Metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in women with breast cancer. Recently, elevated serum levels of a glycoprotein known as chitinase-3 likeprotein- 1 (CHI3L1) has been correlated with poor prognosis and shorter survival of patients with cancer and inflammatory diseases. The biological and physiological functions of CHI3L1 in tumor progression have not yet been elucidated. In this document, we describe the role of CHI3L1 in tumor growth and metastasis and its relationship with inflammation. Using well-established models of breast cancer, we show that CHI3L1 is increased in the serum of tumor bearing mice. We found that CHI3L1 levels are increased at both the “pre-metastatic” and “metastatic stage” and that tumor cells, splenic, alveolar and interstitial macrophages; and myeloid derived population produce CHI3L1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CHI3L1 has an inhibitory role on the expression of interferon-gamma (IFN γ) by T cells, while enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by macrophages such as Cchemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP-1), Chemokine CX motif ligand 2 (CXCL2/IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), all of which promote tumor growth and metastasis. We demonstrated that in vivo treatment of tumor-bearing mice with chitin microparticles, a TH1 adjuvant and a substrate for CHI3L1, promoted immune effector functions with increased production of IFN-γ but decreased CCL2/MCP-1, CXCL2/IL-8 and MMP-9 expression by splenic and pulmonary macrophages. Significantly, in vivo administration of chitin microparticles decreased tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in mammary tumor bearing mice. These results suggest that CHI3L1 may play a role in tumor progression. Inflammation plays a pivotal role during tumor progression and metastasis by promoting the production of pro-inflammatory molecules such as CHI3L1. However, little is known about how CHI3L1 expression can affect secondary sites to enhance metastasis. In these studies, we demonstrated that CHI3L1 alters the cellular composition and inflammatory mediators that aid in the establishment of a metastatic niche for the support of infiltrating tumor cells leading to accelerated tumor progression. Since previous studies showed that CHI3L1 modulates inflammation, we determined the role of CHI3L1 in the context of pre-existing inflammation and metastasis. We found that CHI3L1 deficient mice with preexisting inflammation had decreased pro-inflammatory mediators, and significant reduction in tumor volume and metastasis compared to wild type controls. Preexisting inflammation and CHI3L1 may be driving the establishment of a premetastatic milieu in the lungs and aiding in the establishment of metastasis. Understanding the role of CHI3L1 in inflammation during tumor progression could result in the design of targeted therapies for breast cancer patients. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Carbohydrate recognition is one of the most sophisticated recognition processes in biological systems, mediating many important aspects of cell-cell recognition, such as inflammation, cell differentiation, and metastasis. Consequently, lectin-glycan interactions have been intensively studied in order to mimic their actions for potential bioanalytical and biomedical applications. Galectins, a class of ß-galactoside-specific animal lectins, have been strongly implicated in inflammation and cancer. Galectin-3 is involved in carbohydrate-mediated metastatic cell heterotypic and homotypic adhesion via interaction with Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) antigen on cancer-associated MUC1. However, the precise mechanism by which galectin-3 recognizes TF antigen is poorly understood. Our thermodynamic studies have shown that the presentation of the carbohydrate ligand by MUC1-based peptide scaffolds can have a major impact on recognition, and may facilitate the design of more potent and specific galectin-3 inhibitors that can be used as novel chemical tools in dissecting the precise role of galectin-3 in cancer and inflammatory diseases. Another lectin, odorranalectin (OL), has been recently identified from Odorrana grahami skin secretions as the smallest cyclic peptide lectin, has a particular selectivity for L-fucose and very low toxicity and immunogenicity, rendering OL an excellent candidate for drug delivery to targeted sites, such as: (1) tumor-associated fucosylated antigens implicated in the pathogenesis of several cancers, for overcoming the nonspecificity of most anticancer agents; (2) the olfactory epithelium of nasal mucosa for enhanced delivery of peptide-based drugs to the brain. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015.

