En las narraciones actuales de los toba (qom) del Chaco argentino es frecuente encontrar paralelismos entre relatos de inspiración bíblica y los mitos que narran los orígenes de los seres humanos, sus transformaciones corporales y las diferencias entre diversos tipos de seres. Ciertos acontecimientos descritos en la Biblia suelen ser hilados con elementos del pasado mítico qom generando una lectura bíblica del pasado indígena y nuevas lecturas sobre los orígenes humanos, las diferencias entre los seres y el rol del cuerpo en la constitución de la especificidad humana. En este trabajo, nos proponemos analizar algunas de dichas narraciones en las que los mitos y las historias bíblicas son entrelazados dando lugar a actualizaciones de la noción de cuerpo-persona y devenir. / Parallelisms between stories of biblical inspiration and myths that describe the origins of the human beings, their corporal transformations and the differences between diverse types of beings can be found in contemporary narrations of the Toba people (Qom) of the Argentinean Gran Chaco. Events described in the Bible are usually spun with elements of the mythical past of Toba people, therefore generating a biblical reading of the indigenous past and new readings on the human origins, of the differences between beings and of the importance of the body in the constitution of human specificity. This paper examines some of these narrations where myths and Biblical stories are interlaced giving rise to new notions of body and person.

[pt] A Guerra do Chaco foi um conflito catastrófico para Bolívia e Paraguai em vários sentidos, tendo sido especialmente transformadora para a literatura dos dois países, já que durante o período que se lhe seguiu, uma nova geração de artistas, intelectuais e escritores, que tinham no conflito o seu principal referencial, teve sua produção artística marcada pelas transformações geradas, que criaram um período de grande instabilidade política e social tanto na Bolívia quanto no Paraguai. A pesquisa se propõe a compreender os projetos de nação elaborados através da crítica social e da representação de elementos contidos na literatura regional, em especial nas duas obras ficcionais que giram em torno desse evento histórico: Hijo de Hombre e Sangre de Mestizos, respectivamente escritos pelo paraguaio Augusto Roa Bastos e pelo boliviano Augusto Céspedes. O Chaco foi objeto de reflexão nas narrativas analisadas a partir de diversos aspectos, uma tela de projeção da nação, um protagonista na narrativa e talvez o símbolo maior das injustiças e opressão sofridas pela população. A Guerra no Chaco define as últimas fronteiras físicas de ambos os Estados-nacionais, e sobretudo as fronteiras imaginárias desses projetos de nação. Verificaremos alguns elementos fundamentais nas propostas apresentadas pelos autores que buscaram homogeneizar não apenas a nação que projetavam, mas também os seus sujeitos nacionais. / [en] The Chaco War was a catastrophic conflict for Bolivia and Paraguay in several senses, having been especially transformative for the literature of the two countries, since during the period that followed, a new generation of artists, intellectuals and writers, who had in the conflict its main reference, had its artistic production marked by the generated transformations that created a period of great political and social instability in both Bolivia and Paraguay. The research proposes to understand the projects of nation elaborated through the social criticism and the representation of elements contained in the regional literature, especially in the two fictional works that revolve around this historical event: Hijo de Hombre and Sangre de Mestizos, respectively written by paraguayan Augusto Roa Bastos and the bolivian Augusto Céspedes. The Chaco was object of reflection in the narratives analyzed from various aspects, a projection screen of the nation, a protagonist in the narrative and perhaps the greater symbol of the injustices and oppression suffered by the population. The Chaco War defines the last physical borders of both Nation-states, and above all the imaginary frontiers of these nation projects. We will verify some fundamental elements in the proposals presented by the authors who sought to homogenize not only the nation they projected but also their national subjects.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-01T15:17:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Félix de Magalhâes - 2012.pdf: 3887052 bytes, checksum: afebf6bf3e40c0419c12be6f417f8336 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-01T15:17:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Félix de Magalhâes - 2012.pdf: 3887052 bytes, checksum: afebf6bf3e40c0419c12be6f417f8336 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-01T15:17:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Rafael Félix de Magalhâes - 2012.pdf: 3887052 bytes, checksum: afebf6bf3e40c0419c12be6f417f8336 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-27 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / (Phylogeography of Scinax squalirostris). In this work we used 175 individuals of Scinax squalirostris from 26 localities in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Parana, and Distrito Federal, as well as individuals from Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Three mitochondrial (cytb, 12S and CO1) and one nuclear (RAG-1) gene fragments were sequenced. The determination of the phylogenetic structured populations and the relationships among them were made under phylogenetic analyses based on Bayesian statistical methods. The most parsimonious relationship among haplotypes was made under the method of median-joining network. The delineation of the hypothetical operational taxonomic units was made under DNA mini-barcoding procedures, combined with genetic and phylogenetic evidence. In addition, we performed population structure tests of, gene flow and changes in population sizes. Finally, times of divergence among genealogical lineages were estimated by relaxed molecular clock procedures. Considering the phylogenetic species concept, there are two possible scenarios for the taxonomic lineages of the cryptic complex named Scinax squalirostris. In the first scenario, there are two possible species: one with tropical and other with subtropical/temperate distributions, respectively. The second scenario points to the existence of at least nine species: one in the Pampas, one in the Chaco and the remaining seven isolated in 'sky-islands' from the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest domains. The first cladogenetic event of the lineages dates from the Upper Miocene, approximately 7.5 million years ago. This may have occurred by the last contraction of Paranaense Sea. During this period, new suitable areas for S. squalirostris emerged, leading to the clades belonging to tropical and subtropical/temperate zones diversification, and it would be consistent with the first taxonomic scenario. The XI diversification within these two major clades occurred in the transition between the late Tertiary and early Quaternary. The current distribution of S. squalirostris in the tropical zone probably should be linked to climatic and geological changes that occurred in the transition between the Pliocene and Pleistocene. During the Quaternary glaciations, the grasslands have undergone expansion (periods during glaciations) and retraction (during interglacials). When the temperature and moisture increased in the Late Holocene, occurred retraction of the grasslands in favor to the expansion of forests and tree/shrub savannas. Thus, the suitable habitats to S. squalirostris were restricted to the grasslands at altitudes greater than 800m in the tropics. The cycles of grasslands isolation on islands must have influenced the recent diversification of the local clades of S. squalirostris. / (Filogeografia de Scinax squalirostris). No presente trabalho, foram utilizados 175 indivíduos de Scinax squalirostris provenientes de 26 localidades dos estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná e do Distrito Federal no Brasil, além de indivíduos do Paraguai, Uruguai e Argentina. Foram sequenciados três fragmentos gênicos mitocondriais (cytb, 12S e CO1) e um fragmento nuclear (RAG-1). A determinação de populações filogeneticamente estruturadas e as hipóteses de parentesco entre elas foram conduzidas com análises filogenéticas baseadas no método de estatística bayesiana. A relação mais parcimoniosa entre os haplótipos foi obtida com o método de „median-joining network‟. A delimitação de prováveis unidades taxonômicas operacionais foi feita a partir do „DNA mini-barcoding‟, aliado às evidências genéticas e filogenéticas. Além disso, foram realizados testes de estruturação populacional, fluxo gênico e flutuação dos tamanhos populacionais. Por fim, os tempos de divergência entre as linhagens foram estimados a partir do método do relógio molecular relaxado. Considerando-se o conceito filogenético de espécie, existem dois possíveis cenários taxonômicos para as linhagens crípticas de Scinax squalirostris. No primeiro, existem duas possíveis espécies: uma de distribuição tropical e outra de distribuição subtropical/temperada. O segundo cenário aponta para a existência de ao menos nove espécies: uma nos Pampas, outra no Chaco e as demais isoladas em „sky-islands‟ no Cerrado e na Mata Atlântica. O primeiro evento cladogenético das linhagens data do Mioceno Superior, há aproximadamente 7.5 milhões de anos, possivelmente em detrimento da última retração do Mar Paranaense. Neste período, surgiram novas áreas adequadas à S. squalirostris, originando o clado tropical e o subtropical/temperado, compatíveis com o primeiro cenário taxonômico. A diversificação dentro destes dois grandes clados provavelmente IX ocorreu no final do Terciário e no início do Quaternário. A atual distribuição de S. squalirostris na zona tropical deve estar ligada às mudanças climáticas e geológicas ocorridas a partir da transição entre o Plioceno e o Pleistoceno. Durante as glaciações do Quaternário, os campos sofreram expansão (durante os períodos glaciais) e retração (durante os interglaciais). Com o aumento da temperatura e da umidade no Holoceno Tardio, houve retração dos campos em favor da expansão das florestas e savanas arbóreas/arbustivas. Com isso, os hábitats ideais à S. squalirostris ficaram restritos aos campos em altitudes maiores do que 800m nas regiões tropicais. Os ciclos de isolamento dos campos em ilhas devem ter influenciado na diversificação local e recente das linhagens de S. squalirostris.

