Aujourd'hui encore, certains systèmes embarqués n'intègrent pas leur propre unité flottante, pour des contraintes de surface, de coût et de consommation d'énergie. Cependant, ce type d'architecture est largement utilisé dans des domaines d'application extrêmement exigeants en calculs flottants (le multimédia, l'audio et la vidéo ou les télécommunications). Pour compenser le fait que l'arithmétique flottante ne soit pas implantée en matériel, elle doit être émulée efficacement à travers une implantation logicielle. Cette thèse traite de la conception et de l'implantation d'un support logiciel efficace pour l'arithmétique virgule flottante IEEE 754 aux processeurs entiers embarqués. Plus spécialement, elle propose de nouveaux algorithmes et outils pour la génération efficace de programmes à la fois rapides et certifiés, permettant notamment d'obtenir des codes C de très faibles latences pour l'évaluation polynomiale en arithmétique virgule fixe. Comparés aux implantations complètement écrites à la main, ces outils permettent de réduire de manière significative le temps de développement d'opérateurs flottants. La première partie de la thèse traite de la conception d'algorithmes optimisés pour certains opérateurs flottants en base 2, et donne des détails sur leur implantation logicielle pour le format virgule flottante binary32 et pour certains processeurs VLIW entiers embarqués comme ceux de la famille ST200 de STMicroelectronics. En particulier, nous proposons ici une approche uniforme pour l'implantation correctement arrondie des racines et de leur inverse, ainsi qu'une extension à la division. Notre approche, qui repose sur l'évaluation d'un seul polynôme bivarié, permet d'exprimer un plus haut degré de parallélisme d'instruction (ILP) que les méthodes précédentes, et s'avère particulièrement efficace en pratique. Ces travaux nous ont permis de fournir une version complètement remaniée de la bibliothèque FLIP, entraînant des gains significatifs par rapport à la version précédente. La deuxième partie de la thèse présente une méthodologie pour générer automatiquement et efficacement des codes C rapides et certifiés pour l'évaluation de polynômes bivariés en arithmétique virgule fixe. En particulier, elle consiste en un ensemble d'heuristiques pour calculer des schémas d'évaluation très parallèles et de faible latence, ainsi qu'un ensemble de techniques pour vérifier si ces schémas restent efficaces sur une architecture cible réelle et suffisamment précis pour garantir l'arrondi correct de l'implantation des opérateurs sous-jacente. Cette approche a été implantée dans l'environnement logiciel CGPE (Code Generation for Polynomial Evaluation). Nous avons ainsi utilisé notre outil pour générer et certifier rapidement des parties significatives des codes de la bibliothèque FLIP.

<p>Traditional product features such as price, quality and supply service have been extended and nowadays includes environmental aspects as well. It raises new and increasing demands on haulier companies. The transport sector is responsible for a large part of the pollutants causing today’s environmental problems. The business is being closely monitored and to operate environmental friendly is seen as one of the most important elements for the industry’s future development. Haulier companies must not only meet the restrictions of the government, but also respond to the customers’ demands on</p><p>environmental performance.</p><p>The aim of the study is to review the environmental demands of PNLs present customers and what they think their demands will look like in three years time. The scope of the survey is two-fold. The study will partly review if the changing environmental aspects can impact on supply service and price; and partly investigate the importance of an environmental certification. To reach the aim of the study qualitative interviews have been carried out with nine of PNLs present customers. The choice of customers has been made to represent</p><p>an overall picture of PNLs customer portfolio.</p><p>The study concluded that supply service and price is more important than environmental aspects today. The customers are prone to compromise on delivery time and price to the advantage of the environment. But it can not cost too much or take too long, and there must be a possible choice of transport.</p><p>There are today no expressed environmental demands on transport, but the conclusion is that it is only a matter of time before they will prevail. The results prove that environmental issues are estimated to be fundamental for hauliers in the future. It is seen as a competitive advantage to be at the leading edge of offering green transportation alternatives.</p><p>It is considered important today that hauliers pursue environmental issues aggressively. A certification according to ISO or other environmental management systems is considered less important. The results show that environmental management systems and an operative environmental framework will increase in importance in the future when choosing between hauliers.</p>