The assembly and maintenance of central synapses is a complex process, requiring myriad genes and their products. Highwire is a large gene containing a RING domain, characteristic of ubiquitin E3 ligases. Highwire has been shown to restrain axon growth and control synaptogenesis at a peripheral synapse. Here I examine the roles of Highwire at a central synapse in the adult Drosophila Giant Fiber System (GFS). Highwire is indeed necessary for proper axonal growth as well as synaptic transmission in the GFS. Differences arise between the central synapse and the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), where highwire was initially characterized : expresion from the postsynaptic cell can rescue highwire synaptic defects, which is not seen at the NMJ. In addition, a MAP kinase signaling pathway regulated by highwire at the NMJ has differing roles at a central synapse. Wallenda MAPK can rescue not only the highwire anatomical phenotype but also the defects seen in transmission. Another distinction is seen here : loss of function basket and Dfos enhance the highwire anatomical phenotype while expression of dominant negative basket and Dfos suppress the highwire phenotype. As a result we have compared the signaling pathway in flies and worms and found that the NMJ in the two organisms use a parallel pathway while the central synapse uses a distinct pathway. / by Kimberly Diane Rowland. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2012. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Malformações fetais são importantes causas de óbito fetal e mortalidade infantil. A medicina regenerativa apresenta-se como a terceira modalidade terapêutica fetal. Células obtidas do líquido amniótico mostram-se como opção preferencial em terapia celular por sua alta taxa de proliferação in vitro, habilidade de autorrenovação e potencial multilinhagem. Para uso clínico, é recomendável a exclusão de material animal não humano do meio de cultura dessas células, prevenindo reações imunes, transmissão de príons, bactérias e vírus. O soro fetal bovino é componente usual do meio de cultura dessas células. Sua substituição por soro humano previne essas possíveis consequências. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar células obtidas do líquido amniótico, em meio de cultura suplementado por soro fetal bovino ou humano e compará-las. Foram avaliadas seu isolamento e cultivo, padrão de crescimento, morfologia, imunofenótipo, capacidade de diferenciação osteogênica e condrogênica, e caracterizou-se a expressão dos genes OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2. Foram analisadas amostras provenientes de cinco gestantes, obtidas por amniocentese de segundo trimestre, indicadas por idade materna avançada. As células do líquido amniótico, após centrifugação, foram colocadas em frasco de cultura com meio -MEM suplementado com 20% de soro fetal bovino (grupo B) ou soro humano (grupo H). Ao atingirem 70% de confluência, foram tripsinizadas e expandidas. Após a terceira passagem celular foram separadas alíquotas do grupo B e H para avaliação de seu potencial de expansão, por meio da construção de curvas de crescimento celular para diferentes inóculos iniciais (1.000, 5.000, 10.000 e 15.000 células). Sua morfologia foi avaliada por microscopia ótica através da coloração de Leishman e por microscopia eletrônica. A análise do imunofenótipo das células dos dois grupos foi realizada por citometria de fluxo, analisando-se os marcadores de superfície: CD14, CD29, CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD117 e CD133. A diferenciação osteogênica foi realizada pelo acréscimo ao meio de cultura de fosfato-2-ascorbato e -glicerofosfato, comprovada pela produção de cálcio pelas células, coradas pela Alizarina e visualização da Fosfatase Alcalina nas células. A diferenciação condrogênica foi realizada pelo acréscimo ao meio de cultura de dexametasona e TGF-1, comprovada pela análise histológica após coloração pela hematoxilina-eosina. Avaliou-se a expressão gênica dos transcritos OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2, por RT-PCR das células dos dois grupos (B e H), comparadas aos controles celulares MRC-5 e NTERA-2 cl.D1. Observou-se alta taxa de expansão, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0,715), mesmo considerando-se a evolução dia-a-dia (p=0,681) e a alta viabilidade celular, com média de 94% nos dois grupos (p=0,686). A análise morfológica das células dos dois grupos revelou aspecto mesenquimal típico, com crescimento celular em cultura também típico dessa linhagem. Ao microscópio eletrônico, observou-se maior número de vacúolos lipídicos naquelas células do grupo H. A imunofenotipagem demonstrou marcação positiva para linhagem mesenquimal e negativa para outras