Contexte: L’importance écologique des fourmis dans les écosystèmes terrestres justifie qu’elles soient considérées comme groupe cible pour des actions de conservation. De plus, de par leur abondance, leur facilité de récolte et leur réponse à des perturbations, elles présentent un potentiel intéressant comme groupe indicateur précoce de l’état de santé des écosystèmes. Par contre, pour le choix d’aires à protéger, leur utilité comme intégrateur des conditions de milieu par rapport à des indicateurs classiques tels que les assemblages de plantes n’est pas clairement établie. En d’autres termes, répondent-elles plus finement que les plantes à différentes conditions de milieu et dans ce cas doit-on s’attendre à trouver au sein de formations végétales comparables plusieurs types d’assemblages de foumis? Si tel est le cas, la méthode utilisant les assemblages de végétaux pour sélectionner les sites à protéger peut ne pas permettre une conservation efficace de la diversité des fourmis. Ce type de problématique s’aborde bien le long de gradients environnementaux. Pour faciliter l’interprétation des résultats en terme de réponse aux facteurs abiotiques il est préférable de limiter le nombre de facteurs qui varient en même temps. Dans ce sens, le Chaco sec paraguayen représente un système très favorable: faible déclivité, faibles variations de températures moyennes mais gamme très étendue de conditions de pluviométrie (350mm à 1000mm de précipitations moyennes annuelles) et des sols variables (texture limoneuse à sableuse). L’aridité est l’un des principaux facteurs pouvant limiter la diversité des fourmis soit directement en exerçant un stress physiologique sur les espèces, soit indirectement en limitant la productivité primaire de l’habitat. Les conditions édaphiques peuvent également avoir une influence en affectant par exemple la survie des colonies qui nidifient dans le sol. <p>Objectifs: Les principaux buts de la thèse sont (1) de déterminer l’influence de l’aridité et des conditions édaphiques sur la distribution et la structure des assemblages de fourmis terricoles du sol en forêts tropicales sèches, (2) mettre en évidence les mécanismes qui facilitent la coexistence des espèces de fourmis à l’échelle locale, (3) déterminer si à l’échelle régionale les fourmis et les plantes répondent de façon similaire aux conditions du milieu. <p>Méthode: Onze localités ont été échantillonnées le long d’un transect régional long de 400km. Au niveau de chaque localité, trois transects élémentaires longs de 200m et séparés les uns des autres par 200m ont été effectués. La myrmécofaune a été échantillonnée à l’aide de 20 pièges à fosse et de 20 Winkler par transect élémentaire. La végétation de chaque site a été caractérisée sur base de l’abondance de 45 espèces d’arbres ou d’arbustes caractéristiques de la flore chaquéenne. Les propriétés physico-chimiques du sol ont également été mesurées. A fine échelle, l’organisation spatio-temporelle d’un assemblage a été étudié dans une localité de référence.<p>Résultats: Au total, plus de 50.000 spécimens correspondant à 206 espèces de fourmis ont été collectés avec en moyenne (± SD) 62 ± 10 espèces par localité. Pour un même effort d’échantillonnage, le nombre d’espèces de fourmis récoltées à l’aide des pièges à fosse augmente avec l’aridité et une tendance inverse est observée pour les Winkler. Puisque les Winkler peuvent entraîner une sévère sous-estimation de la diversité des fourmis d’un habitat, seules les données des pièges à fosse sont utilisées pour la suite des analyses. La diversité locale & / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Landwirtschaftliche Expansion und Intensivierung treiben die Umwandlung natürlicher Ökosysteme weltweit. Bis heute ist unklar, inwieweit politische Maßnahmen negative Folgen für die Umwelt minimieren können. Die Kombination mit Szenarien-Analysen kann ein Rahmen zur Unterstützung von Planungsprozessen schaffen, um potentielle Auswirkungen von politischen Maßnahmen zu erforschen. Das Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, die Triebkräfte der Veränderung von Argentiniens Agrarlandschaften zu verstehen, potentielle