Materiais de Referência (MR) de substâncias químicas têm ampla aplicação, sobretudo na área analítica, servindo de referência para validação de métodos, calibração de instrumentos e controle de qualidade, estabelecendo a comparabilidade de resultados analíticos em escala global e permitindo a transferência da exatidão entre métodos, laboratórios e padrões. Norteado por essas necessidades, o trabalho apresenta uma proposta para certificação de MR baseada nas orientações preconizadas por diretrizes e normas internacionais, principalmente as que seguem o ISO Guia 34, para estabelecer as propriedades certificadas através de técnicas analíticas de Espectrometria de Massas de Alta Resolução, Ressonância Magnética Nuclear, de ¹H e de ¹³C, e de Análise Elementar CHN. A certificação contemplou as caracterizações qualitativa e quantitativa, ensaio de estabilidade e o cálculo da estimativa da incerteza da medição. Como resultado, foi produzido e certificado um lote piloto de MR de β-N-metilamino-alanina (BMAA), uma toxina obtida in-house através de síntese química e purificação, cujos valores de propriedades certificadas foram rastreáveis ao SI e acompanhadas da estimativa da incerteza da medição. / Reference Materials (RM) of chemicals have wide application, particularly in the analyses, providing a reference for validation of methods, instrument calibration and quality control, establishing the comparability of analytical results on a global scale and enabling the transfer of accuracy between methods, laboratories and standards. Guided by these requirements, the paper presents a proposal for certification of MR based on the guidelines recommended by international guidelines and standards, especially those which follow the ISO Guide 34, to establish the certified properties through analytical techniques of mass spectrometry High resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, ¹H and ¹³C, and CHN elemental analysis. The certification included qualitative and quantitative characterization, stability test and the calculation of the estimate of measurement uncertainty. As a result, was produced and certified a pilot batch of RM β-N-methylamino-alanine (BMAA), a toxin obtained in-house via chemical synthesis and purification, whose property values are certified and traceable to the SI accompanied by an estimative of the uncertainty of measurement.

Project finance has become a vital financing vehicle for undertaking capital-intensive and infrastructure investments. In 2017 alone, the value of deals signed using project finance was estimated at approximately $229 billion. Despite its increasing importance, little is known regarding the impact of project-level, and country characteristics on the loan terms. This thesis proceeds in examining these determinants along three empirical essays. The first essay (Chapter 3) focuses on how domestic lead arrangers certification (in emerging markets) impact the pricing of project finance loans. Using a sample 1270 project finance loan tranches signed between 1998 and 2011, and worth over $300 billion, the chapter posits that domestic lead arrangers certification reduce search and information cost, which in turn, reduces the financing cost. The results, after controlling for endogeneity of certification decision, indicate a reduction of 47 basis points in the spread offered on PF loans. The magnitude of this reduction differs across industries, geographic region, and income classification of the project countries. The second essay (Chapter 4) examines the relationship between PF contractual structures and loan outcomes, using a sample of 5872 project finance loan tranches signed between 1998 and 2013, and worth approximately $1.2 trillion. The chapter hypothesises that (i) non financial contracts (NFCs) (that is, contracts used to manage the various project functions), reduces overall project risk, (ii) the involvement of project sponsors as key counterparties to the non-financial contracts is an additional signal of project s potential worth, and (iii) the effects observed in (i and ii) are stronger, if sponsor counterparties have verifiable credit ratings. After matching loan tranches with NFCs to those without, the results indicate that the use of NFCs reduce both the loan spreads and leverage ratios. This impact is higher if the sponsor counterparties are credit-rated. The results are also stronger for developing countries. The third essay examines the impact of country-level institutions on project finance loan spread and leverage ratio, using a sample of 3,362 loan tranches signed between the year 1998 - 2012. The chapter investigates whether political and legal institutions are substitutes (or complements), that is, if improvement in one absorbs the weakness of the other, and vice versa. Further, the essay examines if project finance network of contracts substitutes for these institutions. The results indicate that political and legal institutions are substitutes. Specifically, improvements in political institutions lead to a reduction in both the loan spread and leverage ratio for countries with weak legal and governance institutions. The chapter also finds that where NFCs are included in PF, the impact of political institutions on loan spread reduces. On the other hand, the impact of political institutions on leverage ratio is higher when NFCs are used. The findings from the three research chapters provide interesting insights on how lenders and sponsors create value through contract design.

O trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do processo de implantação de um programa de acreditação laboratorial através de indicadores. O uso dos indicadores vem sendo cada vez mais valorizado na gestão laboratorial por tratar-se de uma poderosa ferramenta para qualificar e quantificar falhas nos diferentes processos laboratoriais, bem como, auxiliar na implantação de medidas preventivas e corretivas, além de apontar a eficácia das ações tomadas. Nesse contexto, foi utilizado o modelo do Programa de Acreditação de Laboratórios Clínicos da Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (PALC SBPC/ML), o qual foi aplicado no Laboratório Unimed de Sorocaba. O ano de 2008 foi o ponto inicial para adequação do laboratório aos requisitos do PALC. Foram definidos 25 indicadores, sendo 14 focados aos aspectos gerenciais e 11 relacionados ao processo produtivo. Um grupo formado por 19 indicadores pôde ser comparado aos adotados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab. A coleta de dados corresponde ao período entre 2006 e 2011. Para os indicadores avaliados pelo Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais da SBPC/ML-ControlLab estabeleceu-se como meta a ser alcançada pelo Laboratório Unimed Sorocaba a mediana dos resultados obtidos pelos laboratórios participantes do programa. A análise estatística revelou que 10 indicadores apresentaram resultados satisfatórios e 4 Keila Furtado Vieira demonstraram piora. Outros 4 não apresentaram mudanças significativas e 7 não foram passíveis de análise estatística. Para os indicadores que se mostraram deficientes foram traçados planos de ação visando elevar a eficiência das respectivas atividades. A melhora dos indicadores refletiu as reestruturações de processo ocorridas para adequação à norma de acreditação escolhida / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of implementation of a laboratory certification program by using laboratory quality indicators. The use of such indicators has been increasingly valued in laboratory management because it is a powerful tool to quantitatively and qualitatively measure mistakes in laboratory process, as well as in implementation of corrective and preventive measures and to identify the efficacy of the actions taken. The Clinical Laboratories Accreditation Program of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine was applied in the UNIMED Sorocaba Clinical Laboratory (São Paulo, Brazil). Implementation of the requirements for certification started in 2008. Twenty four indicators were defined, 14 of those focused on management aspects and 11 focused on production aspects. A group composed of 19 indicators could be compared to those adopted by the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology/Laboratory Medicine and ControlLab named Laboratory Indicators Program. Data collection and analysis were performed between 2006 and 2011. The goal was to reach the median of the results established by the Laboratory Indicators Program. Statistical analysis revealed that 10 indicators presented satisfactory results, whereas 4 showed a worsened outcome. Four indicators did not change and 7 indicators could not be used for statistical analysis. Action planning was designed for the indicators below the acceptable levels Keila Furtado Vieira in order to improve the efficiency in those activities. Improvement of these indicators reflected the implementation of processes to adequate it to the guidelines of the certification program

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-28T19:25:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ângela Beatriz Cavalli Rodrigues.pdf: 16031509 bytes, checksum: 3fb3084288d1655fea8b0bcae25fe60a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-28T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ângela Beatriz Cavalli Rodrigues.pdf: 16031509 bytes, checksum: 3fb3084288d1655fea8b0bcae25fe60a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presente tese é o resultado de uma pesquisa na área da Educação, especificamente no campo de conhecimento Trabalho e Educação. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, realizado com servidores públicos investidos no cargo de Operadores de Estação de Tratamento, lotados no Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgotos (DMAE). O estudo contou com a participação de 10 servidores que são responsáveis pelo tratamento de água na capital do estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre. A pesquisa objetivou compreender a atividade de trabalho dos e das responsáveis pelo tratamento de água no contexto de intensificação de normas no setor público. Para atingir o proposto, a questão norteadora foi: "como os operadores de estação de tratamento fazem uso de si, mobilizam e criam valores e saberes para realizarem a atividade de trabalho, em tempos de intensificação de normas no setor público?". Os dados coletados em junho de 2011 foram analisados sob a ótica do referencial da Ergologia. Concluímos que os operadores e operadoras de estação de tratamento já conviviam com um processo de regulamentação e controle no trabalho de tratamento de água, estabelecido pela Portaria nº 2.914/2011, do Ministério da Saúde. Esta regula o trabalho dos profissionais da área e define que água potável é a que atende o padrão de potabilidade por ela estabelecido e que não oferece riscos à saúde. Os operadores e operadoras de estação de tratamento convivem, assim, com normas públicas, como a portaria do Ministério da Saúde, e privadas, como as normas ISO. Nesse contexto, enfrentam cotidianamente o debate entre essas duas normas. O trabalho dos operadores e operadoras está impregnado de valores que reforçam a importância de que a água seja mantida no polo do político, pois se trata de um bem comum que possui relação estreita com a vida, e esta não pode ser mensurada, portanto, não pode ser gerida no polo do mercado. / This dissertation is the result of a research in the field of Education, specifically in the area of knowledge about Labor and Education. It is a qualitative study done with civil servants of the water treatment plants from Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgotos (DMAE). The research was held with the collaboration of 10 servants who are responsible for the water treatment in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. The aim of this study was to shed a light over the work of people involved in water treatment in a context where there is an increase of norms ruling the public sector. In order to do so, the main question was: How do operators of water treatment plants employ the use of self, mobilize and create values and knowledge in order to get their work done in times when there is an intensification of norms in the public sector? Data collected in June, 2011 was analyzed under the light of Ergology. Conclusions point out that operators of the water treatment plants have already dealt with a process of regulation and control in the process of water treatment as established in Portaria nº 2.914/2011 by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. This ordinance regulates the labor activity of professionals from the field and defines that drinking water is that which follows its established patterns and which does not offer health risks. The operators of water treatment stations deal with both public norms, such as this ordinance by the Ministry of Health, as well as private norms, such as ISO. Under these circumstances, they have to face the discussion between these norms daily. The work of these operators is soaked in values which state that water should be maintained in its political pole, for it is a common good strictly related to life and cannot be measured, therefore, it cannot be ruled by the market pole.

