Originally presented as the author's thesis, Paris. / Bibliography: v. 2, leaves 286-294.

Originally presented as the author's thesis, Paris. / Bibliography: v. 2, leaves 286-294.

Bibliography / Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: International agencies are facing heightened levels of security risk in conflict zones. The nature of contemporary conflicts and the post-9/11 global political-security environment have contributed to a situation whereby the threat of attack as well as recurring criminal violence are a constant reality for their employees, hindering their work and obstructing their access to people in need. Moreover, the ability of international agencies to conduct strategic risk assessment has been called into question. The central research question of this study concerns whether an industry-specific political-security risk model can be applied successfully in order to assist international agencies with strategic political-security risk analysis in conflict zones. In order to develop a political-security risk model for international agencies a number of supplementary research questions are asked. The first of these is what limitations the security risk models currently used by international agencies exhibit. The second question asks what factors and indicators should be included in an industry-specific political-security risk model for international agencies in conflict zones. So as to test the applicability of the model developed in this research study, the last question asks what the level of risk is for international agencies operating in the conflict zone in eastern Chad. Using political risk theory, and drawing upon political risk models specific to the energy industry, this research study proposes an industry-specific political-security risk model for international agencies in conflict zones, in which the limitations of the current models used by international agencies to analyse security risks are overcome. The application of this model to eastern Chad returns an overall risk rating of extreme, which is the highest overall risk rating obtainable. By regularly utilising this model, international agencies are able to monitor the changing levels of security risk in a conflict zone and are therefore better placed to make informed strategic decisions when it comes to risk management and risk mitigation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Internasionale agentskappe trotseer tans verhoogde vlakke van sekuriteitsrisiko in konfliksones. Die aard van hedendaagse konflikte en die post-9/11 globale politieke sekuriteitsomgewing het bygedra tot ’n situasie waar die bedreiging van aanvalle sowel as die herhalende aard van kriminele geweld vir hul werkers ’n voortdurende realiteit is. As gevolg hiervan word werkers verhinder om hul verpligtinge uit te voer en na mense in nood uit te reik. Boonop word internasionale agentskappe se vermoë om strategiese risiko-asessering uit te voer nou bevraagteken. Die hoofnavorsingsvraag van hierdie studie is: kan ’n industrie-spesifieke politieke sekuriteitsrisikomodel suksesvol toegepas word om internasionale agentskappe by te staan met strategiese politieke sekuriteitsrisiko-analise in konfliksones, al dan nie. Ten einde ’n politieke sekuriteitsrisikomodel vir internasionale agentskappe te ontwikkel, word daar ook ’n aantal aanvullende navorsingsvrae gevra. Die eerste hiervan stel ondersoek in na die beperkings van die sekuriteitsrisikomodelle wat teenswoordig deur internasionale agentskappe gebruik word. Die tweede vraag vra watter faktore en indikators by ’n industriespesifieke politieke sekuriteitsrisikomodel vir internasionale agentskappe in konfliksones ingesluit behoort te word. Ten einde die toepaslikheid te toets van die model wat in hierdie studie ontwikkel is, stel die laaste vraag ondersoek in na die risikovlak vir internasionale agentskappe wat in die konfliksone van oostelike Tsjad werksaam is. Met behulp van politieke risikoteorie en met gebruik van politieke risikomodelle wat spesifiek betrekking het tot die energie-industrie, propageer hierdie navorsingstudie ’n industrie-spesifieke politieke sekuriteitsrisikomodel vir internasionale agentskappe in konfliksones wat die beperkings van die modelle wat huidig deur internasionale agentskappe gebruik word, sal oorwin. Hierdie model se toepassing op oostelike Tsjad toon in die geheel ’n risikowaarde van ekstreem, die hoogste algehele risikowaarde moontlik. Deur hierdie model gereeld te gebruik sal dit internasionale agentskappe in staat stel om die veranderende vlakke van sekuriteitsrisiko in ’n konfliksone te monitor; dus sal hulle meer ingeligte strategiese besluite kan neem wat betref risikobestuur en – verligting.