Taking its cue from the increasing amount of digital content deposited into institutional and subject repositories as well as the open question of repositories' role in long-term preservation, this study presents case studies of three German institutional and subject repositories all of which are in a different stage of establishing a (cooperative) framework for the long-term preservation of their digital collections. Drawing on different sets of criteria for trustworthy repositories, it is investigated which strategies the selected repositories pursue to preserve the digital assets in their collections, and how these strategies are implemented with the help of both human repository staff and the repository software used. The following repositories are considered: pedocs (Deutsches Institut für Internationale Pädagogische Forschung), JUWEL (Forschungszentrum Jülich), and Qucosa (SLUB Dresden). In that the latter can be regarded as examples for common types of (German) repositories, the results of this study might on the one hand serve as a guideline for repositories that intend, similar to the ones described here, to explore questions of long-term preservation in the near future, or are even taking their first concrete steps in this field. On the other hand, it is hoped that this work can at least give some hints as to the stage and status of long-term preservation in the German repository landscape.

A growing number of Swedish forest owners are choosing to certify their forestry. However, there appears to be a lack of field surveys which describe differences between certified and non-certified forests concerning the degree of completed environmental considerations. In order to know to what extent certified forests contribute towards improved environmental consideration, we need studies on how large the difference is in relation to non-certified forests. Differences between certified and non-certified forest clearings were quantified through an inventory of the number of retention trees, dead trees and snags. The result showed that the retained number of the investigated parameters varied greatly between individual clearings, regardless of certification status. However, the results suggested that the certified clearings had an average higher incidence ofthe investigated parameters. In comparison to statistics of southern Sweden's average, the results also suggested that the certified clearings (from the county “Blekinge”) most of the time had a higher incidence of the investigated parameters, while the non-certified clearings most of the time had a lower incidence of the investigated parameters. The environmental considerations on neither the certified nor the non-certified clearings were found to be near the highest amount that could be required by the Swedish forestry act. This observation is interesting, especially since the certified clearings would be expected to maintain a consistently high level in relation to the law requirement.

The purpose of this research study was to explore how college alternative teacher certification (ATC) participants experience mentoring support. The goal was to obtain a rich and deep understanding of the nature of the mentoring experience in a college ATC program through the perspectives of mentees and their mentors. The ATC program was the Educator Preparation Institute (EPI). Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Eight individuals participated in the study, four were mentors and four were EPI students. A triangulated set of research methods for data collection and analysis was used, including member checks, validation forms, and peer reviews. All the interviews were transcribed; data was subsequently analyzed for patterns. The findings indicated that students believed, while the course work was clear and well structured, the fieldwork aspect of the program was not. The topic of fieldwork disconnect between the college and the host schools was repeatedly observed as a challenge by the EPI students and identified as lack of support. All eight of the EPI study participants discussed lack of time and span of control issues in their interviews. Some implications that surfaced from this study included the desire for more one-on-one time, eliminating confusion in arranging field experiences, and assistance in learning to direct their own experiences. Other implications that emerged from this study included offering diversified instruction to college EPI students, such as different courses depending on the intended grade level, and building a working relationship with the host schools that would expedite the training of the EPI students. Finally, more in-depth knowledge, and hands-on practice in the field was a perceived need by all the EPI students which calls for alterations in the EPI program design and number of faculty to operate each EPI program.