No description available.

L’usine du futur et les performances environnementales sont de nos jours au cœur des préoccupations. Les produits et services éco-labellisés sont de plus en plus populaires. En plus des coûts financiers engendrés, les processus d’éco-labellisation sont longs et complexes, ce qui démotive parfois les fabricants et les fournisseurs de services à demander des certifications. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de recherche, propose une démarche et une plateforme d’aide à la décision visant à améliorer et à accélérer ce processus afin de démocratiser l’accès à la certification écologique. Les bases de connaissances traditionnelles étant généralement peu interopérables, difficiles à être réutilisées et ne supportant pas les inférences, la plate-forme proposée repose sur une base de connaissances composée de diverses ontologies de domaine construites selon la documentation officielle européenne sur les écolabels. Cette base est composée de modules d'ontologies interconnectées couvrant divers produits et services. Elle permet d’automatiser le raisonnement sur ces connaissances et de les interroger en tenant compte de la sémantique. Un schéma de modularisation orienté suivant le domaine et la catégorie du produit, et portant sur les critères d’écolabels européens des produits détergents est utilisé comme cas d'application. Afin de permettre une réutilisation aisée des modules d'ontologie pour différents groupes de produits, ce schéma de modularisation fait la distinction entre la connaissance de base du domaine et les connaissances variables concernant les critères de labélisation de chaque groupe. La méthode de raisonnement utilisée exploite les mécanismes d'inférence sur des règles SWRL, et fournit des résultats argumentés pour l’aide à la décision. La modélisation adoptée pour la représentation des connaissances n’est pas uniquement dédiée à la plateforme proposée. Elle permet également une exploitation des connaissances via des outils du Web sémantique. Afin de favoriser la réutilisation des modules d'ontologie, une approche de contextualisation pour la fédération d’ontologies a été proposée. Elle permet de pallier les inconvénients de "OWL: imports". Contrairement aux approches existantes, où il est nécessaire de réaliser soit un mapping, soit d’ajouter des relations sémantiques modifiant les modules d’ontologies de base, notre approche n’affecte pas et ne nécessite pas l’importation de tous les concepts de ces ontologies. Pour faciliter la mise en œuvre de cette approche, nous proposons un nouveau plug-in pour l'éditeur d'ontologie « Protégé ». / With the rising concern of sustainability and environmental performance, eco-labeled products and services are becoming more and more popular. In addition to the financial costs, the long and complex process of eco-labeling sometimes demotivates manufacturers and service providers to be certificated. In this research work, we propose a decision support process and implement a decision support platform aiming at further improvement and acceleration of the eco-labeling process in order to democratize a broader application and certification of eco-labels. The decision support platform is based on a comprehensive knowledge base composed of various domain ontologies that are constructed according to official eco-label criteria documentation. Traditional knowledge base in relational data model is low interoperable, lack of inference support and difficult to be reused. In our research, the knowledge base composed of interconnected ontologies modules covers various products and services, and allows reasoning and semantic querying. A domain-centric modularization scheme about EU Eco-label laundry detergent product criteria is introduced as an application case. This modularization scheme separates the entity knowledge and rule knowledge so that the ontology modules can be reused easily in other domains. We explore a reasoning methodology based on inference with SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules which allows decision making with explanation. Through standard RDF (Resource Description Framework) and OWL (Web Ontology Language) ontology query interface, the assets of the decision support platform will stimulate domain knowledge sharing and can be applied into other application. In order to foster the reuse of ontology modules, we also proposed a usercentric approach for federate contextual ontologies (mapping and integration). This approach will create an ontology federation by a contextual configuration that avoid the “OWL:imports” disadvantages. Instead of putting mapping or new semantics in ontology modules, our approach will conserve the extra contextual information separately without impacting original ontologies or without importing all ontologies’ concepts. By introducing this contextualization, it becomes easier to support more expressive semantics in term of ontology integration itself, then it will also facilitate application agents to access and reuse ontologies. To realize this approach, we elaborate a new plug-in for the Protégé ontology editor.