linhagens. Ocorreu diferenciação osteogênica e condrogênica e expressão dos transcritos OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2. Não houve diferença significativa nos aspectos estudados, entre os grupos B e H. Concluiu-se que essas células, isoladas do líquido amniótico, apresentam característica de fácil isolamento, alta taxa de proliferação, aspecto morfológico e imunofenótipo mesenquimal, capacidade de diferenciação osteogênica e condrogênica, expressando os transcritos OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2, associados à pluripotência celular, tanto em meio suplementado por soro fetal bovino como por soro humano. / Fetal malformations are a significant cause of fetal death and infant mortality. Regenerative medicine is presented as a third therapeutic method. Cells obtained from the amniotic fluid are seen to be an option of choice for cell therapy because of their high rate of in vitro proliferation, power of selfrenewal and multi-lineage potential. For clinical use the exclusion of nonhuman animal material from the culture medium of these cells is to be recommended, thus precluding immune reactions and the transmission of prions, bacteria and viruses. Bovine fetal serum is a normal component of the culture medium of these cells. Its replacement by human serum precludes those possible consequences. The objective of this present study was investigation into the cells obtained from the amniotic fluid, in a culture medium supplemented with bovine fetal or human serum, and compare them. Their isolation and culture, growth rate, morphology, immune phenotype and osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity were assessed and the expression of the OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2 genes was characterized. Samples taken from five pregnant women by amniocentesis during the second trimester, recommended by virtue of advanced maternal age, were analyzed. The cells of the amniotic fluid, after centrifugation, were placed in a culture flask with an -MEM medium supplemented with 20% of bovine fetal serum (group B) or human serum (group H). After attaining 70% confluence they were trypsinized and expanded. After the third cellular passage they were separated into quotas of groups B and H for assessment of their expansion potential, by means of the construction of cellular growth curves for the different initial inocula (1,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 cells). Their morphology was assessed by optical microscopy by means of Leishman´s staining and electron microscopy. The analysis of the immune phenotype of the cells of the two groups was undertaken by flow cytometry, the surface markers CD14, CD29, CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD117 and CD133 being analyzed. The osteogenic differentiation was undertaken by the addition of ascorbate-2-phosphate-2 and - glycerophosphate to the culture medium and proved by the production of calcium by the cells, stained with Alizarin, and visualization of the Alkaline Phosphatase in the cells. The chondrogenic differentiation was brought about by the addition of dexamethasone and TGF-1 to the culture medium and demonstrated by histological analysis after staining with hematoxilineeosine. The genic expression of the OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2 transcripts was compared with the control cells MRC-5 and NTERA-2 cl.D1 by the RTPCR of the cells of the two groups (B and H). A high expansion rate was observed, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.715), even when the day-to-day progress (p=0.681) was taken into consideration, and high cell viability, with an average of 94% in the two groups (p=0.686). The morphological analysis of the cells of the two groups presented a typical mesenchymal aspect, with cell growth in the culture also typical of this line. Under the electron microscope, a greater number of lipid vacuoles were observed in the cells of the H group. The immune phenotyping presented a positive marking for the mesenchymal line but a negative one for the others. Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation occurred as also did expression of the transcripts OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2. There was no significant difference, as regards the aspects studied, between groups B and H. It is concluded that these cells isolated from the amniotic fluid were characterized by ease of isolation, a high rate of proliferation, mesenchymal morphological aspect and immune phenotype, capacity for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, expressing the transcripts OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2, both in the medium supplemented with bovine fetal serum and in that with human serum.

