O estado do Acre possui uma vocação eminentemente florestal, devido a alta abundância natural de espécies madeireiras em um ecossistema caracterizado pela biodiversidade de espécies tropicais. Pesquisas em dendrocronologia nessa região tropical indicam que 35-50% das espécies arbóreas formam anéis de crescimento. Neste sentido, a dendrocronologia, método baseado na análise de anéis de crescimento anuais no lenho, torna-se importante ferramenta, fornecendo dados de longos períodos de crescimento e estimativas acuradas da idade das árvores, para o entendimento da dinâmica da floresta e desenvolvimento de sistemas de manejo florestal sustentados. Portanto, o objetivo dessa pesquisa foi o de estudar três espécies arbóreas de ocorrência natural no Acre, verificar a influência da quantidade total e distribuição sazonal de pluviosidade, temperatura e evapotranspiração, e os aspectos fenológicos apresentados por cada espécie, no seu crescimento em diâmetro e na qualidade do lenho produzido. O estudo foi realizado em três diferentes sítios, sendo que na Reserva Experimental Catuaba, havia três diferentes microsítios: floresta primária, borda de floresta e pastagem. Avaliou-se mensalmente o incremento em circunferência do tronco das árvores com dendrômetros e a fenologia com observações visuais das árvores das espécies selecionadas. Foram retiradas amostras de lenho no DAP do tronco para as avaliações dendrocronológicas, de densitometria de raios X e anatômicas do lenho. Verificou-se que a fenologia das árvores das espécies estudadas é regulada pela precipitação no mês corrente ou dos meses anteriores. Observou-se que a formação dos anéis de crescimento das árvores dessas espécies é regulada pela evapotranspiração, e pelas fenofases de queda e brotação de folhas nas diferentes estações sazonais do ano, indicando que possuem potencial para estudos paleoclimáticos. A análise da densitometria de raios X e anatômica do lenho mostrou ser possível separar seções de lenho juvenil e adulto no sentido radial do tronco das árvores. Houve diferença significativa no ritmo de crescimento do tronco das árvores entre as espécies, sítios e microsítios. Há grande potencial do uso da dendrocronologia aliada ao uso de parcelas de inventário permanente para a definição do ciclo de corte das árvores dessas espécies / The state of Acre has an eminently forest asset due the high natural timber species abundance in an ecosystem characterized by the biodiversity of tree tropical species. Researches in dendrochronology in this tropical region indicate that 35-50% of species form tree rings. Therefore, dendrochronology, a method based on tree ring analysis becomes important tool, providing data for long growth periods and accurate estimates of trees age, to understanding the forest dynamics and the development of sustainable forestry management. Thus, the objective of this research was to study some tree species of natural occurrence in Acre, verify influence of total amount and seasonal distribution of rainfall, temperature and evapotranspiration, and phenological aspects presented by each species in their growth in diameter and quality of timber produced. The study was conducted at three different sites, and in the Catuaba Experimental Reserve in three different microsites: primary forest, pasture and forest edge.The increase in the circumference the trunk was assessed monthly with a dendrometer and phenology was evaluated with visual observations in selected tree species. Samples were collected from wood in the DBH of the trunk for dendrochronological, X-ray densitometry and wood anatomy assessments. It was found that the phenology of the trees species is regulated by rainfall in the current month or previous months. It was observed that the formation of growth rings of trees of these species is regulated by evapotranspiration, and by phenophases of fall and sprouting new leaf during the year, indicating that these species have potential for paleoclimate studies. The analysis of Xray densitometry and anatomical of the wood allowed to separate portions of the juvenile and adult wood in radial section of the trunk. There were significant differences in the growth of the trunk of tress between species, sites and microsites. There is great potential for the use of dendrochronology combined with the use of permanent inventory plots to define cutting cycles for these species.