This study departed from a research basis being somewhat lacking in the context of green building certification and especially the two-folded problem, regarding the characteristics of the network of business relationships and how an energy supply company should exploit opportunities in this network context and its relationships. As such, the purpose of this study is to investigate and analyse the network context and its business relationship characteristics, as well as to present recommendations of how an energy supply company can engage green building certification and cope with the business relationships in order to exploit business opportunities. Based on previous research regarding the real estate industry, energy service industry and the construction industry, a well-founded literature base could be extended further by applying theoretical concepts related to business relationship elements and strategy-making. The nature of green building certification and to fulfil the purpose of the study, called for a qualitative research strategy performed through a multiple-case study design. This led to the investigation of four certification projects, subject to certifications in the systems of EU GreenBuilding and Miljöbyggnad, where the most important actors, relationships and project contents constitute the empirical data. The findings of this thesis suggest that the relationships are characterized as having a short-term focus and an avoidance to become interdependent. In this manner elements such as commitment and adaptation are shown as rather shallow, where actions of commitment are not typically short-term sacrifices for a long-term mutual benefit and adaptations mostly occur with respect to specific projects. The adaptive behaviour is also more or less explained as a standardized procedure, avoiding relationship specific investments. Trust is an important element mostly in order to reflect the competence of the counterpart, where previous successful projects indicate the skill and knowledge. Despite the characteristics of the relationships, the benefits of long-term, high involvement, cooperative relationships were highlighted as good aspects to consider in this context. These characteristics, along with outspoken market demands, acted as the basis for the development of recommendations for an energy supply company in terms of a step-wise action framework. In this sense, the first acknowledgement of the framework is that the current position related to green building certification projects of an energy supply company is rather unestablished, with only one exception found. This implies a strategic approach in terms of understanding how to develop and maintain their business relationships, with respect to the previously mentioned characteristics. Through a successful utilization of the action framework (with respect to certain barriers to overcome), this thesis emphasizes a wide range of opportunities such as to have a proactive approach, maintain interactions between projects, to develop the knowledge, to offer a holistic approach and to utilize long-term cooperative relational benefits. The analysis and framework is highly suitable when applied by an energy supply company, but the authors also argue for the findings to be of relevance also for other practitioners in the context of green building certification. In addition, the authors believe that the orientation of this thesis might be a trigger for future similar research approaches, applied in different contexts.

Geological sequestration of CO₂ in deep saline reservoirs is one of the ways to reduce its continuous emission into the atmosphere to mitigate the greenhouse effect. The effectiveness of any CO₂ sequestration operation depends on pore volume and the sequestration efficiency of the reservoir. Sequestration efficiency is defined here as the maximum storage with minimum risk of leakage to the overlying formations or to the surface. This can be characterized using three risk parameters i) the time the plume takes to reach the top seal; ii) maximum lateral extent of the plume and iii) the percentage of mobile CO₂ present at any time. The selection among prospective saline reservoirs can be expedited by developing some semi-analytical correlations for these risk parameters which can be used in place of reservoir simulation study for each and every saline reservoir. Such correlations can reduce the cost and time for commissioning a geological site for CO₂ sequestration. To develop such correlations, a database has been created from a large number of compositional reservoir simulations for different elementary reservoir parameters including porosity, permeability, permeability anisotropy, reservoir depth, thickness, dip, perforation interval and constant pressure far boundary condition. This database is used to formulate different correlations that relate the sequestration efficiency to reservoir properties and operating conditions. The various elementary reservoir parameters are grouped together to generate different variants of gravity number used in the correlations. We update a previously reported correlation for time to hit the top seal and develop new correlations for other two parameters using the newly created database. A correlation for percentage of trapped CO₂ is also developed using a previously created similar database. We find that normalizing all risk parameters with their respective characteristic values yields reasonable correlations with different variants of gravity number. All correlations confirm the physics behind plume movement in a reservoir. The correlations reproduce almost all simulation results within a factor of two, and this is adequate for rapid ranking or screening of prospective storage reservoirs. CO₂ injection in saline reservoirs on the scale of tens of millions of tonnes may result in fracturing, fault activation and leakage of brine along conductive pathways. Critical contour of overpressure (CoP) is a convenient proxy to determine the risk associated with pressure buildup at different location and time in the reservoir. The location of this contour varies depending on the target aquifer properties (porosity, permeability etc.) and the geology (presence and conductivity of faults). The CoP location also depends on relative permeability, and we extend the three-region injection model to derive analytical expressions for a specific CoP as a function of time. We consider two boundary conditions at the aquifer drainage radius, constant pressure or an infinite aquifer. The model provides a quick tool for estimating pressure profiles. Such tools are valuable for screening and ranking sequestration targets. Relative permeability curves measured on samples from seven potential storage formations are used to illustrate the effect on the CoPs. In the case of a constant pressure boundary and constant rate injection scenario, the CoP for small overpressures is time-invariant and independent of relative permeability. Depending on the relative values of overall mobilities of two-phase region and of brine region, the risk due to a critical CoP which lies in the two-phase region can either increase or decrease with time. In contrast, the risk due to a CoP in the drying region always decreases with time. The assumption of constant pressure boundaries is optimistic in the sense that CoPs extend the least distance from the injection well. We extend the analytical model to infinite-acting aquifers to get a more widely applicable estimate of risk. An analytical expression for pressure profile is developed by adapting water influx models from traditional reservoir engineering to the "three-region" saturation distribution. For infinite-acting boundary condition, the CoP trends depend on same factors as in the constant pressure case, and also depend upon the rate of change of aquifer boundary pressure with time. Commercial reservoir simulators are used to verify the analytical model for the constant pressure boundary condition. The CoP trends from the analytical solution and simulation results show a good match. To achieve safe and secure CO₂ storage in underground reservoirs several state and national government agencies are working to develop regulatory frameworks to estimate various risks associated with CO₂ injection in saline aquifers. Certification Framework (CF), developed by Oldenburg et al (2007) is a similar kind of regulatory approach to certify the safety and effectiveness of geologic carbon sequestration sites. CF is a simple risk assessment approach for evaluating CO₂ and brine leakage risk associated only with subsurface processes and excludes compression, transportation, and injection-well leakage risk. Certification framework is applied to several reservoirs in different geologic settings. These include In Salah CO₂ storage project Krechba, Algeria, Aquistore CO₂ storage project Saskatchewan, Canada and WESTCARB CO₂ storage project, Solano County, California. Compositional reservoir simulations in CMG-GEM are performed for CO₂ injection in each storage reservoir to predict pressure build up risk and CO₂ leakage risk. CO₂ leakage risk is also estimated using the catalog of pre-computed reservoir simulation results. Post combustion CO₂ capture is required to restrict the continuous increase of carbon content in the atmosphere. Coal fired electricity generating stations are the dominant players contributing to the continuous emissions of CO₂ into the atmosphere. U.S. government has planned to install post combustion CO₂ capture facility in many coal fired power plants including W.A. Parish electricity generating station in south Texas. Installing a CO₂ capture facility in a coal fired power plant increases the capital cost of installation and operating cost to regenerate the turbine solvent (steam or natural gas) to maintain the stripper power requirement. If a coal-fired power plant with CO₂ capture is situated over a viable source for geothermal heat, it may be desirable to use this heat source in the stripper. Geothermal brine can be used to replace steam or natural gas which in turn reduces the operating cost of the CO₂ capture facility. High temperature brine can be produced from the underground geothermal brine reservoir and can be injected back to the reservoir after the heat from the hot brine is extracted. This will maintain the reservoir pressure and provide a long-term supply of hot brine to the stripper. Simulations were performed to supply CO₂ capture facility equivalent to 60 MWe electric unit to capture 90% of the incoming CO₂ in WA Parish electricity generating station. A reservoir simulation study in CMG-GEM is performed to evaluate the feasibility to recycle the required geothermal brine for 30 years time. This pilot study is scaled up to 15 times of the original capacity to generate 900 MWe stripping system to capture CO₂ at surface. / text

