Shifts in centre-periphery relations in Ethiopia and the complex relationships between the Ethiopian state and neighbouring countries motivate this thesis to contribute a nuanced historical reading of the relationship between Ethiopia's eastern periphery and the central state and the wider regional implications of this relationship. It does so by examining the interplay between the state projects of controlling territory and asserting authority and the experiences and responses of local populations to these attempts in the Harar and Jijiga localities. Using an interpretive approach and a qualitative methodology that is underlined by historical methods, the thesis argues that the narrative on the integration of the Harar and Jijiga peripheries into the state is shaped by a history of negotiation. However, this negotiation is ongoing and is far from completion because there is no consensus on the nature of, and meanings associated with territoriality and identification when conceptualising statehood in Ethiopia. The condition of partial integration has afforded local actors in the peripheries the liberty to occasionally engage in discourses on territoriality and identification with neighbouring countries regardless of attempts by the Ethiopian state to enforce its ideas of these aspects of statehood. This investigation highlights the presence of a British Military Administration from 1942 and the changes this made to the territorial boundary between eastern Ethiopia and the British Somaliland Protectorate, and the establishment of the Republic of Somalia in 1960. Previous studies have approached the centre-periphery relationship from the perspective of the Ethiopian state - highlighting conflict and resistance. This thesis contests these perspectives because of their inability to reveal a history of peripheral agency. Centre-biased and ahistorical approaches often overlook the shadings that exist in centre-periphery relations. The thesis also challenges the myth of a homogenous eastern periphery by demonstrating that the marginality of Harar and Jijiga is mitigated by their history of being centres in the periphery. The findings of this thesis challenge the narratives of conflict and resistance that dominate interpretations of the relationship between the eastern periphery and the Ethiopian state. The empirical evidence presented in this thesis confirms and develops current scholarly debates on the existence of complex empirical manifestations of statehood in Africa, specifically in the Horn of Africa. Thus the thesis contributes to the ongoing turn in the study of statehood, which promotes the investigation of the state from the margins for a more balanced view of political reality. Finally, rather than attempting to resolve questions on the nature of statehood in Ethiopia, in the Horn of Africa or in sub-Saharan Africa, this thesis draws attention to the alternative ways of interpreting ideas of statehood as they manifest themselves in diverse historical, social and political contexts.

The purpose of this essay has been to find out how adolescents from Södermöre in the municipality of Kalmar experience the central place Kalmar. It has also been the intention to make clear, whether the relation between the adolescents and the central place Kalmar could be described as a centre-periphery-relation. The basis of this essay has been interviews of all together nine adolescents. A centre-periphery-situation can according to the theory be discovered by analyzing three categories: culture, economy and politics. If the centre dominates the periphery in one of these three categories, a centre-periphery-situation exists. The theory also says that the people living in the periphery experience less kinship with the people living in the centre. The adolescents from Södermöre showed to experience the central place Kalmar in a way, that can be described in five categories: travelling mostly by bus, unfair distribution of the resources of the municipality, political equality, social equality and the awareness of the central place Kalmar as the place ‘where everything is located’. When it came to economy and politics, no indications of a centre-periphery-situation were found during the interviews with the adolescents. However, culturally the adolescents from Södermöre seemed to experience domination from the central place Kalmar. This domination was strengthened by the experience of bad bus services.

<p>The purpose of this essay has been to find out how adolescents from Södermöre in the municipality of Kalmar experience the central place Kalmar. It has also been the intention to make clear, whether the relation between the adolescents and the central place Kalmar could be described as a centre-periphery-relation. The basis of this essay has been interviews of all together nine adolescents.</p><p>A centre-periphery-situation can according to the theory be discovered by analyzing three categories: culture, economy and politics. If the centre dominates the periphery in one of these three categories, a centre-periphery-situation exists. The theory also says that the people living in the periphery experience less kinship with the people living in the centre.</p><p>The adolescents from Södermöre showed to experience the central place Kalmar in a way, that can be described in five categories: travelling mostly by bus, unfair distribution of the resources of the municipality, political equality, social equality and the awareness of the central place Kalmar as the place ‘where everything is located’.</p><p>When it came to economy and politics, no indications of a centre-periphery-situation were found during the interviews with the adolescents. However, culturally the adolescents from Södermöre seemed to experience domination from the central place Kalmar. This domination was strengthened by the experience of bad bus services.</p>

