosis and cardiac involvement. The presence of lymphocytes CD4 (positivity of 81.1%), CD8 (positivity of 86.5%), CD20 (positivity of 62.2%), and CD68 (positivity of 97.2%) correlated with inflammation in muscular histology. The presence of CD4 and CD8 and expression of C5b-9 also correlated with the severity of muscle weakness, and CD4 expression correlated with serum levels of CK and CD20 with LDH. In JDM, the expressions of C5b-9, CD4 and CD8 were statistically more significant when compared to PM and DM, while expressions of MHC-I and II were lower in JDM. All expressions were lower in dystrophy. MHC-I expression, adjuvant to the presence of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, corroborates the involvement of the cytotoxic cellular mechanism of muscular lesion in JDM, which correlates to severity. Concomitantly, C5b-9 expression was a predictive factor of systemic involvement and of the need for imunossupressive treatment. The results of this study indicate for the function of MHC-I and II, C5b-9, CD4, CD8, CD20 e CD68 at JDM pathogenesis

Les méthodes de vaccination actuelles contre l’influenza, axées sur la réponse à anticorps dirigée contre des antigènes hautement variables, nécessitent la production d’un vaccin pour chaque nouvelle souche. Le défi est maintenant de stimuler simultanément une réponse cellulaire pan-spécifique ciblant des antigènes conservés du virus, tel que la protéine de la matrice (M1) ou la nucléoprotéine (NP). Or, la présentation antigénique de ces protéines est peu définie chez l’humain. Nous avons analysé la présentation endogène par les complexes majeurs d’histocompatibilité de classes (CMH)-I et -II de M1 et de NP. Ainsi, les protéines M1 et NP ont été exprimées dans des cellules présentatrices d’antigènes (CPAs). Notamment, des épitopes de M1 et de NP endogènes peuvent être présentées par CMH-I et -II, ce qui résulte en une activation respectivement de lymphocytes T CD8+ et CD4+ précédemment isolés. Étant donné l’importance des lymphocytes T CD4+ dans la réponse cellulaire, nous avons cloné M1 ou NP en fusion avec des séquences de la protéine gp100 permettant la mobilisation vers les compartiments du CMH-II sans affecter la présentation par CMH-I. Des CPAs exprimant de façon endogène ces constructions modifiées ou sauvages ont ensuite été utilisées pour stimuler in vitro des lymphocytes T humains dont la qualité a été évaluée selon la production de cytokines et la présence de molécules de surface (ELISA ou marquage de cytokines intracellulaire). Nous avons observé une expansion de lymphocytes T CD8+ et CD4+ effecteurs spécifiques sécrétant diverses cytokines pro-inflammatoires (IFN-γ, TNF, MIP-1β) dans des proportions comparables avec une présentation par CMH-II basale ou améliorée. Cette qualité indépendante du niveau de présentation endogène par CMH-II de M1 et de NP des lymphocytes T CD4+ et CD8+ suggère que cette présentation est suffisante à court terme. En outre, la présentation endogène de M1 et NP a permis de stimuler des lymphocytes T spécifiques à des épitopes conservés du virus, tel qu’identifié à l’aide une méthode d’identification originale basée sur des segments d’ARNm, « mRNA PCR-based epitope chase (mPEC) ». Ensemble, ces nouvelles connaissances sur la présentation antigénique de M1 et de NP pourraient servir à établir de nouvelles stratégies vaccinales pan-spécifiques contre l’influenza. / New vaccines targeting hyper-variable influenza determinants must be prepared against every new strain. The challenge is now to develop influenza vaccines also eliciting a strong and sustained cytotoxic response against highly-conserved determinants such as the matrix (M1) and nuclear (NP) proteins. However, their antigenic presentation properties in humans are less defined. We, therefore, analyzed major histocompatibility complex class (MHC)-I and -II presentation of endogenously processed M1 and NP in human antigen presenting cells (APCs). To do so, we used APCs endogenously-expressing the M1 and NP proteins. M1 and NP epitopes can be presented by MHC-I and -II, which results in the activation of previously-isolated antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes. Considering the importance of CD4+ T lymphocytes in the cellular immune response, we cloned M1 and NP proteins in fusion with gp100 MHC-II enhancing sequences, which do not disrupt MHC-I presentation. APCs expressing MHC-II-enhanced or wild type constructs were used to stimulate human T lymphocytes in vitro and quality of antigen presentation was evaluated on the basis of cytokine production and cell surface molecule expression (ELISA or intracellular cytokine staining). We expanded antigen-specific effector CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes which secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF and MIP-1β) to similar extents both with and without MHC-II enhancement. The quality of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes generated independent of the level of M1 and NP endogenous MHCII presentation suggests that this presentation is sufficient for short-term T lymphocyte stimulation. Thus, endogenous expression of M1 and NP have stimulated T lymphocytes specific to conserved influenza epitopes, as determined by an original identification technique based on mRNA segments called mRNA PCR-based epitope chase (mPEC). Overall, these new insights about T lymphocytes expanded following MHC-I and -II presentation of endogenous M1 and NP could prove useful for new complementary heterosubtypic vaccination strategies.

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