Pays fragile par excellence, le Tchad, dont le niveau de développement est parmi le plus bas au monde, pourrait se résumer par la formule d’Helman et Ratner utilisée dans leur article Failed States paru en 1994, comme un État « simplement incapables de fonctionner en tant qu’entités indépendantes ».Alors pourquoi a-t-il demandé le retrait de la MINURCAT, la mission de sécurisation européenne et onusienne déployée sur son sol en 2008. Nous postulons que la conséquence négative de la relation entre ces deux acteurs, matérialisée par l’exclusion de la MINURCAT, est à chercher dans une étude de la nature des espaces de rencontre et leurs effets, directs ou indirects, sur le Tchad. En effet, cette thèse met l’accent sur le caractère systémique du lien social entre le Tchad et les Nations unies et entend ainsi catégoriser les espaces de mise en relation comme un système à trois variables : la socialisation, l’éloignement et la rupture. L’analyse de la rencontre en termes de « spatialité » permet l’étude du lien entre « les temps et les lieux symboliques de l’interaction », qui donne la possibilité d’établir les motivations d’agir et les modes de formulation. Ces derniers consacrent l’établissement d’un nouveau langage : celui de la revendication d’une souveraineté qui ne soit pas de façade et de sa reconnaissance par la communauté internationale. Il conviendra d’étudier, d’une part, la formation progressive de cet espace de jugement et, d’autre part, la volonté manifeste de contrer le déni de reconnaissance qui permet au Tchad d’achever son rapport à sa souveraineté. / Fragile state, Chad, which level of development is among the world’s lowest, could be defined in Helman and Ratner’s words as " simply unable to work as independent entity ", as described in their article Failed States published in 1994. Than why did he asked for the withdrawal of the MINURCAT, the European and UN military mission, deployed in 2008? We acknowledge that the negative impact of the relation between these two actors, shown in the exclusion of the MINURCAT, can be explained studying the nature of the “encountering spheres” and their effects, both direct and indirect on Chad. Indeed, this thesis emphasizes on the systemic character of the social link between Chad and the United Nations and therefore intends to categorize the spaces of getting in touch as a three variable system: the socialization, the estrangement and the break. The analysis of the meeting in terms of "spatiality" allows the study of the link between "time and symbolic spheres of the interaction ", which gives enables to establish the incentives to act and the ways of formulation. The latters establish the terms of a new speech based on the claim for a sovereignty which would not be a sovereignty of facade and its recognition by the international community. We will study, on the one hand, the gradual formation of such a space of assessment and, on the other hand, the will to counter the denial of recognition which allows Chad to complete its relationship to its own sovereignty.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Transboundary river basins (TRBs), and its array of biodiversity, have created a web of complex security, socio-economic and political interdependencies among populations, communities and multiplicity of actors across the world. However, the continuous degradation of these vital resources, resulting from natural and anthropogenic factors, has serious implications for global development, peace and security. Indeed, it further threatens regional resource base, induce livelihoods impairment, scarcities and conflicts over the utilisation and control of strategic resources, particularly in the Global South. The study explored the causeeffect analysis of the desiccation of Lake Chad basin and the dreadful Boko Haram crisis within the prisms of human security and regional development. It reflects on the interconnections among environmental change, human development, livelihoods, conflicts and the outcomes of interventions - military and humanitarian in reconstructing human security and regional development narratives in the Lake Chad Basin. The research was contextualised within two theoretical frameworks: eco-violence, and the capability approach. This was conceived to provide an improved understanding of both the micro (individual or group interactions) and macro (large scale - national and multinational actors) development processes, the enablers and constraints of human security in the region. Their implications for regional development, security, sustainability and stabilisation process are also elucidated. Mixed-method research and a case study design was adopted to specifically study the Lake Chad impact area, covering 542,829 km2, across the four riparian countries - Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. Although, the conventional or active basin of the lake - an estimated 984,455 km2 area was generally referenced. Purposive sampling was used to select participants for semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions (FGD) and document review. A total of 34 key informants, six (6) FGDs and 33 institutional documents (18 intervention and policy documents and 15 official bulletins) were utilised. These enable the substantiation of primary data with secondary data – qualitative and quantitative (derived from documents review). A thematic analysis of the causality of resource scarcities, livelihoods, and conflict relationships in the region was undertaken. This includes an assessment of the regional development process and the efficacies of security and humanitarian interventions in the Lake Chad Basin.The study revealed that the desiccation of Lake Chad and the destructive Boko Haram crisis (since 2009) impede development in the region. The lake’s shrinkage (estimated above 90percent from 1963 till date), caused by environmental change and unsustainable human practices or exploitation of the basin’s resources, have transboundary effects. These and the humanitarian catastrophes caused by Boko Haram menace have heightened human insecurity, and threaten communities’ fragility and transborder cooperation in the region. While regional development processes and intervention have marginal impacts on the population and their resilience capacities. Indeed, the complexity of the challenges overlaps with inconsistencies in the region’s development processes and the interventions regime – security and humanitarian management. Thus, addressing the consequences, while neglecting the root causes of human security threats in the Lake Chad Basin, further heightens the population’s deprivations amidst challenges of resource curse, geopolitics and its alteration of regional political economy. The above underscores the dialectics between human security and regional development. From these submissions, improved water resources and environmental management; inclusive development - to address the root causes of insecurity; monitoring and harnessing of national and regional development priorities; and integrated regional security-development strategy, against the military-led humanitarian approach, are recommended as critical solutions. These enhance a rethinking of human security and regional development matrix in the Lake Chad and other TRBs in the Global South. Therefore, the study highlighted the imperative of mediating exhaustive discourse on TRBs as Special Economic Zones (SEZ); constructive interactions between development processes and actors (stakeholders); the use of groundwater as a palliative; and the intrinsic mobility, multiactivity and multi-functionality of livelihoods in the Lake Chad Basin. These can be pondered in (future research and policy) discourses to enhance regional resilience, human security and sustainable development in the Lake Chad Basin.