zukünftige Landnutzungsveränderungen zu analysieren und den Einfluss ökonomischer und naturschutzbezogener politischer Maßnahmen auf diese zu erfassen. Im ersten Teil der Dissertation wurden die Triebkräfte landwirtschaftlichen Landnutzungswandels mittels eines Nettoertrags-Modells ermittelt. Danach wurde der Einfluss von ökonomischen und naturschutzbezogenen Maßnahmen auf zukünftige Landnutzungsveränderungen sowie auf die Konnektivität von Waldgebieten mit Hilfe von Landnutzungs-Szenarien analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass landwirtschaftliche Intensivierung von ökonomischen Maßnahmen getrieben ist, während landwirtschaftliche Expansion durch naturräumliche Eigenschaften und Zonierungsprogramme jenseits der Profitmaximierung determiniert wird. Politische Maßnahmen mögen einen geringeren Einfluss auf Landnutzungswandel haben als bisher erwartet. Die Entwicklung von Agrarland konzentriert sich auf Gebiete mit hoher Priorität für den Umweltschutz. Zonierungsprogramme wie das Argentinische Waldgesetz stellen wirkungsvolle Maßnahmen dar, um umweltschädigenden Entwicklungen vorzubeugen. Die Erkenntnisse zeigen, dass Naturschutz nicht zwingend im Konflikt mit ökonomischer Entwicklung steht, denn mittels Landschaftsplanung kann die Konnektivität von Waldgebieten auch unter gleichbleibenden Abholzungsraten bewahrt werden. Die Dissertation zeigt den Mehrwert von a-priori Evaluierungen der potentiellen Einflüsse von Maßnahmen auf Landnutzungswandel. / Agricultural expansion and intensification drive the conversion of natural areas worldwide. Yet, it is not clear where and how much production would need to expand and intensify to meet future demands and how policies may help minimizing environmental trade-offs. Particularly the latter requires an understanding of the underlying forces that drive agricultural land-use changes. This offers a framework for planners and decision makers to explore potential impacts from policies, especially in very dynamic regions. Argentina, where agricultural expansion and intensification result in dramatic conversions of natural areas, is a good example of a dynamic human-environment system. The goal of this thesis was to understand the drivers of agricultural land-use change and to explore future trajectories of land-use change, and how economic and conservation policies may impact them. This thesis examines drivers of agricultural land-use changes using a net returns model of agricultural production. Then, it evaluates the effects of economic and conservation policies on future land-use changes and on the connectivity of forests by developing scenarios of future land-use change. Results highlight that agricultural intensification in Argentina is driven by economic interventions, whereas agricultural expansion primarily responds to environmental characteristics and zonation programs. Economic policies may have less power in governing land use changes than previously thought, as results suggest that there are other factors, than profit maximization, influencing land conversions. Future agricultural development would occur in priority areas for conservation in Argentina, but zonation policies, such as the Forest Law, appear to be powerful in limiting potential environmental trade-offs. Conservation planning does not necessarily need to conflict with economic development, since under similar deforestation rates; landscape planning can preserve forest connectivity in the Chaco.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-06-29T23:25:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Galhegos.pdf: 3090921 bytes, checksum: a1655601b99ff65b1ba2fd8d82b58a55 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-29T23:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galhegos.pdf: 3090921 bytes, checksum: a1655601b99ff65b1ba2fd8d82b58a55 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / Após mais de um século e meio de perigosos e esporádicos contatos com os nativos do Chaco, a Coroa espanhola iniciou, na segunda metade do século 17, um projeto de catequização através do incentivo à atuação de missões evangélicas na região, a fim de estabelecer