Thesis--Pontificia Universitas S. Thomae de Urbe. / Includes index. Bibliography: p. 13-23.

This thesis explores mass incarceration in the United States as an outcome of the evolution of liberal penal theory over the last two centuries. The first chapter analyzes the work of the 18th century Italian legal theorist Cesare Beccaria. Within the context of the thesis, the exploration of Beccaria’s work serves to describe many of the foundational principles and assumptions that arose out of liberal criminal theory in this period. This chapter demonstrates that in the minds of early liberal criminal theorists, such as Beccaria, the role of a justice system was not to merely punish those who break the law, but also to reform those found to have broken the law into productive members of society. The second chapter jumps ahead almost 100 years to the beginning of the International Penitentiary Commission (IPC). This chapter demonstrates that the IPC was influential in entrenching incarceration as a foundational element in the liberal penal system, which the IPC was attempting to popularize and promulgate. The final chapter follows the evolution of liberal penal theory in the United States following the Second World War. During this period, economists and neoliberal legal theorists, such as Milton Friedman, Gary Becker, and Richard Posner, dramatically altered the liberal consensus on crime and punishment. Whereas earlier liberal writers viewed the role of criminal punishment as a means of reforming prisoners into useful citizens, neoliberal criminal reformers theorized that it would be more efficient to view crime and criminal punishment as an economic problem, to be solved with the same tools that liberal economists used to examine the market economy. Instead of focusing on reforming the criminal, these theorists posited that the most effective way to decrease crime was to modify the criminal incentive structure. Overall, this thesis follows the evolution of liberal penal theory in the United States and will demonstrate that what began as a noble attempt to create a more humane and just penal system, focused on the reformation of the prisoner, became a behemoth of an institution that grew to an extraordinary level in an attempt to crackdown on crime. It will be argued that what was lost in this evolution of liberal criminal theory was the importance of social and economic context in the creation of criminal behaviour. / Graduate / 2019-09-11

En nous situant dans un horizon critique qui associe à la considération de la trajectoire socio-culturelle de tout auteur l’étude de ses prises de position artistiques et des propriétés distinctives de son oeuvre, nous proposons dans cette thèse une relecture de la production littéraire précoce de Cesare Pavese, relative aux années Trente. Le choix de cette production - Ciau Masino, Lavorare stanca et Il carcere - sûrement moins étudiée, à l’exception du livre de poésie, par rapport aux oeuvres postérieures, permet de déplacer l’intérêt critique du côté de la genèse stylistique pavésienne. Légitimé par son travail de traduction de la littérature anglo-américaine, Pavese présente déjà, à ce stade, une « vocation mélodique » (Mutterle) originaire et originale, caractérisée par l’interdépendance systématique entre poésie et prose.Cette recherche se pose comme objectif de montrer que l’oeuvre poétique pavésienne entretient des relations étroites d’interaction et de correspondance avec sa prose narrative, à travers la construction d’un possible invariant rythmique. Le dépassement de l’opposition stérile poésie/prose favorise l’établissement d’une entreprise littéraire qui, envisageant le rythme en tant qu’élément unificateur qui structure à la fois la mise en forme, son contenu et sa valeur éthique, serait pleinement du côté du sujet qui l’écrit et de l’auteur qui l’énonce. / In this thesis, we offer a reinterpretation of the early literary production of Cesare Pavese, in the 1930s. We do so by placing ourselves in a critical horizon that considers the socio-cultural trajectory of the author and by studying his artistic stances, as well as the distinctive qualities of his work.Our choice consists of three works - Ciau Masino, Lavorare stanca and Il carcere - which are among the less studied, excepted for the second one, of his writings (as opposed to his later works), and allows us to move the critical interest toward the genesis of the style of Pavese. Legitimized by his translations of Anglo-American literature, Pavese possesses already, at this stage, an original and pure «melodic vocation» (Mutterle), characterized by the systematic interdependence between poetry and prose.This research aims to show that the poetic work of Pavese is in a close relationship of interaction and correspondence with his narrative prose, through the construction of a possible rhythmic invariant. Reaching beyond the sterile opposition of poetry/prose goes in favour of establishing a piece of work that would stand fully by the side of the subject who writes and the author who expresses himself, by taking in consideration the rhythm as an unifying element, structuring at the same time the textual shaping, the contents and the ethical value of that work.