Thesis advisor: Brian Dunkle / Thesis advisor: Margaret Guider / This thesis argues that in the History of the Church the question of the Trinity has been influenced by cultures, languages and ways of life. Despite these differences, there is a common understanding of the relationship among the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. The thesis argues that the Trinitarian relationality as it was understood by the fathers of the Church and by subsequent theology is fundamental in appreciating human beings' relationships with each other. This thesis uses the historical investigation method to understand Trinitarian relationality and its impact on African Christianity today. The first chapter will elaborate the Trinitarian relationality approach in the cultures and the languages of the early centuries, the Cappadocians in the East, Augustine in the West, and in the sixteenth century, Ignatius of Loyola. The thesis seeks to demonstrate that each approach was meant to respond to heretics denying the factuality of the three distinct Persons in one God and emphasizing the Trinitarian relationality. The second chapter will focus on an African theological vision for togetherness. The key concepts will be the Ubuntu and Ujamaa. Ubuntu is a concept used in the context of South Africa to resolve the wounds of apartheid in its three periods of pre-, during, and post-apartheid. Ubuntu is the term used for togetherness. In Tanzania, during the post-colonial period, a relative concept is used in terms of "familyhood" to explain togetherness and its implications, the concept of Ujamaa. The third chapter will introduce the concept of Deou. Deou is a word for human being or person in one of the Chadian languages called Murum; this concept expresses the inter-relationality that exists in the life of Murum people. this inter-relationality is a cultural model of living that binds Deoudje (plural of Deou) together. The theological consequence of the concept of Deou is to allow the people of Chad to experience themselves as one despite their diversity. This model for Trinitarian relationality is the aim for this work. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

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