A anóxia neonatal, considerada problema clínico mundial, é importante causa de lesão encefálica em neonatos que pode apresentar consequências graves e permanentes, como déficits cognitivos e comportamentais. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar longitudinalmente possíveis alterações na morte, proliferação e diferenciação neuronais no hipocampo de ratos submetidos à anóxia neonatal. Para tanto, utilizamos modelo adaptado e validado em nosso laboratório. Os resultados mostraram que a anóxia neonatal causa morte neural em CA1 e CA2-3, detectadas pela maior quantidade de células TUNEL+ em CA1 e CA2-3 e FJB+ em CA2-3, além de diferentes tipos de morte neuronal em CA1 e GD, 24 horas após a anóxia,observadas por microscopia eletrônica. Houve aumento do volume de CA1 em P14 no grupo anóxia, porém o padrão de proliferação na zona subgranular não foi alterado. Enfim, a anóxia neonatal promoveu diminuição da neurogênese em animais adultos, o que poderia estar associado aos déficits de memória espacial e aprendizagem descritos em literatura para modelos similares. / Neonatal anoxia, considered a worldwide clinical problem, is a major cause of brain injury in neonates and may present serious and permanent consequences such as cognitive and behavioral deficits. The aim of this study was to analyze possible changes longitudinally in neural death, proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the hippocampus of rats submitted to neonatal anoxia. We used an adapted model validated in our laboratory. The results showed that neonatal anoxia cause neural death in CA1 and CA2-3 detected by the TUNEL+ cells in CA1 and CA2-3 and FJB+ in CA2-3, and different types of neuronal death in CA1 and GD 24 hours of anoxia, observed by electron microscopy. There was an increase in the volume of CA1 in the P14 anoxia group but the pattern of proliferation in the subgranular zone was not changed. Anyway, neonatal anoxia caused decrease in neurogenesis in adult animals, which could be associated with deficits in spatial memory and learning described in the literature in similar models.

Paracoccidioidomicose é adquirida pela via respiratória e a enzima indolamina-2,3-dioxigenase (IDO) e o catabolismo do triptofano estão envolvidos no controle da imunidade inata e adaptativa contra patógenos. Investigamos o papel da IDO na doença em animais suscetíveis (B10.A) e resistentes (A/J). Caracterizamos o efeito do tratamento com 1-Metil-DL-Triptofano (1MT) no fenótipo e comportamento de células dendríticas (DCs) e T reguladoras (Tregs) de A/J e B10.A quanto à expressão de IDO. IDO controla a carga fúngica de A/J e B10.A, reduzindo a imunidade de TCD4 e TCD8 e aumentando Tregs. Constatamos que IDO diminuiu a migração de DCs para o pulmão de A/J e B10.A e a inibição da atividade anti-inflamatória de IDO por 1MT tem um efeito deletério somente em B10.A cuja suscetibilidade é ligada à excessiva atividade pró-inflamatória. A infecção de A/J e B10.A parece induzir as funções catalítica e sinalizadora de IDO.Grande parte da função de IDO nos mecanismos imunorreguladores na paracoccidioidomicose se faz através da modulação da função de DCs em A/J e B10.A. / Paracoccidioidomycosis is acquired by the respiratory route and the enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan catabolism are involved in the control of innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens. We investigated the role of IDO in the infection in susceptible (B10.A) and resistant (A/J) mice. We characterized the effect of treatment with 1-Methyl-DL-Tryptophan (1MT) in the behavior and phenotype of dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) from A/J and B10.A for expression of IDO. IDO controls the fungal load in A/J and B10.A, reducing the immunity of CD4 and CD8 T cells and Tregs increased. IDO decreased the migration of DCs to the lung of A/J and B10.A and inhibition of anti-inflammatory activity of IDO by 1MT has a deleterious effect only in B10.A whose susceptibility is linked to excessive proinflammatory activity. Infection of A/J and B10.A appears to induce catalytic functions of IDO. Much of the function IDO immunoregulatory mechanisms paracoccidioidomycosis is done by modulating the function of DCs in A/J and B10.A.