La tesi cerca di rispondere alla domanda: 'La libanese intifadha al-Iqtad poteva essere prevista?'. la tesi prima definisce l'evento politico, e. Successivamente esamina le condizioni epistemologiche in base alle quali una predizione del futuro possa essere considerata scientifica. In terzo luogo, propone uno schema di previsione organizzato in funzione del coinvolgimento degli agenti nella creazione della storia umana. Infine, analizza la intifadha al-Iqtad in base allo schema analitico proposto. / The thesis aims to answer the question 'could the Lebanese Intifadha al-Iqtad have been predicted?' In order to do so, it first of all tries to define the political event, in terms of features, dynamic, and outcome. Secondly, it outlines the epistemological assumptions on which a scientific prediction of the future could be based. Thirdly, it puts forward a framework for foreseeing the future organised on different levels and divided into macro-categories. Finally, it analyses the Lebanese Intifadha al-Iqtad according to the proposed framework.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 resumo.pdf: 975706 bytes, checksum: b7f729aac6cddff22d4ac5ac02bd1e93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-05 / The biome of the Atlantic Forest has sufered a continuous devastation process, with vast ecological and environmental consequences, and the main form of forest restoration is the planting of seedlings. The production of native tree species seedlings of the Atlantic, the hydroeletric plant of Itaipu Binational aims to reforest the riparian vegetation of ltaipu Lake, and constitute the Biological Corridor which will connect Iarge areas of protected forest in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. This venture is considered by UNESCO one of the largest environmental conservation projects of the world and includes the Morro do Diabo State Park, in the extreme west of São Paulo, the lguaçu National Park. between Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul the green bands around the ltaipu power plant reservoir, the lguaçu and the lguazú National Park in Argentina, and the Turvo State Park in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. ln seedling production, the company gardens use a commercial substrate and plastic tubes of 115 cm3 of capacity. The experiments were conducted in the greenhouse of the Soil Department of the Federal University of Viçosa to evaluate the effects of macronutrients doses (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) on the growth of Cedrella fissilis Vellozo (Cedro), Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub (Canafístula) and Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Nichols. (Ipê-amarelo), produced in tubes and substrate. The seedlings after 90 days of emergency received five doses of each macronutrient by cover application. The experimental design used was the completely randomized, with three species, five doses, six nutrients, with five repetitions with four plants each, towling 90 treatments and 1800 plants. After l40 days, for each species it was evaluated the number of leaves, stems, diameter and height of the neck, and determined the total dry weight and subdivided into leaves, stem, aerial part (MSPA), the dry mass relation of the aerial part with the root. We also evaluated the Ievels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in leaves and roots. The increase of N doses províded significant growth for the three evaluated species. The increase of Mg doses significantly influenced the growth characteristics in canafístula plants and Ipê-amarelo. The increase of S doses favored the increments in plant height characteristícs of Ipê-amarelo. For the nutrients that provide significant responses by the regression analysis the recommended doses for maximum production were in the order of 200 mg dm-3 N, 240 mg dm-3 of Mg and 100 mg dm-3 of S. For the zero dose, the N in the maximum applied dose (200 mg dm-3) for plants of Cedro, Ipê-amarelo and Canafístula provided an increase of 6.4, 20.5 and 20.8% in MSPA. Rcspectively, the Mg in the maximum evaluated dose (240 mg dm-3) for seedlings of Ipê-amarelo and Canafístula provided an increment of 7.7 and 8.3% in MSPA, respectively, and S for the ipe scedlings. in the maximum evaluated dose (100 mg dm-3) provided an increase of 5.5% in the MSPA. The critical levels of N in the leaf tissues in Cedro plants, Canafístula and Ipê-amarelo, were 23.07, 20.61 and 22.68 g kg-1, and in the roots 10.83, 9.8 and 14. 