The aim of this study was to provide an historical analysis of Cornish wrestling and in particular to address the following key questions: How has Cornish wrestling developed as a sport? Why is Cornish wrestling ‘different’? Why has Cornish wrestling survived? It was argued that in order to provide an adequate historical analysis it was necessary to locate the sport within an appropriate and relevant conceptual framework. Two fields of enquiry were identified as having the potential to provide this; mainstream British sport history and the ‘new Cornish Studies’. The main ideas and debates that form the basis for these two areas were reviewed and it was argued that British sport history offered only a partial interpretation for the history of Cornish wrestling as the evidence suggests it is different from other sports. It was further argued that with its emphasis upon ‘difference’ the ‘new Cornish Studies’ in general and Payton’s ‘centre-periphery model’ in particular offers a more appropriate conceptual framework, which is also rooted in a relevant local context. Payton developed his model to answer a number of questions relating to Cornwall’s distinctiveness: Why is Cornwall ‘different’? Why has this persisted? Why is there a strong sense of ‘Cornishness’ and separate identity which has survived until today? He concluded that Cornwall’s ‘difference’ has persisted because of its historical experience, which in each period has been distinct from other areas of Britain and has led directly to a unique identity. In Payton’s model, the privileged ‘centre’, which is the location of power and influence, is based largely in London and the south-east of England; whereas the ‘periphery’ is geographically remote from the ‘centre’, but dependent upon it. Payton proposed three phases of peripherality: ‘First’ or ‘Older Peripheralism’, characterised by geographical and cultural isolation from the centre; ‘Second Peripheralism’, which recognises the central importance of industrial change, producing economic and social marginality and ‘Third Peripheralism’ characterised by a ‘branch-factory’ economy promoting a process of ‘counter-urbanisation’. The structure of the thesis follows the phases of peripherality and argues the evidence is consistent with Payton’s ‘centre-periphery model’. The evidence also demonstrates that Cornish wrestling is ‘different’ and that ‘difference’ has persisted over time because of Cornwall’s historical experience, which in each period of peripherality has been distinct. Furthermore, throughout the entire period of the study, Cornish wrestling has been, and still remains, an important icon of Cornishness, which has ensured its survival.

<p>Participation in the European Parliament Election has steadily declined since the start in 1979. In 2004 less than half (47.8%) of the voting-age population of the European Union used their right to vote. This has actualized questions asking if the European Parliament is a good representation of the European citizens. The paradigm when it comes to explaining the electoral turnout in the European Parliament Election is the second-order theory. Though the theory explains the low voter participation, it does not explain why the European Parliament Election has become a second-order election. Thus, in this thesis will search for the underlying variable explaining why the European Parliament Election is a second-order election. Through our research we find that distances are important in the European Union, and they create centres and peripheries within the European Union. By looking at Rokkan and Urwin‟s horizontal and vertical types of peripheries, where the vertical type consists of Rokkan and Urwin‟s three domain of social life, our research concludes that centre-periphery structures within the European Union are the underlying variable, explaining why the European Parliament Election is a second-order election.</p>

The radical democratic conception of civil society strives for theoretically constructing and politically defending civil society as a social sphere autonomous from both the economy and state. As a position taken against Marxist and liberal theories, radical civil societarianism views the cultural and normative structures of modern societies as independent from and prior to systemically conceived economic and political relations. These structures is purported to give way to spontaneous social solidarity characterising civil society. With the mechanisms of domination and exploitation defined outside civil society, this approach ends up with excessive voluntarism characterising social relations thereof. Similarly, in the Turkish context, the dominant centre-periphery approach is predicated upon the external contradiction between the vertical state-society relations and horizontal relations between social actors. It is argued that the dominance of the former has caused the underdevelopment of civil society which is a particular expression of the latter. In any case, social conflicts are detached from structural political and economic mechanisms and conceived in voluntaristic terms. Consequently, the normative position radical civil societarianism takes vis-&agrave / -vis social movements fails to go beyond an imposition of the arbitrary notion of &ldquo / civility&rdquo / through the discourse of self-limitation.