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:59:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DAIANA MILENA BRONOSKI DE FREITAS.pdf: 2016794 bytes, checksum: 8e2142b92df2ebbcad8ab16140dd6d3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-10 / The mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs ) are a population of tissue -resident adult cells that have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into different cell types of mesenchymal origin with great potential for application in cell therapies. Thus the work proposed to obtain, expand and cultivation of MSCs from subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral mesenteric and omental visceral taken from the same individual . The technique of mechanical dissociation was used, in order to investigate new sources for obtaining MSCs by this simple and cheap method. The samples were collected from patients undergoing bariatric surgery, between 30 to 45 years old, obese patients with associated diseases. Among 10 collected samples it was possible to measure cell viability from 4 patients. The tissue showed higher cell rate was the visceral tissue of omentum. In tests cryopreservation, the substance showed cryoprotectant capacity was 81% dimethylformamide at a concentration of 5% DMSO solution in a concentration of 5% 49% success was obtained. / As células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) são uma população residente em tecidos como medula óssea e tecido adiposo. Devido á baixa porcentagem destas células presentes em medula (0,01 – 0,001%), a fonte de maior utilização, se faz necessária à busca de novas fontes para utilização em terapia celular. Desta forma o trabalho propôs-se a obtenção, expansão, cultivo e criopreservação das CTMs a partir de tecido adiposo subcutâneo, visceral mesentérico e visceral de omento retirados de um mesmo indivíduo. Utilizou-se a técnica de dissociação mecânica, a fim de investigar novas fontes de obtenção de CTMs por essa metodologia simples e barata. As amostras foram coletadas de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica, entre 30 a 45 anos, pacientes obesos e com doenças associadas. De 10 amostras coletadas foi possível o isolamento e expansão celular de 40% dos pacientes. O tecido que apresentou maior taxa celular foi o tecido visceral de omento. Nos ensaios de criopreservação, a substância que apresentou capacidade crioprotetora de 81% foi a Dimetilformamida em concentração de 5%, a solução de DMSO em concentração 5% obteve 49% de sucesso.

Malformações fetais são importantes causas de óbito fetal e mortalidade infantil. A medicina regenerativa apresenta-se como a terceira modalidade terapêutica fetal. Células obtidas do líquido amniótico mostram-se como opção preferencial em terapia celular por sua alta taxa de proliferação in vitro, habilidade de autorrenovação e potencial multilinhagem. Para uso clínico, é recomendável a exclusão de material animal não humano do meio de cultura dessas células, prevenindo reações imunes, transmissão de príons, bactérias e vírus. O soro fetal bovino é componente usual do meio de cultura dessas células. Sua substituição por soro humano previne essas possíveis consequências. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar células obtidas do líquido amniótico, em meio de cultura suplementado por soro fetal bovino ou humano e compará-las. Foram avaliadas seu isolamento e cultivo, padrão de crescimento, morfologia, imunofenótipo, capacidade de diferenciação osteogênica e condrogênica, e caracterizou-se a expressão dos genes OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2. Foram analisadas amostras provenientes de cinco gestantes, obtidas por amniocentese de segundo trimestre, indicadas por idade materna avançada. As células do líquido amniótico, após centrifugação, foram colocadas em frasco de cultura com meio -MEM suplementado com 20% de soro fetal bovino (grupo B) ou soro humano (grupo H). Ao atingirem 70% de confluência, foram tripsinizadas e expandidas. Após a terceira passagem celular foram separadas alíquotas do grupo B e H para avaliação de seu potencial de expansão, por meio da construção de curvas de crescimento celular para diferentes inóculos iniciais (1.000, 5.000, 10.000 e 15.000 células). Sua morfologia foi avaliada por microscopia ótica através da coloração de Leishman e por microscopia eletrônica. A análise do imunofenótipo das células dos dois grupos foi realizada por citometria de fluxo, analisando-se os marcadores de superfície: CD14, CD29, CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD117 e CD133. A diferenciação osteogênica foi realizada pelo acréscimo ao meio de cultura de fosfato-2-ascorbato e -glicerofosfato, comprovada pela produção de cálcio pelas células, coradas pela Alizarina e visualização da Fosfatase Alcalina nas células. A diferenciação condrogênica foi realizada pelo acréscimo ao meio de cultura de dexametasona e TGF-1, comprovada pela análise histológica após coloração pela hematoxilina-eosina. Avaliou-se a expressão gênica dos transcritos OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2, por RT-PCR das células dos dois grupos (B e H), comparadas aos controles celulares MRC-5 e NTERA-2 cl.D1. Observou-se alta taxa de expansão, sem diferença significativa entre os grupos (p=0,715), mesmo considerando-se a evolução dia-a-dia (p=0,681) e a alta viabilidade celular, com média de 94% nos dois grupos (p=0,686). A análise morfológica das células dos dois grupos revelou aspecto mesenquimal típico, com crescimento celular em cultura também típico dessa