[pt] O caso Cesare Battisti ficou amplamente conhecido dentro e fora da esfera jurídica, tornando-se um caso de grande interesse público. Dentro do meio jurídico, o caso despertou diversas questões, tais como a concessão de refúgio para criminosos condenados, a possibilidade de cassação da condição de refugiado e possibilidade de negativa do Chefe do Executivo de efetivar a extradição como uma decisão política e uma questão de soberania nacional. Ainda, o presente caso permanece suscitando questões, tendo o Supremo Tribunal Federal sido novamente provocado a se manifestar sobre a prescrição e decadência do ato administrativo que negou a entrega de Cesare Battisti para as autoridades italianas e sobre a possibilidade de sua expulsão e deportação. A presente pesquisa pretende, com base em estudos doutrinários, na análise do caso de Cesare Battisti e dos julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre extradição, analisar a possibilidade de revogação do ato administrativo do Chefe do Executivo que decidiu pela não entrega de Cesare Battisti ao Estado Italiano. / [en] The Cesare Battisti case became wildly known within and outside the legal scope, becoming a case of great public interest. Within the legal atmosphere, the case raised a number of issues, such as granting refugee status for convicted criminals, the possibility to cancel the refugee status and the possibility of the Chief of the Executive Branch to refuse the enforcement of extradition as a political decision and a matter of national sovereignty. Moreover, the present case is still raising questions, and the Federal Supreme Court has once again been called upon to rule on the statue of limitations regarding of the administrative act which denied Cesare Battisti s surrender to the Italian authorities and on the possibility of his expulsion and deportation. Based on doctrinal studies, the analysis of the Cesare Battisti case and the Supreme Court trials on extradition, the present work intends to study the possibility of repealing the administrative act of the Chief of the Executive Branch, who ruled that Cesare Battisti would not be surrendered to the Italian State.

The fortuitous discovery of early Christian images adorning the catacombs on Via Salaria in 1578 enabled scholars to address urgent, contemporary problems concerning the Catholic tradition of image veneration, which had been attacked by Protestant iconoclasts. Although the catacombs had been important devotional sites for the cult of martyrs and relics throughout the Middle Ages, the 1578 catacomb discovery was the first time that Romans connected the catacombs with the early Christian cult of images. Only after 1578 did scholars and antiquarians begin to collect and study early Christian frescoes and antiquities found in Rome’s numerous catacomb sites. Their research culminated in the publication of Antonio Bosio’s Roma sotterranea (1635), the first treatise on the Roman catacombs. After the Council of Trent (1545–1563), Catholic scholarship on the catacombs defended the early Christian origins of the cult of martyrs, relics, and images. I argue that the Tridentine Church’s claim of continuity motivated the study of early Christian art in the catacombs in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. By critically evaluating images and archeological sources to support an interpretation of the Church as semper eadem (ever the same), Bosio and his sixteenth-century predecessors contributed to the development of modern historical and archeological methods. This dissertation explores the juxtaposition of imaginative and analytical interpretations of the Roman catacombs in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Early modern descriptions of the catacombs characterize these burial sites as emotive worship spaces for the early Church that evoked Christian suffering, martyrdom, and devotion to the cult of saints. I argue that the gruesome martyrdom imagery commissioned to decorate S. Stefano Rotondo and SS. Nereo e Achilleo in the last two decades of the sixteenth century imaginatively recreated what contemporaries thought early Christian worship would have been like in the catacombs. As the first in-depth study to consider the relationship between the exploration of the catacombs and the first large-scale martyrdom cycles in the late sixteenth century, this dissertation demonstrates how vivid pictorial imagination of the Christian past inspired the early Christian revival movement in post-Tridentine Rome. / text