19 g kg-1, respectively. The critical Mg levels in lhe leaf tissues in Canafístula and lpê-amareelo plants. were 0.96 and 1.76 g kg-1, and in the roots 0.57 and l.l9 g kg-1, respectively. The critical S levels in lpê-amarelo plants in the leaf tissues. were O.49 g kg-1 and 0.52 g kg-1 in the roots. The other nutrients did not show the recommended doses for the maximum production, justified probably by the presence of these nutrients in the substrate, near or above the critical level. ln general, the response of significant growth with the increase of N availabilíty is possibly Iinked to favorable conditions of leaching in the production of forest species grown in plastic tubes. For the advantage of the balance and availability of nutrients in the commercial substrate used, it is recommended the use of additional fertilization in Mg substrate for Canafístula and Ipê-amarelo, S for the lpê-amarelo and N for the three species. / O bioma da Mata Atlântica tem sofrido um processo contínuo de devastação, com grandes consequências ecológicas e ambientais, e a principal forma de recomposição florestal é o plantio de mudas. A produção de mudas de espécies arbóreas nativas da Mata Atlântica, na Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu Binacional tem o objetivo de reflorestar a mata ciliar do lago de Itaipu, e constituir o Corredor Biológico que interligará grandes áreas de mata protegida no Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina. Este empreendimento é considerado pela UNESCO um dos maiores projetos de conservação ambiental do mundo e inclui o Parque Estadual do Morro do Diabo, no extremo oeste de São Paulo; o Parque Nacional de Iguaçu, entre Paraná e Mato Grosso do Sul; as faixas verdes em torno do reservatório da usina de Itaipu; o Parque Nacional do Iguaçu e o de Iguazú, na Argentina; e o Parque Estadual do Turvo, no Rio Grande do Sul. Na produção de mudas, os hortos da empresa utilizam substrato comercial e tubete de 115 cm3 de capacidade. Os experimentos conduzidos em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Solos da Universidade Federal de Viçosa objetivaram avaliar os efeitos de doses dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S). sobre o crescimento de Cedrella fissilis Vellozo (Cedro), Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub (Canafístula) e Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) Níchols. (lpê-amarelo), produzidas em tubete e substrato. As plântulas após aproximadamente 90 dias de emergência receberam cinco doses de cada macronutriente via aplicação em cobertura. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, sendo três espécies, cinco doses, seis nutrientes, com cinco repetições com quatro plantas cada, totalizando 90 tratamentos e 1800 plantas. Após 140 dias, foi avaliado para cada espécie o número de folhas, hastes, diâmetro do colo e altura, e determinado a matéria seca total e subdividida em folha, caule, parte aérea (MSPA), de raízes, a relação da massa seca da parte aérea com a raiz. Foram avaliados ainda os teores de N, P, K. Ca. Mg e S nas folhas e raízes. O aumento das doses de N proporcionou o crescimento significativo para as três espécies avaliadas. O aumento das doses de Mg influenciou as características de crescimento significativamente nas plantas de canafístula e Ipê-amarelo. O aumento das doses de S favoreceu os incrementos nas características de crescimento das plantas de Ipê-amarelo, para a produção máxima foram da ordem de 200 mg dm-3 de N, 240 mg dm-3 de Mg e 100 mg de de S. Em relação a dose zero, o N na máxima dose aplicada (200 mg dm-3), para as plantas de Cedro, Canafístula e Ipê-amarelo, proporcionou um incremento de 6,4, 20,5 e 20,8 % na MSPAA respectivamente; 0 Mg na dose máxima avaliada (24O mg dm-3), para as mudas de Canafístula e Ipê-amarelo proporcionou um incremento de 7,7 e 8,3 % na MSPA, respectivamente e o S para as mudas de Ipê-amarelo, na dose máxima avaliada (100 mg dm-3 ), proporcionou um incremento de 5.5 % na MSPA. Os teores críticos de N nos tecidos foliares nas plantas de Cedro, Canafístula e Ipé-amarelo, foram de 23,07, 20,61 e 22,68 g kg-1, e nas raízes 10,83, 9,8 e 14,19 g kg-1, respectivamente. Os teores críticos de Mg nos tecidos foliares nas plantas de Canafístula e Ipê-amarelo, foram de 0.96 e I,76 g kg-1, e nas raízes 0,57 e l,l9 g kg-1, respectivamente. Os teores críticos de S nas plantas de Ipê-amarelo, nos tecidos foliares, foram de 0,49 g kg-1 e 0.52 g kg-1 nas raízes. Os demais nutrientes não apresentaram as doses recomendadas para a produção máxima, justificado, provavelmente pela presença destes nutrientes no substrato, próximo ou acima do nível crítico. Em geral a resposta de crescimento significativo com o aumento da disponibilidade de N, possivelmente está ligada as condições favoráveis de lixiviação na produção de espécies florestais produzidas cm tubetes. Para o favorecimento do equilíbrio e disponibilidade de nutrientes no substrato comercial utilizado, é recomendado o uso de adubação complementar em substrato de Mg, para a Canafístula e Ipê-amarelo, de S para o Ipê-amarelo e de N para as três espécies.