linhagem. Ao microscópio eletrônico, observou-se maior número de vacúolos lipídicos naquelas células do grupo H. A imunofenotipagem demonstrou marcação positiva para linhagem mesenquimal e negativa para outras linhagens. Ocorreu diferenciação osteogênica e condrogênica e expressão dos transcritos OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2. Não houve diferença significativa nos aspectos estudados, entre os grupos B e H. Concluiu-se que essas células, isoladas do líquido amniótico, apresentam característica de fácil isolamento, alta taxa de proliferação, aspecto morfológico e imunofenótipo mesenquimal, capacidade de diferenciação osteogênica e condrogênica, expressando os transcritos OCT-4, NANOG e SOX2, associados à pluripotência celular, tanto em meio suplementado por soro fetal bovino como por soro humano. / Fetal malformations are a significant cause of fetal death and infant mortality. Regenerative medicine is presented as a third therapeutic method. Cells obtained from the amniotic fluid are seen to be an option of choice for cell therapy because of their high rate of in vitro proliferation, power of selfrenewal and multi-lineage potential. For clinical use the exclusion of nonhuman animal material from the culture medium of these cells is to be recommended, thus precluding immune reactions and the transmission of prions, bacteria and viruses. Bovine fetal serum is a normal component of the culture medium of these cells. Its replacement by human serum precludes those possible consequences. The objective of this present study was investigation into the cells obtained from the amniotic fluid, in a culture medium supplemented with bovine fetal or human serum, and compare them. Their isolation and culture, growth rate, morphology, immune phenotype and osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity were assessed and the expression of the OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2 genes was characterized. Samples taken from five pregnant women by amniocentesis during the second trimester, recommended by virtue of advanced maternal age, were analyzed. The cells of the amniotic fluid, after centrifugation, were placed in a culture flask with an -MEM medium supplemented with 20% of bovine fetal serum (group B) or human serum (group H). After attaining 70% confluence they were trypsinized and expanded. After the third cellular passage they were separated into quotas of groups B and H for assessment of their expansion potential, by means of the construction of cellular growth curves for the different initial inocula (1,000, 5,000, 10,000 and 15,000 cells). Their morphology was assessed by optical microscopy by means of Leishman´s staining and electron microscopy. The analysis of the immune phenotype of the cells of the two groups was undertaken by flow cytometry, the surface markers CD14, CD29, CD31, CD34, CD44, CD45, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD117 and CD133 being analyzed. The osteogenic differentiation was undertaken by the addition of ascorbate-2-phosphate-2 and - glycerophosphate to the culture medium and proved by the production of calcium by the cells, stained with Alizarin, and visualization of the Alkaline Phosphatase in the cells. The chondrogenic differentiation was brought about by the addition of dexamethasone and TGF-1 to the culture medium and demonstrated by histological analysis after staining with hematoxilineeosine. The genic expression of the OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2 transcripts was compared with the control cells MRC-5 and NTERA-2 cl.D1 by the RTPCR of the cells of the two groups (B and H). A high expansion rate was observed, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.715), even when the day-to-day progress (p=0.681) was taken into consideration, and high cell viability, with an average of 94% in the two groups (p=0.686). The morphological analysis of the cells of the two groups presented a typical mesenchymal aspect, with cell growth in the culture also typical of this line. Under the electron microscope, a greater number of lipid vacuoles were observed in the cells of the H group. The immune phenotyping presented a positive marking for the mesenchymal line but a negative one for the others. Osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation occurred as also did expression of the transcripts OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2. There was no significant difference, as regards the aspects studied, between groups B and H. It is concluded that these cells isolated from the amniotic fluid were characterized by ease of isolation, a high rate of proliferation, mesenchymal morphological aspect and immune phenotype, capacity for osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, expressing the transcripts OCT-4, NANOG and SOX2, both in the medium supplemented with bovine fetal serum and in that with human serum.