Darbo tema „Šiaulių regiono gyvenviečių tinklas vėlyvajame geležies amžiuje“. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti intensyvaus naudojimo arealus Šiaulių apskrityje vėlyvajame geležies amžiuje ir hipotetiškai hierarchiškai juos sugrupuoti, t. y. pagal tam tikrus bruožus nustatyti, kurios regiono teritorijos tuo metu galėjo vadintis centrinėmis ekonominio ir karinio pajėgumo atžvilgiu, o kurios didesnės įtakos regionui neturėjo. Nors reikia pažymėti, kad regionas greičiausiai tuo metu dar nebuvo politiškai ir ekonomiškai organizuotas, tačiau centrinių teritorijų formavimosi procesas jau neabejotinai buvo vyko. Archaiškų bendruomenių gyvenviečių tinklui tirti visų pirma pasitelkiamas kartografinis tyrimo metodas, kuomet visi žinomi tyrinėjamo laikotarpio archeologiniai objektai, liudijantys gyvenvietės buvimą, yra sužymimi žemėlapyje, o vėliau išskiriamos jų sankaupos. Vėliau šių sankaupų sudedamos dalys nagrinėjamos pagal tam tikrus kriterijus (piliakalnių aukštis, kapų įkapių skaičius ir pan.), kurie atspindi ta vieta besinaudojusios bendruomenės pajėgumą. Tam visų pirma reikia sukurti šaltinių bazę ir ją susisteminti. / The topic is „The pattern of Šiauliai region settlements in Late Iron Age“. The aim is to exclude Šiauliai regions‘s habits of intensive use in Late Iron Age and hypothetically them hierarchically grouped. What means what according certain characteristics to determine which areas of the region at that time was called the central of economic and military strength and witch ones did not have significant impact on the region. Although should be noted that likely region of Šiauliai was not yet politically and economically orginized, but the process of central areas formation undoubtebly has been held. First of all, cartographic research method has been chosen for the investigation of the pattern of the settlements of archaic communities, when all known archeological objects of the period under investigation, demonstrating the presence of the settlement, are mapped on the map and later their accumulations are distinguished. Later the components of these accumulations are analysed according to certain criteria (height of the mounds, the number of cerements in graves and etc.), which reflect the capability of the community by which that place was used. But first of all it is necessary to develop the base of sources and to systematize it. In Lithuania this type of research has been introduced only recently thus their prospects are still large, as the base of sources is constantly being supplemented (new archeological objects are discovered and also previously found and known objects... [to full text]