Professional development of beginning teachers through induction and mentoring has been commonly viewed as important for teachers' success and continuation in the teaching profession. Induction and specifically mentoring programs focus attention on transitions from one stage of teacher development to another. The three phases of teacher development are initial teacher education, known as pre-service, the induction phase and the ongoing teacher in-service education. The move from student to teacher is the most demanding change in learning to teach. The beginning teacher in this change must adjust from thinking and acting as a student, absorbed with his or her own learning and performance, to thinking and acting as a teacher, accepting responsibility for the learning and performance of others. Beginning teachers are fully engaged in this essential development, and mentoring programs are purposely intended to support them through this period of change. This study has established that beginning teachers in Papua New Guinea (PNG) do experience challenges in the first few months of teaching but these issues lapse over time with the support and assistance of mentors/supervisors. Mentoring has great potential for group effort and transformational teacher learning within schools as professional learning communities. In order for mentors to perform their tasks well and draw benefits from mentoring, appropriate support and training for mentors is recommended. As well as support and training, other incentives for mentors such as salary increments and reduced teaching loads would be a welcome step to enhancing induction and mentoring programs in PNG primary schools.

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L'appareil de formation connaît aujourd'hui une nouvelle phase dans laquelle la<br />stabilisation et l'amélioration de son fonctionnement sont les principaux enjeux. Face aux<br />risques de dérives d'une régulation accentuée par un pouvoir administratif, le renforcement du<br />rôle des organismes de normalisation semble une meilleure opportunité de structuration de<br />l'offre.<br />Cette thèse s'interroge sur la normalisation et la certification comme supports de<br />coordination dans la branche formation continue. Elle adopte l'hypothèse de la diversité des<br />institutions de normalisation comme facteur de structuration de l'offre. Sur le plan théorique,<br />on montre que c'est la dimension compétence des organismes de formation qui doit faire<br />l'objet de normalisation. Cette donnée replace le choix des normes et labels dans une<br />perspective de renforcement de la cohérence de la firme. La diversité des institutions de<br />normalisation apparaît comme le support des modalités de coordination distinctes.<br />Ce travail apporte également une vision empirique des pratiques de normalisation et de<br />certification dans la branche formation continue. A partir des données d'une enquête du<br />CEREQ de 1997 portant sur l'utilisation des normes et labels par les organismes de formation,<br />on montre que la diversité des institutions de normalisation trouve sens dans la diversité des<br />positionnements d'organismes de formation mais aussi au travers de la structure dualiste de<br />l'offre de formation continue régie par un financement public et privé.

Cette thèse analyse les parcours individuels de Validation des Acquis de l'Expérience (VAE), dirigés vers une certification de niveau V. Visant à lutter contre les inégalités d'accès à la certification, nous supposons que la création d'un tel droit individuel, confortant la responsabilité de l'individu quant à la valorisation de son expérience, ne fait pas de ce droit une réalité pour tous. L'objectif est d'observer les phénomènes de différenciation du déploiement de la VAE. Nous avons enrichi les hypothèses ressourcistes et utilitaristes empruntées aux théories du marché du travail (Théories du Capital Humain et du Signal), en soulevant la question de la mise en oeuvre réelle de ce droit, et en interrogeant autrement la notion d'expérience. En conséquence, dans la perspective de l'Approche par les Capabilités, nous construisons un modèle d'analyse original qui permet d'examiner dans quelle mesure les parcours individuels en VAE dépendent, non pas seulement d'une évaluation de l'expérience exprimée en nombre d'années, comme on l'entend au sein des Théories du Capital Humain et du Signal, mais également de facteurs personnels, environnementaux et sociaux, objectifs et subjectifs. Ces facteurs de conversion environnementaux, sociaux et individuels déterminent la mise en oeuvre des ressources et des droits, dont dispose le candidat au sein du dispositif. Cet ensemble forme une structure de contraintes et d'opportunités et dessine le parcours des candidats. L'expérience est multidimensionnelle et diffuse à travers l'ensemble de ces éléments ; on parle d'ensemble expérientiel. Les estimations de la probabilité de validation (versus abandon ou aucune validation) à l'issue du parcours VAE, réalisées à partir de l'enquête DARES-DREES, tendent à confirmer notre modèle et met en exergue des inégalités qui étaient jusque là invisibles, sur-estimées ou sous-estimées, dans le cadre d'une analyse en terme de Capital Humain et de Signal.