As células-tronco mesenquimais (CTM) são células progenitoras indiferenciadas que apresentam altas taxas de proliferação em cultivo, capacidade de diferenciação em inúmeros tecidos e podem ser encontradas no organismo adulto e, também, em tecidos fetais, como cordão umbilical, placenta e liquido amniótico (LA). Estudos demonstraram que o LA humano obtido por amniocentese no segundo trimestre de gestação, comumente utilizado em exames de diagnóstico fetal, apresenta-se como uma fonte em potencial destas células progenitoras. Contudo, estas células necessitam de mais estudos quanto às técnicas de isolamento, expansão e, sobretudo, acerca dos protocolos de congelamento utilizados em sua criopreservação. Com isso, nos propusemos a padronizar técnicas de cultivo para as CTLA, como melhor meio de cultura e densidade de inóculo; avaliar as características biológicas como estado de indiferenciação, ciclo celular, marcadores de membrana, plasticidade e, ainda, testar dois protocolos de congelamento celular (padrão e gradual) com diferentes criopreservantes (DMSO, glicerol, trealose e sacarose) que mantivessem uma alta viabilidade e as demais características das células-tronco após períodos de 3 e 6 meses de armazenamento em nitrogênio líquido. Ao fim dos experimentos constatamos ser o líquido amniótico uma rica fonte de CTM passíveis de serem isoladas e cultivadas com meio de cultura a-MEM suplementado com 20% de SFB. Padronizamos, também, uma contagem celular inicial das amostras para otimizar o plaqueamento primário, uma densidade de inóculo ideal para as passagens posteriores (5.000 céls/cm2) e o tempo de dobramento (30 ± 4 horas) das mesmas. As CTLA expressaram genes de indiferenciação: Oct-4, Sox-2 e Nanog; apresentaram positividade para marcadores de superfície CD29, CD44, CD90 e CD105; alta taxa de proliferação in vitro e diferenciaram-se em tecido ósseo, adiposo, cartilaginoso e neuronal. Não encontramos diferenças significativas entre os dois métodos de congelamento avaliados no que diz respeito à viabilidade pós-congelamento. Todos os criopreservantes analisados mantiveram o estado de indiferenciação e plasticidade das células-tronco congeladas por 3 e 6 meses, contudo o DMSO 10% proporcionou maiores taxas de viabilidade do que os demais. As CTLA ficam desta maneira melhor caracterizadas, com protocolos de cultivo e estocagem bem estabelecidos, facilitando a produção de células-tronco funcionais em larga escala aptas a serem utilizadas em experimentos futuros / Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are undifferentiated progenitor cells that have high proliferation rates in culture, ability to differentiate into various tissues and can be found in adult and fetal tissues such as umbilical cord, placenta and amniotic fluid (AF). Studies showed that human AF obtained by amniocentesis in second trimester of pregnancy, commonly used in fetal diagnostic, is a potential source of progenitor cells. However, these cells require further studies above techniques of isolation, expansion and, especially, about freezing protocols used in their cryopreservation. For then, we analyzed isolation and expansion methods to AFSC as the best culture medium and inoculum density; biological characteristics such as undifferentiated state, cell cycle, membrane markers, plasticity, and also we tested two freezing protocols (standard and graduated) with different cryoprotectors (DMSO, glycerol, trehalose and sucrose) that could be able to maintain high viability and other characteristics of stem cells after 3 and 6 months of storage in liquid nitrogen. At the end of experiments we found that amniotic fluid is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells that can be isolated and cultured with a-MEM medium supplemented with 20% FBS. Standardized an initial cell samples counting to optimize primary plating, an ideal inoculum density for the later passages (5000 cells/cm2) and doubling time (30 ± 4 hours). AFSC expressed undifferentiated genes: Oct-4, Sox-2 and Nanog, were positive for surface markers CD29, CD44, CD90 and CD105; presented high in vitro proliferation rate and capability to differentiate into bone, adipose, cartilage and neuronal tissues. There was not statistical significance in cell viability between standard and graduated freezing protocols. All evaluated cryoprotectors maintained the basic features of amniotic fluid stem cells, as Oct-4 gene expression, surface markers and plasticity. DMSO 10% showed higher rates of viability than the others. We can conclude that AF is a rich source of MSC with great capacity for expansion and differentiation and that both methods of freezing could be used for AF cells storage. All tested cryoprotectors maintains stemness of AFSC, therefore the highest viability rate is supplied by 10% DMSO. In this way, AFSC are better characterized, with cultivation and storage protocols standardized, resulting in large scale production of functional stem cells suitable for use in future experiments