Traditional product features such as price, quality and supply service have been extended and nowadays includes environmental aspects as well. It raises new and increasing demands on haulier companies. The transport sector is responsible for a large part of the pollutants causing today’s environmental problems. The business is being closely monitored and to operate environmental friendly is seen as one of the most important elements for the industry’s future development. Haulier companies must not only meet the restrictions of the government, but also respond to the customers’ demands on environmental performance. The aim of the study is to review the environmental demands of PNLs present customers and what they think their demands will look like in three years time. The scope of the survey is two-fold. The study will partly review if the changing environmental aspects can impact on supply service and price; and partly investigate the importance of an environmental certification. To reach the aim of the study qualitative interviews have been carried out with nine of PNLs present customers. The choice of customers has been made to represent an overall picture of PNLs customer portfolio. The study concluded that supply service and price is more important than environmental aspects today. The customers are prone to compromise on delivery time and price to the advantage of the environment. But it can not cost too much or take too long, and there must be a possible choice of transport. There are today no expressed environmental demands on transport, but the conclusion is that it is only a matter of time before they will prevail. The results prove that environmental issues are estimated to be fundamental for hauliers in the future. It is seen as a competitive advantage to be at the leading edge of offering green transportation alternatives. It is considered important today that hauliers pursue environmental issues aggressively. A certification according to ISO or other environmental management systems is considered less important. The results show that environmental management systems and an operative environmental framework will increase in importance in the future when choosing between hauliers.

No description available.