DAMASCENO, Francisco Roterdan Fernandes. A argumentação sob o prisma da problemática da influência no processo de extradição de Cesare Battisti. 2013. 165f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2013 / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-06T11:53:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_frfdamasceno.pdf: 1963861 bytes, checksum: 10719081de301e52c082cb285c299ef9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-06T12:34:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_frfdamasceno.pdf: 1963861 bytes, checksum: 10719081de301e52c082cb285c299ef9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-06T12:34:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_tese_frfdamasceno.pdf: 1963861 bytes, checksum: 10719081de301e52c082cb285c299ef9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Esse trabalho tem por objetivo geral investigar o discurso jurídico, mais precisamente o discurso produzido pelos atores envolvidos no processo de extradição do italiano Cesare Battisti, ou seja, os juízes do Supremo Tribunal Federal, os advogados das partes, bem como os representantes do Ministério Público Federal e da Advocacia Geral da União. A abordagem dada ao tema baseou-se em pressupostos da Teoria da Argumentação, da Análise Argumentativa e da Teoria Semiolinguística e teve como aparato teórico-metodológico as concepções de Perelman e Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005), Charaudeau (2005, 2007, 2008 e 2010), Plantin (1997, 2003, 2004). Amossy (2005, 2006, 2007), de Meyer (2007), Haddad (2002), Maingueneau (2002), entre outras. A partir das contribuições teóricas, investigamos como se constrói a atividade argumentativa ao identificarmos os tipos de auditórios que compõem a situação de comunicação processo de extradição. Identificamos os tipos de ethé existentes e/ou recuperados nas peças que compõem o referido processo, bem como as estratégias argumentativas utilizadas pelos diversos atores envolvidos. Discutimos também o papel das emoções existentes e/ou recuperadas no decorrer do feito e sua institucionalização. Verificamos que os diversos ethé de Cesare Battisti permeiam todo o processo e servem de argumento para as teses defendidas pelas partes e que, embora haja essa variedade de ethé, no desfecho do processo, predominam o ethé de refugiado, condição que lhe fora atribuída por decisão do chefe do Ministério da Justiça à época, e o de extraditando, por ser o ethos que desencadeou a contenda judicial e se tornou preponderante. Concluímos que prevaleceram as visadas discursivas de influência como estratégias argumentativas, ainda que pudéssemos encontrar ouros tipos de visadas. Quanto ao modo de sentir (pathos), podemos concluir que as emoções suscitadas pelas partes processuais no decorrer do feito contribuíram indubitavelmente para a construção dos modos de dizer e de ser (ethos) no caso Cesare Battisti / Ce travail vise à étudier le discours juridique, à savoir le discours produit par les acteurs impliqués dans le procès d'extradition de l'italien Cesare Battisti, c'est à dire, les juges du Supremo Tribunal Federal (la cour suprême brésilienne), les avocats des parties et les représentants du Ministério Público Federal (le parquet) et de l’Advocacia Geral da União. L’approche donnée au sujet a été basée sur la théorie de l'argumentation, l'analyse argumentative et la théorie semiolinguistique et a eu comme support théorique et méthodologique les conceptions de Perelman et Olbrechts-Tyteca (2005), de Charaudeau (2005, 2007, 2008, 2010), de Plantin (1997, 2003, 2004), d’Amossy (2005, 2006, 2007), de Meyer (2007), de Haddad (2002), de Maingueneau (2002), entre autres. A partir des contributions théoriques, nous avons compris comment est construite l’activité argumentative lors que nous avons identifié les types d’auditoires qui composent la situation de communication procès d'extradition. Nous avons identifié les types d’ethé existants et ou récupérés dans les pièces qui font partie de cette procédure ainsi que les stratégies argumentatives mobilisées par les différents acteurs impliqués. Nous discutons également le rôle des émotions existantes et ou récupérées au cours de l’affaire et leur institutionnalisation. Nous avons remarqué que les divers ethé de Cesare Battisti imprègnent tout le procès et servent d'argument aux thèses soutenues par les parties et que, bien qu'il y ait cette variété d’ ethé, à la fin du procès prédominent les ethé de refugié, status qui lui avait été attribué par une décision du ministre de la Justice à l'époque, et d’extraditant, puisque c’est l’ethé qui a déclenché le litige et qui devient prédominant. Nous avons vu que les visées discursives d’influence ont prévalu comme des stratégies argumentatives, même si nous pouvions trouver d’autres types de visées. Quant à la façon de sentir (pathos), nous avons pu conclure que les émotions mobilisées par les parties au cours de la procédure ont sans aucun doute contribué à la construction des manières de dire et d'être (ethos) dans l’affaire Cesare Battisti