Tse, Chi Lok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 116-131). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Declaration --- p.i / Abstract --- p.iii / Abstract in Chinese --- p.v / Acknowledgements --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.X / List of Tables --- p.xii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Regenerative Medicine --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Embryonic Stem Cells and Reprogramming --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Transdifferentiation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- The Cerebellum --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Functions of the cerebellum --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Structure and organization of the cerebellum --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Principle cellular components in the cerebellum --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3.1 --- Purkinje cells --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3.2 --- Granule cells --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3.3 --- Mossy fibres --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3.4 --- Climbing fibres --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3.5 --- Deep cerebellar nuclei --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3.6 --- Other cerebellar neurons --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.3.7 --- Neuroglia of the cerebellum --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Circuitry of the cerebellum --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5 --- Development of the Cerebellum --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Anatomical changes during cerebellar development --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Molecular control of cerebellar development --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Specification of the cerebellar region --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.2.2 --- Neurogenesis from the ventricular zone --- p.26 / Chapter 1.5.2.3 --- Neurogenesis from rhombic lip --- p.29 / Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of the Thesis --- p.33 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Materials and General Methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials for Molecular Biological Work --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Enzymes --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Chemicals and others --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Plasmid vectors and plasmid --- p.36 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Solutions and media --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials for Tissue/Cell Culture --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Culture media and solutions --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Culture cells --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3 --- Animals --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- Materials for Immunocytochemistry --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5 --- Oligonucleotide Primers --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6 --- RNA Extraction --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7 --- Generation of cDNA from mRNA --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8 --- Preparation of Recombinant Plasmid DNA --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Small scale preparation of DNA --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- QLAGEN plasmid midiprep kit method --- p.46 / Chapter 2.9 --- Preparation of Specific DNA Fragment from Agarose Gel --- p.46 / Chapter 2.10 --- Subcloning of DNA Fragments --- p.47 / Chapter 2.10.1 --- Preparation of cloning vectors --- p.47 / Chapter 2.10.2 --- Subcloning of DNA fragment --- p.48 / Chapter 2.10.3 --- Transformation of DNA into competent cells --- p.48 / Chapter 2.11 --- Preparation of Competent Cells --- p.48 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Generation and Characterization of Induced Neurons / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental Procedures --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Construction of expression vector --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Preparation of insert DNA --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Construction of entry vector --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Construction of destination vector --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Construction of expression vector --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Generation of induced neural cells --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Production of expression vector containing retroviruses --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Transfection and induction of neural fate of MEF --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Immunocytochemcial analysis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Efficiency calculation --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- A screen for cerebellar Purkinje and granule cell fate-inducing factors --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Characterization of the induced neurons --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Granule cell induction --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Purkinje cell induction --- p.71 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.102 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Roles of inducing factors in Purkinje cells and granule cells development --- p.102 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Mechanism of neural transdifferentiation --- p.107 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- Future Directions / Chapter 4.1 --- Complete Induction of Purkinje Cell Fate --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2 --- Induced Neurons of Different Subtypes --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Mechanism of Transdifferentiation --- p.114 / Chapter 4.4 --- Transdifferentiation and Regenerative Medicine --- p.114 / Bibliography --- p.116