uma aproximação pacífica com os diversos grupos indígenas e permitir uma passagem segura à rota comercial entre o porto de Buenos Aires e as minas andinas do Chile. Ainda que esta nova abordagem colonizadora não tenha resultado na pacificação dos índios chaquenhos, o contato foi intensificado por causa da proliferação de reduções evangélicas naquela região ao longo do setecentos, levando muitos missionários e expedicionários a aventurarem-se no interior do Chaco, com o intuito de contatarem grupos mais afastados do convívio colonial. Esta oportunidade gerou uma série de impressões, críticas, descrições de caráter etnográfico, relatórios oficiais, acordos e negociações documentados ao longo de todo o século 18, que permitem a análise não apenas do discurso que os espanhóis produziram a respeito do contato, mas também da postura, do entendimento e das escolhas que os índios tiveram em relação ao convívio com os agentes e instituições coloniais. A presente tese tem como objetivo, a partir da análise de registros históricos produzidos por observadores civis e religiosos, de uma historiografia sobre o contato entre nativos e europeus no Chaco e de etnografias produzidas a respeito de grupos chaquenhos contemporâneos, demonstrar que os índios tomavam suas decisões e atitudes a partir de uma lógica que não era espontânea ou casuística, nem fruto do improviso frente às novas situações postas pelo avanço colonial. Esta lógica se sustentava num complexo sistema mitológico que guiava as percepções e o pensamento indígena, dotando-lhes de uma cosmologia própria e distinta da dos colonizadores modernos. Para comprovar tal hipótese, analiso três características do cotidiano socioeconômico indígena, cujos fundamentos práticos respaldam-se na relação com elementos mitológicos e, consequentemente, no entendimento cosmológico que os índios possuíam do mundo: a guerra, as trocas reciprocitárias e o sistema econômico de produção e consumo alimentar. / After more than one and a half century of dangerous and sporadic contacts made with natives from Chaco, the Spanish Crown began, in the second half of the seventeenth century, an evangelizing project by the encouragement of evangelical missions in that region, in order to establish a peaceful approach with the various indigenous groups and to ensure a safe transit to the trade route between Buenos Aires harbor and Chilean Andean mines. Although this new colonizing approach has not resulted in a native pacification, the contact between them was intensified by the proliferation of Reductions in the region over the referred century, leading many missionaries and explorers to venture into the interior of Chaco, with the purpose of having a broader contact with the uncontacted groups. This opportunity has generated a series of impressions, criticism, ethnographic descriptions, official reports, agreements and negotiations, which had been documented throughout the eighteenth century, enabling an analysis not only of the Spanish speech concerning the contact, but also the posture, the understanding and the choices indians made regarding the contact with agents and colonial institutions. This thesis details, as a result of studies carried out in a variety of historical records produced by civil and religious observers, from a historiography on the contact between natives and Europeans in Chaco and from ethnographies produced about Chaco’s contemporary groups, that indians made their own decisions and took actions on the basis of a logic that was not spontaneous or case-by-case, neither the result of improvisation with the new situations posed by colonial advance. This logic is held in a complex mythological system which guided the indigenous way of thinking and perceptions, providing their own cosmology, unlike that of modern colonizers. To demonstrate this hypothesis, I analyze three indigenous socioeconomic features on a daily basis, whose practical backgrounds rely on the relationship with mythological elements and thus on the cosmological understanding that indians possessed about the world: the war, the trade and the economic system of production and food consumption.