Orientador: Luiz Cesar Marques Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_LarissaSousade_M.pdf: 23224889 bytes, checksum: 87808a1fa3818c985298723245553554 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A pesquisa apresenta como principal objeto de análise a obra De gli habiti antichi, et moderni di diuerse parti del mondo (1590), do italiano Cesare Vecellio (c.1521-1601). Uma segunda edição foi publicada sob o título Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il mondo em 1598. Essa apresenta um projeto diverso da primeira, tendo seu conteúdo iconográfico ampliado, ao contrário dos comentários do autor, omitidos ou simplesmente reduzidos. O surgimento deste gênero de publicação, os chamados "livros de vestuário", ocorreram durante o século XVI, juntamente ao interesse cartográfico e enciclopédico. A época do autor presenciou a rápida expansão da imprensa em Veneza, dos studioli, os cabinets de curiosité e os Wunderkämmern, além de acompanhar a criação de uma rede interligada de publicações que firmavam um repertório de "tipos sociais" repetidos ao longo desses anos e que auxiliava na visão que, sobretudo os venezianos, tinham do restante do mundo. O teor da obra, grosso modo, permeia os costumes - em um sentido bastante amplo - aliados à representação de uma série de trajes. Vecellio não apenas representa a vestimenta europeia, como também inclui exemplares asiáticos, africanos e americanos. Essa antologia do vestuário mundial também é considera por alguns autores como a primeira história moderna do vestuário, já que são concebidas imagens comentadas de povos da Antiguidade até o século do autor, em um amplo espectro geográfico. No presente trabalho intenta-se perceber, portanto, o projeto da obra vecelliana. A partir de três ensaios discutiremos a respeito da ruína de valores antigos e da mutação (a veste aliada ao mito veneziano, a questão da boa governança e prosperidade das cidades, a relação entre antigo e moderno etc.); em seguida, problematizaremos a postura de Veneza ao projetar uma imagem positiva da cidade em meio a um contexto conturbado, bem como o modo vecelliano de dialogar com essa questão mediante a apresentação de "tipos sociais" (doge, virgem veneziana, cortesã...) associados à auto-imagem do Estado; e, por fim, apresentamos um panorama de sua obra, cujo objetivo será compreender a postura e o discurso de nosso autor frente à alteridade, discutindo, assim, algumas noções e a problemática do "Eu" que se define a partir do "Outro". Em correlato, propõe-se a tradução parcial do conteúdo da obra para uma versão portuguesa (inédita e comentada), no intuito de contribuir para as discussões teóricas - ínfimas em nossa realidade brasileira -, sem abandonar, entretanto, o escopo aqui descrito / Abstract: This research presents as main object of analysis the book De gli habiti antichi, et moderni di diuerse parti del mondo (1590), by the Italian author Cesare Vecellio (c.1521-1601). A second edition was published with the title Habiti antichi et moderni di tutto il mondo in 1598. This edition presents a project different from the first one. Its iconographic content is expanded, whereas the author's comments are either reduced or even omitted. The emergence of this type of publication, called costume books, occurred during the Sixteenth Century, along with the cartographic and encyclopedic interest. The period in which the author lived, witnessed the rapid expansion of the printing press in Venice, as well as of the studioli, the cabinets de curiosité and Wunderkammern. Apart from that, those years followed the creation of an interconnected network of publications that established a repertoire of "social types", repeated throughout the years, and helped in the idea that, especially the Venetians, had about the rest of the world. The content of the work covers the habits - in a very broad sense - combined with the representation of a variety of costumes. Vecellio does not only represent European clothing, but he also includes Asian, African and American costumes. This anthology of world clothing is also considered, by some authors, as the first modern history of costume, since it covers commented images from Antiquity until the time of the author, in a broad geographical spectrum. In this text we aim to understand the project of the Vecellian work. Starting with three essays of the current study, we will discuss the ruin of the old values and the mutation (clothing associated with the Venetian myth, the issue of good governance and prosperity of cities, the relationship between ancient and modern etc.); then we will problematize the posture of Venice, which projects a positive image of the city within a turbulent context, as well as the Vecellian way of discussing this subject while presenting the "social types" (doge, Venetian virgin, courtesan...), associated with the State's self-image; finally, we will present an overview of his work, whose purpose will be to understand the author's posture and the discourse towards otherness, discussing some problematic notions of the "I", which is defined from the confrontation with the "Other". Furthermore, together with this, we propose a partial translation of the content of the book into a Portuguese version (unpublished and commented), with the intention of contributing to the theoretical debate - very restricted in our Brazilian reality -, without abandoning, however, the scope described herein / Mestrado / Historia da Arte / Mestra em História