Šiuolaikinis socialinis darbas neatsiejamas nuo jį dirbančių asmenų profesionalumo, kurį siekiama nustatyti įvertinant kompetencijas pagal kvalifikacinius reikalavimus ir suteikiant tam tikrą kvalifikacinę kategoriją. Socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijų tema nagrinėta mažai, tačiau aktuali, kadangi siekiančių studijuoti socialinio darbo specialybę skaičius auga, socialinių paslaugų sritis plečiasi – kuriamos naujos įstaigos, teikiamos naujos socialinės paslaugos. Tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėti socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijų ir kvalifikacinių reikalavimų sąsajas atestacijos metu. Darbe nagrinėta kompetencijos samprata, socialinio darbuotojo kompetencijos sudėtinės dalys, jų svarba socialinio darbuotojo darbe. Palyginti socialinių darbuotojų ankstesni ir dabartiniai kvalifikaciniai reikalavimai, atskleidžiamos socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo sąlygos Lietuvoje bei socialinio darbo, kaip profesijos, profesionalėjimo bruožai. Atskleista, kad socialinio darbuotojo kompetencijos sudėtinės dalys yra žinios, vertybės ir įgūdžiai, kurie atestacijos metu įvertinami taikant kvalifikacinius reikalavimus: išsilavinimo lygį, socialinio darbo stažą, kvalifikacijos kėlimo trukmę, praktinės veiklos vertinimą ir savo praktinės veiklos pristatymą. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad pirminės atestacijos metu dauguma socialinių darbuotojų išsilavinimą, socialinio darbo stažą ir mokymąsi kvalifikacijos kėlimo kursuose, seminaruose laikė... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Le travail social actuel dépend beaucoup du niveau professionel des personnes qui l΄accomplissent. Les représentants de cette spécialité sont vérifiés suivant les différentes compétences et d΄ après ça ils reçoivent une cathégorie professionelle. Le domaine de ces compétences est peu analysé et, au contraire, il est très important aujourd΄hui, parce qu΄il y a de plus en plus de personnes qui choisissent le métier du cadre social, les services sociaux s΄élargissent, le nombre d΄institutions grandit. Le but de cette étude est d΄analyser les compétences obligatoires des cadres sociaux et trouver les liens entre les éxigences au cours de la certification professionelle. L étude présente la notion de la compétence, les parties de la compétence, leur importance dans le travail d΄un représentant social. Dans l΄étude on peut trouver les anciennes éxigences aussi que les actuelles, la présentation des conditions du perfectionnement professionel en Lituanie, aussi les moments du perfectionnement. L étude affirme que les parties de la compétence sont les valeurs et les savoirs-faire aussi que le niveau de la formation, stage du travail social, niveau du perfectionnement,les activités et leur présentation. Les résultats de l΄étude montrent qu΄au cours de la première certification la plupart des employés sociaux pour les principes les plus importants prennent la formation, stage professionel, et les cours du perfectionnement. Leur travail pratique... [to full text] / RÉSUMÉ Le travail social actuel dépend beaucoup du niveau professionel des personnes qui l΄accomplissent. Les représentants de cette spécialité sont vérifiés suivant les différentes compétences et d΄ après ça ils reçoivent une cathégorie professionelle. Le domaine de ces compétences est peu analysé et, au contraire, il est très important aujourd΄hui, parce qu΄il y a de plus en plus de personnes qui choisissent le métier du cadre social, les services sociaux s΄élargissent, le nombre d΄institutions grandit. Le but de cette étude est d΄analyser les compétences obligatoires des cadres sociaux et trouver les liens entre les éxigences au cours de la certification professionelle. L étude présente la notion de la compétence, les parties de la compétence, leur importance dans le travail d΄un représentant social. Dans l΄étude on peut trouver les anciennes éxigences aussi que les actuelles, la présentation des conditions du perfectionnement professionel en Lituanie, aussi les moments du perfectionnement. L étude affirme que les parties de la compétence sont les valeurs et les savoirs-faire aussi que le niveau de la formation, stage du travail social, niveau du perfectionnement,les activités et leur présentation. Les résultats de l΄étude montrent qu΄au cours de la première certification la plupart des employés sociaux pour les principes les plus importants prennent la formation, stage professionel, et les cours du perfectionnement. Leur travail... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]