Archaeological research at the Cerro Ventarrón and Collud-Zarpán complex, which began in 2007, has revealed the origins and emergence of early civilization in the Lambayeque Valley. The Huaca Ventarrón Temple was the core of a primeval ceremonial center whose first phase is dated around 2035-2300 BC. This center complex includes the archaeological site of Arenal, located on a hillslope to the southwest. The site has 1 square kilometer of Archaic Period monumental architecture. During the Formative Period, probably beginning in the Initial Period, the Collud-Zarpán site, situated at the northeast end of the Huaca Ventarrón Complex, was the valley’s theocratic capital. It covered more than 2 square kilometers of ceremonial architecture spread between two mounds aligned east to west. / Las investigaciones arqueológicas en el área del cerro Ventarrón y el complejo Collud-Zarpán, iniciadas en 2007, han permitido conocer las características del origen y florecimiento de la civilización en el valle de Lambayeque. El Templo o Huaca Ventarrón, ubicado al pie de la elevación del mismo nombre, fue el núcleo de un primigenio centro ceremonial cuya fase inicial ha sido fechada alrededor de 2035 a 2300 A.C. En esta zona también se ubica el sitio de Arenal, situado en la falda suroeste de cerro Ventarrón. Este conjunto presenta alrededor de 1 kilómetro cuadrado de arquitectura monumental del Periodo Arcaico. Por su parte, durante el Periodo Formativo —y, tal vez, desde el Periodo Inicial—, el complejo Collud-Zarpán, localizado al noroeste de Huaca Ventarrón, constituyó la capital teocrática del valle y abarcó más de 2 kilómetros cuadrados de arquitectura ceremonial repartida entre dos montículos alineados en sentido Este-Oeste.

En este artículo abordamos la educación para la infancia indígena en la reducción napalpí (Chaco, Argentina) entre 1911 y 1936, donde se implementó el primer plan del estado nacional para el encierro y disciplinamiento de los indígenas sometidos, miembros de los pueblos qom, moqoit y shinpi’, en un escenario altamente conflictivo de campañas militares del estado nacional por el control territorial y político de los dominios indígenas, la expansión del capitalismo y la proletarización de esas poblaciones.Analizamos el proyecto de escolarización de la infancia indígena de la reducción, presentamos algunas notas sobre su devenir en las tres primeras décadas del siglo XX y las concepciones sobre esa infancia y los modos de educar atribuidos a los indígenas.el trabajo se inscribe en la historia social de la educación, antropología e historia regional y profundiza indagaciones previas de nuestra autoría. el corpus de fuentes se compone de normativas, informes de funcionarios estatales y memorias de organismos nacionales. / On this article we approach the education for indigenous childhood at the Indigenous Reservation napalpí (Chaco, Argentina) between 1911 and 1936, where the first plan of the national state for the confinement and discipline of the subjected natives, members of the Qom, moqoit, shinpi’ peoples, was implemented in a highly conflicting scenario of military campaigns of the national state for controlling the territorial and political indigenous domains of the territory, the expansion of capitalism and the progressive proletarian condition of those populations in the regional farms. We analyze the schooling project for the indigenous childhood in the Reservation, we present some notes on its development during the first three decades of the twentieth century and the conceptions on childhood and the educating forms attributed to the indigenous populations.this work is registered on the social history of education, it deepens previous inquiries of our authorship and it integrates anthropological and regional history researches. Our corpus of data is based in state’s legislations, civil servants reports and national organizations memoirs.

Landnutzungswandel ist eine der Hauptursachen von Biodiversitätsverlust. In den Tropen und Subtropen führt eine Ausweitung von Agrarflächen zu vermehrter Abholzung der Wälder. Selbst wenn zukünftige Waldrodungen vermieden werden können, ist ein weiterer Artenrückgang sehr wahrscheinlich, da viele Arten zeitverzögert auf Veränderungen reagieren. Die Hauptziele dieser Arbeit waren die Auswirkungen vergangener und aktueller Landnutzung auf Biodiversität im argentinischen Chaco besser zu verstehen und Ansätze zu entwickeln, um negative Effekte schon vor einem lokalen Aussterben zu erkennen. Der argentinische Chaco ist aufgrund seiner Landnutzungsgeschichte, den hohen Abholzungsraten und der hohen Biodiversität bestens für eine solche Untersuchung geeignet. Meine Arbeit zeigt, dass der Artenreichtum an Vögeln und Säugetieren stark durch vergangene Landschaftsmuster beeinflusst wurde, was auf zeitverzögerte Reaktionen auf Landnutzungswandel hindeutet, sowie darauf, dass ein Teil der momentan vorkommenden Arten durch vergangene Landnutzungsänderungen noch aussterben wird. Die zeitverzögerten Reaktionen sind hauptsächlich eine Folge von Lebensraumfragmentierung, mehr noch als von Lebensraumverlust. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Vorkommen von Ameisenbären seit 1985 stark rückläufig ist, insbesondere seit 2000, als die Ausweitung von Agrarflächen besonders stark zunahm. Abschließend konnte ich zeigen, dass Pekaris meist in abgelegenen Regionen mit hohem Waldanteil vorkommen, sowie dass physiologischer Stress bei Pekaris negativ mit Nahrungsverfügbarkeit korreliert, jedoch nicht mit Abholzung. Meine Arbeit legt nahe, dass Abholzung generell zum Artensterben im argentinischen Chaco beiträgt. Während manche Arten sehr schnell verschwinden, sterben andere nicht direkt aus, was ein Zeitfenster für Naturschutzmaßnahmen eröffnet. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse können dabei helfen solche Zeitfenster in von Abholzung bedrohten Gebieten zu identifizieren. / Land-use change is a primary driver of biodiversity loss. During recent decades, the tropics and subtropics have witnessed accelerating deforestation rates, resulting in widespread extinctions. Even if further deforestation was to be avoided, species would likely continue to disappear due to delays in their responses to land-use change. The goals of this thesis were to provide a better understanding of the effects of past and contemporary land use on biodiversity in the Argentine Dry Chaco, and to develop approaches that capture the impacts of land-use change on biodiversity before local extinctions occur. The Argentine Dry Chaco provides an excellent scenario for this purpose due to its dynamic land-use history, the high deforestation rates, and its high biodiversity levels. At the community level, I found that species richness of birds and mammals was influenced by past landscape patterns, suggesting time-delayed responses to land-use change and the evidence of an extinction debt. These time-delayed responses were due to habitat fragmentation rather than habitat loss. At the population level, I found that giant anteater occupancy decreased particularly after 2000 when agriculture expanded rapidly. My results further suggested that land-use change had substantial indirect effects on species’ populations. Finally, I assessed the effects of deforestation on collared peccaries at the population and individual level. Peccary occupancy was highest in areas with high woodland cover. Where peccaries were present, physiological stress was negatively correlated with food availability. Overall, this thesis shows that deforestation is driving species to extinction in the Argentine Dry Chaco. While some species may disappear quickly following deforestation, extinctions of others may not be immediate, providing an opportunity to prevent those extinctions. The approaches presented in this thesis help to identify those opportunities in dynamic landscapes such as deforestation frontiers.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biology / Samantha Wisely / Habitat fragmentation and destruction are the most ubiquitous and serious environmental threats confronting the long-term survival of plant and animal species worldwide. However, some native or exotic species can take advantages of these alterations and expand their range, placing endemic species at risk of extinction by changing the composition of biotic communities and altering ecosystem. Capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) are a widely distributed rodent throughout most of South and Central America, but restricted to areas of standing water. As the Gran Chaco ecosystem of Paraguay has been converted from dry tropical forest to pastureland, I hypothesized that this habitat alteration created potential for invasion by capybara into newly fragmented areas. I used ecological niche modeling to generate hypotheses about how the distribution of capybara has been affected by land use change, and tested those hypotheses with phylogeographic analyses. To understand the mechanisms that have allowed the invasion, I investigated home range, habitat use and thermoregulation of capybara via radiotelemetry in a deforested area in which capybara had recently invaded. Genetic analyses confirm a rapid range expansion scenario with evidence of secondary contact between two distinct phylogroups which had previously been disjunct. Modeling results indicated that conversion of forest to pastureland allowed the expansion to occur. Capybara selected water significantly more than it was available to them, and avoided shrub forest. I found a significant positive correlation between body temperature and distance from water, and a significant negative correlation between distance from water and Chaco ambient temperature. Capybara proximity to water appeared to be tightly linked to body thermoregulation. These results suggest that although capybara have expanded into the Chaco forest as it is converted to pastureland, the presence of permanent water sources in those pastures are the mechanism that allow capybara to persist in this habitat. This is the first study to characterize capybara in a xeric habitat without a year round water source, and scarce natural grasslands. My results show how anthropogenic habitat modification has allowed capybara to thrive. Understanding how capybara invade and utilize the deforested Central Dry Chaco will provide valuable information for the future management of the species and the Chaco ecosystem.