The wall thickness of pulp fibers plays a major role in the paper industry, but it is currently not possible to measure this property without manual laboratory work. In 2007, researcher Ho Fan Jang patented a technique to automatically measure fiber wall thickness, combining the unique optical properties of pulp fibers with image analysis. In short, the method creates images through the use of an optical system resulting in color values which demonstrate the retardation of a particular wave length instead of the intensity. A device based on this patent has since been developed by Eurocon Analyzer. This thesis investigates the software aspects of this technique, using sample images generated by the Eurocon Analyzer prototype. The software developed in this thesis has been subdivided into three groups for independent consideration. First being the problem of solving wall thickness for colors in the images. Secondly, the image analysis process of identifying fibers and good points for measuring them. Lastly, it is investigated how statistical analysis can be applied to improve results and derive other useful properties such as fiber coarseness. With the use of this technique there are several problems which need to be overcome. One such problem is that it may be difficult to disambiguate the colors produced by fibers of different thickness. This complication may be reduced by using image analysis and statistical analysis. Another challenge can be that theoretical values often differ greatly from the observed values which makes the computational aspect of the method problematic. The results of this thesis show that the effects of these problems can be greatly reduced and that the method offers promising results. The results clearly distinguish between and show the expected characteristics of different pulp samples, but more qualitative reference measurements are needed in order to draw conclusions on the correctness of the results.

The cedar dugout canoe is iconically associated with First Nations peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast, but the vital contribution it made to the economic and social development of British Columbia is historically unrecognized. This beautifully designed and crafted oceangoing vessel, besides being a prized necessity to the maritime First Nations peoples, was an essential transportation link for European colonists. In speed, maneuverability, and carrying capacity it vied with any other seagoing technology of the time. The dugout canoe became an important site of engagement between First Nations peoples and settlers. European produced textual and visual records of the colonial period are examined to analyze the dugout canoe as a site of intercultural interaction with a focus upon the European representation. This research asks: Was the First Nations' dugout canoe essential to colonial development in British Columbia and, if so, were the First Nations acknowledged for this vital contribution? Analysis of primary archival resources (letters and journals), images (photographs, sketches and paintings) and colonial publications, such as the colonial dispatches, memoirs and newspaper accounts, demonstrate that indeed the dugout canoe and First Nations canoeists were essential to the development of the colony of British Columbia. However, these contributions were differentially acknowledged as the colony shifted from a fur trade-oriented operation to a settler-centric development that emphasized the alienation of First Nations’ land for settler use. By focusing research on the dugout canoe and its use and depiction by Europeans, connections between European colonists and First Nations canoeists, navigators and manufacturers are foregrounded. This focus brings together these two key historical players demonstrating their “entangled” nature (Thomas 1991:139) and breaking down “silences” and “trivializations” in history (Trouillot 1995:96), working to build an inclusive and connected history of colonial British Columbia. / Graduate