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Mokslinių darbų, teoriškai ar praktiškai akcentuojančių periferingumo tematiką išties yra nemažai, tačiau iki šiol nėra aiškiai ir galutinai apibrėžta periferinio regiono samprata, be to, retai kalbama apie periferizacijos procesą ar nustatomas regionų periferingumo laipsnis. Periferijos tyrimuose jaučiamas geografinio-kompleksinio požiūrio į periferiją trūkumas. Mokslų integracija analizuojant pasirinktą problemą yra viena pagrindinių rekomendacijų, kadangi siauras požiūris į periferiją nebeatitinka šių dienų aktualijų, nes stabdo ne tik objekto sampratos vystymąsi, bet ir apriboja pačios periferijos kaip teritorinio reiškinio pažinimo galimybes. Šiuo moksliniu darbu siekiama užpildyti trūkstamą periferingumo tyrimų nišą ir prisidėti prie periferijos kompleksinės geografinės sampratos vystymo. Disertacijoje periferijos kompleksinis vertinimas atliekamas remiantis septyniais vertinimo aspektais: pasiekiamumo, demografiniu, socialiniu, ekonominiu, kultūriniu, politiniu bei gamtiniu. Šis disertacinis darbas – tai bandymas, apjungiant įvairių sričių rodiklius, pateikti kompleksinį požiūrį į periferiją, remiantis statistikos rodiklių reikšmėmis išskirti skirtingo periferingumo laipsnio periferinius regionus Lietuvos teritorijoje. / There are a lot of scientific papers, which theoretically or practically accentuate the topic of peripherality, however, the conception of peripheral region is not still clearly and finally defined, moreover, it is rarely talked about the process of peripheralisation or the level of peripherality of region is determined. It is felt the lack of the geographic-complex view to the periphery. While analyzing the selected problem the integration of sciences is one of the main recommendations as the narrow attitude to the periphery does not conform to the topicalities of these days because it stops not only the development of conception of object but also limits the cognitive possibilities of periphery itself as the territorial phenomenon. By this scientific paper it is tried to fill the deficient part of researches on peripherality and add to the development of complex geographical conception of periphery. In the dissertation thesis the complex evaluation is performed taking into account seven aspects: dislocation, demographic, social, economic, cultural, political and natural. This dissertation paper is an attempt to present the complex attitude to the periphery while including the indicators of various fields, with reference to the values of statistical indicators to distinguish the peripheral regions of different level peripherality in the territory of Lithuania.

Mokslinių darbų, teoriškai ar praktiškai akcentuojančių periferingumo tematiką išties yra nemažai, tačiau iki šiol nėra aiškiai ir galutinai apibrėžta periferinio regiono samprata, be to, retai kalbama apie periferizacijos procesą ar nustatomas regionų periferingumo laipsnis. Periferijos tyrimuose jaučiamas geografinio-kompleksinio požiūrio į periferiją trūkumas. Mokslų integracija analizuojant pasirinktą problemą yra viena pagrindinių rekomendacijų, kadangi siauras požiūris į periferiją nebeatitinka šių dienų aktualijų, nes stabdo ne tik objekto sampratos vystymąsi, bet ir apriboja pačios periferijos kaip teritorinio reiškinio pažinimo galimybes. Šiuo moksliniu darbu siekiama užpildyti trūkstamą periferingumo tyrimų nišą ir prisidėti prie periferijos kompleksinės geografinės sampratos vystymo. Disertacijoje periferijos kompleksinis vertinimas atliekamas remiantis septyniais vertinimo aspektais: pasiekiamumo, demografiniu, socialiniu, ekonominiu, kultūriniu, politiniu bei gamtiniu. Šis disertacinis darbas – tai bandymas, apjungiant įvairių sričių rodiklius, pateikti kompleksinį požiūrį į periferiją, remiantis statistikos rodiklių reikšmėmis išskirti skirtingo periferingumo laipsnio periferinius regionus Lietuvos teritorijoje. / There are a lot of scientific papers, which theoretically or practically accentuate the topic of peripherality, however, the conception of peripheral region is not still clearly and finally defined, moreover, it is rarely talked about the process of peripheralisation or the level of peripherality of region is determined. It is felt the lack of the geographic-complex view to the periphery. While analyzing the selected problem the integration of sciences is one of the main recommendations as the narrow attitude to the periphery does not conform to the topicalities of these days because it stops not only the development of conception of object but also limits the cognitive possibilities of periphery itself as the territorial phenomenon. By this scientific paper it is tried to fill the deficient part of researches on peripherality and add to the development of complex geographical conception of periphery. In the dissertation thesis the complex evaluation is performed taking into account seven aspects: dislocation, demographic, social, economic, cultural, political and natural. This dissertation paper is an attempt to present the complex attitude to the periphery while including the indicators of various fields, with reference to the values of statistical indicators to distinguish the peripheral regions of different level peripherality in the territory of Lithuania.