Frente aos preceitos ditados por Vitrúvio em seu De Architectura, arquitetos tratadistas do Quatrocentos e do Quinhentos, absortos em requalificar a arquitetura e a cidade, divisam symmetria e decor como premissas excelsas a corporificar na ars aedificatoria a perfeita ordem e beleza da natureza. A perquirição de suas acepções, não obstante os obstáculos postos à exegese dos tratados, desvela novos juízos sobre os sentidos de ordem então exalçados. Instituídas, desde a fonte antiga, pelas analogias com o homo ad circulum e ad quadratum, os tratados de Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio Martini e Cesare Cesariano consolidam e multiplicam as possibilidades de associações macro e microcósmicas com a ordo divina. Congêneres ao decor, tais symmetriai e razões do homem bene figuratus precisam expedientes inescusáveis de adequação e variedade, inerentes à vera práxis arquitetônica. / Before the precepts stated by Vitruvius in his De Architectura, architects from the 15th and 16th centuries, absorbed in requalifying the architecture and the city, perceive symmetria and decor as excelling premises that embodied the perfect order and beauty of nature in the ars aedificatoria. The search of their significances, despite the obstacles placed by the treatises exegesis, discloses new judgments about the senses of order extoled at that age. Antonio Averlino, detto il Filarete, Francesco di Giorgio Martini and Cesare Cesariano\'s treatises consolidate and multiply the possibilities of macro and microcosmic associations with the divine ordo, already settled in the ancient source through the analogy with the homo ad circulum and ad quadratum. Congeneric to decor, such symmetriai and the reasons of the homo bene figuratus determine required expedients for adequacy and variety inherent in the veracious architectural praxis.

This dissertation articulates the relationship between literary form and unconscious affect in fictions by Cesare Pavese, Samuel Beckett and Alain Robbe-Grillet. Drawing from contemporary psychoanalytic object-relations theory, including the work of W.R. Bion and the Bionian school, it defines three paradigmatic forms of psychic work — reparation, containment and construction — that structure the intersubjective unconscious responses to specific formal challenges. It claims that the psychic work involved in meeting those challenges is both “historical” — in the sense that it reveals elements of each text’s historicity and political valence within their cultural setting — and “productive,” in the sense that it entails a degree of psychic growth for the reader. This dissertation bridges literary history, psychoanalytic theory and reader-response theory. It seeks to intervene in each discipline’s debates: in literary-historical terms, it argues that the psychic work of reading must be understood as constitutive of the texts’ expression of the context of the postwar and as part of their struggle to move beyond the aesthetic of modernism. In psychoanalytic terms, it joins in the lively discussion about the historical specificity of the mechanisms theorized by object-relations theory. Finally, at the level of literary theory, it seeks to affirm the value of Bion’s model of object-relations in theorizing reading as a transformative process characterized by intense unconscious, intersubjective activity. The dissertation is organized in three literary chapters, followed by a theoretical chapter. Taken together, the first three chapters represent the evidence for the need of a concept of psychic work in reading late modernist fiction and for the potential payoffs of formulating such a concept. Chapter 4 consists of four theoretical “notes,” addressing, in broad terms, the resonance of intersubjective notions of psychic work for reading, criticism and literary theory.

Analisi del parere di lettura come genere editoriale e come strumento utile alla storia dell'editoria, della letteratura e alla filologia. / This study explains the implications of the study of the Einaudi judgements about new manuscripts as instrument of the history of publishers, of literature and philology.